1
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Zimoch-Rumanek P, Antos D. Coupling cation and anion exchange chromatography for fast separation of monoclonal antibody charge variants. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1733:465256. [PMID: 39153427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
A design procedure for the separation of charge variants of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) was developed, which was based on the coupling of cation-exchange chromatography (CEX) and anion-exchange chromatography (AEX) under high loading conditions. The design of the coupled process was supported by a dynamic model. The model was calibrated on the basis of band profiles of variants determined experimentally for the mAb materials of different variant compositions. The numerical simulations were used to select the coupling configuration and the loading conditions that allowed for efficient separation of the mAb materials into three products enriched with each individual variant: the acidic (av), main (mv) and basic (bv) one. In the CEX section, a two-step pH gradient was used to split the loaded mass of mAb into a weakly bound fraction enriched with av and mv, and a strongly bound fraction containing the bv-rich product. The weakly bound fraction was further processed in the AEX section, where the mv-rich product was eluted in flowthrough, while the av-rich product was collected by a step change in pH. The choice of flow distribution and the number of columns in the CEX and AEX sections depended on the variant composition of the mAb material. For the selected configurations, the optimized mAb loading density in the CEX columns ranged from 10 to 26 mg mL-1, while in the AEX columns it was as high as 300 or 600 mg mL-1, depending on the variant composition of the mAb material. By proper selection of the loading condition, a trade-off between yield and purity of the products could be reached.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorota Antos
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów/PL, Poland.
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2
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Hsieh MC, Zhang J, Tang L, Huang CY, Shen Y, Matathia A, Qian J, Parekh BS. Characterization of the Charge Heterogeneity of a Monoclonal Antibody That Binds to Both Cation Exchange and Anion Exchange Columns under the Same Binding Conditions. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:52. [PMID: 39051328 PMCID: PMC11270306 DOI: 10.3390/antib13030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies play an important role in the public healthcare system to treat patients with a variety of diseases. Protein characterization using an array of analytical tools provides in-depth information for drug quality, safety, efficacy, and the further understanding of the molecule. A therapeutic antibody candidate MAB1 exhibits unique binding properties to both cation and anion exchange columns at neutral pH. This uniqueness disrupts standard purification processes and necessitates adjustments in manufacturing. This study identifies that the charge heterogeneity of MAB1 is primarily due to the N-terminal cyclization of glutamine to pyroglutamine and, to a lesser extent, succinimide intermediate, deamidation, and C-terminal lysine. Using three approaches, i.e., deferential chemical labeling, H/D exchange, and molecular modeling, the binding to anion exchange resins is attributed to negatively charged patches on the antibody's surface, involving specific carboxylic acid residues. The methodologies shown here can be extended to study protein binding orientation in column chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ching Hsieh
- Analytical Sciences, Eli Lilly and the Company, Branchburg, NJ 08876, USA
| | - Jingming Zhang
- Analytical Sciences, Eli Lilly and the Company, Branchburg, NJ 08876, USA
| | - Liangjie Tang
- Analytical Development, Eli Lilly and the Company, Indianapolis, IN 46221, USA
| | - Cheng-Yen Huang
- Analytical Sciences, Eli Lilly and the Company, Branchburg, NJ 08876, USA
| | - Yang Shen
- Antibody Technology, Eli Lilly and the Company, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alice Matathia
- TS/MS Laboratories, Eli Lilly and the Company, Branchburg, NJ 08876, USA
| | - Jun Qian
- Analytical Development, Eli Lilly and the Company, Indianapolis, IN 46221, USA
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3
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Gupta S, Schöneich C, Rathore AS. Assessment of change in the basic variants composition of trastuzumab during dilution in saline for administration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 199:114295. [PMID: 38636881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Postproduction handling of drug products during preparation or clinical use may affect the structure and efficacy of the drug and perhaps remain unnoticed. Since chemical modifications can impact the product's structure, stability, and biological activity, this study investigates the impact of elevated temperature and subtle shift in pH on the drug product post-dilution in saline. The mAb sample diluted in saline for administration was stressed at elevated temperature and slightly acidic pH condition. Extended stability studies were performed and monitored for size and charge heterogeneity. Size heterogeneity shows no significant changes, whereas charge heterogeneity shows an increase in basic variants and a reduction in main species. Further, basic variants were isolated and characterized to identify the type and site of chemical modification. Intact mass analysis and peptide mapping identify that the basic variants were attributed mainly to the isomerization of HC Asp102 into iso-Asp or its succinimide intermediate. Four basic variants were found to exhibit similar structural properties as the main and control samples. However, basic variants showed reduced binding affinity to HER2 receptor, while there was no significant difference in FcRn binding. The results indicate that modification in the HC Asp102, which is present in the CDR, affects antigen binding and thus can influence the potency of the drug product. Hence, with the conventional stability studies required to license the drug product, including in-use or extended stability studies to mimic the postproduction handling would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,New Delhi 110016, India
| | | | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,New Delhi 110016, India.
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4
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Divase A, Pisal S, Dake MS, Dakshinamurthy PK, Reddy PS, Dhere R, Kamat C, Chahar DS, Pal J, Nawani N. Isolation and characterization of rabies monoclonal antibody charge variants. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38700202 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Current postexposure prophylaxis of rabies includes vaccines, human rabies immunoglobulin (RIG), equine RIG, and recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAb). In the manufacturing of rabies recombinant mAb, charge variants are the most common source of heterogeneity. Charge variants of rabies mAb were isolated by salt gradient cation exchange chromatography (CEX) to separate acidic and basic and main charge variants. Separated variants were further extensively characterized using orthogonal analytical techniques, which include secondary and tertiary structure determination by far and near ultraviolet circular dichroism spectroscopy. Charge and size heterogeneity were evaluated using CEX, isoelectric focusing (IEF), capillary-IEF, size exclusion chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and western blotting. Antigen binding affinity was assessed by enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay and rapid florescence foci inhibition test. Results from structural and physicochemical characterizations concluded that charge variants are formed due to posttranslational modification demonstrating that the charge heterogeneity, these charge variants did neither show any considerable physicochemical change nor affect its biological function. This study shows that charge variants are effective components of mAb and there is no need of deliberate removal, until biological functions of rabies mAb will get affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Divase
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Biotechnology Department, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sambhaji Pisal
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manjusha Sudhakar Dake
- Biotechnology Department, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Rajeev Dhere
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Jayanta Pal
- Biotechnology Department, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neelu Nawani
- Biotechnology Department, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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5
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Gangwar N, Balraj K, Rathore AS. Explainable AI for CHO cell culture media optimization and prediction of critical quality attribute. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:308. [PMID: 38656382 PMCID: PMC11043154 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13147-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cell culture media play a critical role in cell growth and propagation by providing a substrate; media components can also modulate the critical quality attributes (CQAs). However, the inherent complexity of the cell culture media makes unraveling the impact of the various media components on cell growth and CQAs non-trivial. In this study, we demonstrate an end-to-end machine learning framework for media component selection and prediction of CQAs. The preliminary dataset for feature selection was generated by performing CHO-GS (-/-) cell culture in media formulations with varying metal ion concentrations. Acidic and basic charge variant composition of the innovator product (24.97 ± 0.54% acidic and 11.41 ± 1.44% basic) was chosen as the target variable to evaluate the media formulations. Pearson's correlation coefficient and random forest-based techniques were used for feature ranking and feature selection for the prediction of acidic and basic charge variants. Furthermore, a global interpretation analysis using SHapley Additive exPlanations was utilized to select optimal features by evaluating the contributions of each feature in the extracted vectors. Finally, the medium combinations were predicted by employing fifteen different regression models and utilizing a grid search and random search cross-validation for hyperparameter optimization. Experimental results demonstrate that Fe and Zn significantly impact the charge variant profile. This study aims to offer insights that are pertinent to both innovators seeking to establish a complete pipeline for media development and optimization and biosimilar-based manufacturers who strive to demonstrate the analytical and functional biosimilarity of their products to the innovator. KEY POINTS: • Developed a framework for optimizing media components and prediction of CQA. • SHAP enhances global interpretability, aiding informed decision-making. • Fifteen regression models were employed to predict medium combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelesh Gangwar
- School of Interdisciplinary Research, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Keerthiveena Balraj
- Yardi School of Artificial Intelligence, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Yardi School of Artificial Intelligence, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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6
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Malani H, Shrivastava A, Nupur N, Rathore AS. LC-MS Characterization and Stability Assessment Elucidate Correlation Between Charge Variant Composition and Degradation of Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics. AAPS J 2024; 26:42. [PMID: 38570351 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Aggregation stability of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics is influenced by many critical quality attributes (CQA) such as charge and hydrophobic variants in addition to environmental factors. In this study, correlation between charge heterogeneity and stability of mAbs for bevacizumab and trastuzumab has been investigated under a variety of stresses including thermal stress at 40 °C, thermal stress at 55 °C, shaking (mechanical), and low pH. Size- and charge-based heterogeneities were monitored using analytical size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and cation exchange chromatography (CEX), respectively, while dynamic light scattering was used to assess changes in hydrodynamic size. CEX analysis revealed an increase in cumulative acidic content for all variants of both mAbs post-stress treatment attributed to increased deamidation. Higher charge heterogeneity was observed in variants eluting close to the main peak than the ones eluting further away (25-fold and 42-fold increase in acidic content for main and B1 of bevacizumab and 19-fold for main of trastuzumab, respectively, under thermal stress; 50-fold increase in acidic for main and B1 of bevacizumab and 10% rise in basic content of main of trastuzumab under pH stress). Conversely, variants eluting far away from main exhibit greater aggregation as compared to close-eluting ones. Aggregation kinetics of variants followed different order for the different stresses for both mAbs (2nd order for thermal and pH stresses and 0th order for shaking stress). Half-life of terminal charge variants of both mAbs was 2- to 8-fold less than main indicating increased degradation propensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Malani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anuj Shrivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Neh Nupur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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7
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Wysor SK, Synoground BF, Harcum SW, Marcus RK. In-line buffer exchange in the coupling of Protein A chromatography with weak cation exchange chromatography for the determination of charge variants of immunoglobulin G derived from chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1718:464722. [PMID: 38359690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most common monoclonal antibody (mAb) grown for therapeutic applications. While IgG is often selectively isolated from cell lines using protein A (ProA) chromatography, this is only a stepping stone for complete characterization. Further classification can be obtained from weak cation exchange chromatography (WCX) to determine IgG charge variant distributions. The charge variants of monoclonal antibodies can influence the stability and efficacy in vivo, and deviations in charge heterogeneity are often cell-specific and sensitive to upstream process variability. Current methods to characterize IgG charge variants are often performed off-line, meaning that the IgG eluate from the ProA separation is collected, diluted to adjust the pH, and then transferred to the WCX separation, adding time, complexity, and potential contamination to the sample analysis process. More recently, reports have appeared to streamline this separation using in-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC). Presented here is a novel, 2D-LC coupling of ProA in the first dimension (1D) and WCX in the second dimension (2D) chromatography. As anticipated, the initial direct column coupling proved to be challenging due to the pH incompatibility between the mobile phases for the two stages. To solve the solvent compatibility issue, a size exclusion column was placed in the switching valve loop of the 2D-LC instrument to act as a means for the on-line solvent exchange. The efficacy of the methodology presented was confirmed through a charge variant determination using the NIST monoclonal antibody standard (NIST mAb), yielding correct acidic, main, and basic variant compositions. The methodology was employed to determine the charge variant profile of IgG from an in-house cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell supernatant. It is believed that this methodology can be easily implemented to provide higher-throughput assessment of IgG charge variants for process monitoring and cell line development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Wysor
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA
| | - Benjamin F Synoground
- Department of Bioengineering, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA
| | - Sarah W Harcum
- Department of Bioengineering, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA.
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8
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Schairer J, Römer J, Lang D, Neusüß C. CE-MS/MS and CE-timsTOF to separate and characterize intramolecular disulfide bridges of monoclonal antibody subunits and their application for the assessment of subunit reduction protocols. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1599-1612. [PMID: 38296860 PMCID: PMC10899284 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Characterization at the subunit level enables detailed mass spectrometric characterization of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The implemented reduction often leaves the intramolecular disulfide bridges intact. Here, we present a capillary electrophoretic (CE) method based on a neutral-coated capillary for the separation of immunoglobulin G-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes (IdeS) digested and reduced mAb subunits followed by mass spectrometry (MS), MS/MS identification, and trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry (timsTOF). Our CE approach enables the separation of (i) different subunit moieties, (ii) various reduction states, and (iii) positional isomers of these partly reduced subunit moieties. The location of the remaining disulfide bridges can be determined by middle-down electron transfer higher energy collisional dissociation (EThcD) experiments. All these CE-separated variants show differences in ion mobility in the timsTOF measurements. Applying the presented CE-MS/MS method, reduction parameters such as the use of chaotropic salts were studied. For the investigated antibodies, urea improved the subunit reduction significantly, whereas guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) leads to multiple signals of the same subunit in the CE separation. The presented CE-MS method is a powerful tool for the disulfide-variant characterization of mAbs on the subunit level. It enables understanding disulfide bridge reduction processes in antibodies and potentially other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Schairer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
- Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Li M, Zhao X, Yu C, Wang L. Antibody-Drug Conjugate Overview: a State-of-the-art Manufacturing Process and Control Strategy. Pharm Res 2024; 41:419-440. [PMID: 38366236 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) comprise an antibody, linker, and drug, which direct their highly potent small molecule drugs to target tumor cells via specific binding between the antibody and surface antigens. The antibody, linker, and drug should be properly designed or selected to achieve the desired efficacy while minimizing off-target toxicity. With a unique and complex structure, there is inherent heterogeneity introduced by product-related variations and the manufacturing process. Here this review primarily covers recent key advances in ADC history, clinical development status, molecule design, manufacturing processes, and quality control. The manufacturing process, especially the conjugation process, should be carefully developed, characterized, validated, and controlled throughout its lifecycle. Quality control is another key element to ensure product quality and patient safety. A patient-centric strategy has been well recognized and adopted by the pharmaceutical industry for therapeutic proteins, and has been successfully implemented for ADCs as well, to ensure that ADC products maintain their quality until the end of their shelf life. Deep product understanding and process knowledge defines attribute testing strategies (ATS). Quality by design (QbD) is a powerful approach for process and product development, and for defining an overall control strategy. Finally, we summarize the current challenges on ADC development and provide some perspectives that may help to give related directions and trigger more cross-functional research to surmount those challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyu Zhao
- The Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Nitika N, Keerthiveena B, Thakur G, Rathore AS. Convolutional Neural Networks Guided Raman Spectroscopy as a Process Analytical Technology (PAT) Tool for Monitoring and Simultaneous Prediction of Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variants. Pharm Res 2024; 41:463-479. [PMID: 38366234 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Charge related heterogeneities of monoclonal antibody (mAb) based therapeutic products are increasingly being considered as a critical quality attribute (CQA). They are typically estimated using analytical cation exchange chromatography (CEX), which is time consuming and not suitable for real time control. Raman spectroscopy coupled with artificial intelligence (AI) tools offers an opportunity for real time monitoring and control of charge variants. OBJECTIVE We present a process analytical technology (PAT) tool for on-line and real-time charge variant determination during process scale CEX based on Raman spectroscopy employing machine learning techniques. METHOD Raman spectra are collected from a reference library of samples with distribution of acidic, main, and basic species from 0-100% in a mAb concentration range of 0-20 g/L generated from process-scale CEX. The performance of different machine learning techniques for spectral processing is compared for predicting different charge variant species. RESULT A convolutional neural network (CNN) based model was successfully calibrated for quantification of acidic species, main species, basic species, and total protein concentration with R2 values of 0.94, 0.99, 0.96 and 0.99, respectively, and the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.1846, 0.1627, and 0.1029 g/L, respectively, and 0.2483 g/L for the total protein concentration. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy combined with AI-ML frameworks can deliver rapid and accurate determination of product related impurities. This approach can be used for real time CEX pooling decisions in mAb production processes, thus enabling consistent charge variant profiles to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Nitika
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - B Keerthiveena
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Thakur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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11
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Pan X, Lenka S, Davis J, Nagapudi K, Mantik P, Saggu M, Dai L, Cadang L, Zhang HM, Zhang J, Izadi S, Yang F, Wei B. Probing the Protein-Excipient Interaction in the Orally Delivered Protein by Solid-State Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Dynamics. Anal Chem 2024; 96:802-809. [PMID: 38155586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The oral administration of protein therapeutics in solid dosage form is gaining popularity due to its benefits, such as improved medication adherence, convenience, and ease of use for patients compared to traditional parental delivery. However, formulating oral biologics presents challenges related to pH barriers, enzymatic breakdown, and poor bioavailability. Therefore, understanding the interaction between excipients and protein therapeutics in the solid state is crucial for formulation development. In this Letter, we present a case study focused on investigating the role of excipients in protein aggregation during the production of a solid dosage form of a single variable domain on a heavy chain (VHH) protein. We employed solid-state hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry (ssHDX-MS) at both intact protein and peptide levels to assess differences in protein-excipient interactions between two formulations. ssHDX-MS analysis revealed that one formulation effectively prevents protein aggregation during compaction by blocking β-sheets across the VHH protein, thereby preventing β-sheet-β-sheet interactions. Spatial aggregation propensity (SAP) mapping and cosolvent simulation from molecular dynamics (MD) simulation further validated the protein-excipient interaction sites identified through ssHDX-MS. Additionally, the MD simulation demonstrated that the interaction between the VHH protein and excipients involves hydrophilic interactions and/or hydrogen bonding. This novel approach holds significant potential for understanding protein-excipient interactions in the solid state and can guide the formulation and process development of orally delivered protein dosage forms, ultimately enhancing their efficacy and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Pan
- Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sunidhi Lenka
- Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeff Davis
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Priscilla Mantik
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Miguel Saggu
- Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lulu Dai
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lance Cadang
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hui-Min Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jennifer Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Saeed Izadi
- Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Feng Yang
- Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bingchuan Wei
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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12
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Dai L, Davis J, Nagapudi K, Mantik P, Zhang K, Pellett JD, Wei B. Predicting Long-Term Stability of an Oral Delivered Antibody Drug Product with Accelerated Stability Assessment Program Modeling. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:325-332. [PMID: 38060811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
The oral delivery of protein therapeutics offers numerous advantages for patients but also presents significant challenges in terms of development. Currently, there is limited knowledge available regarding the stability and shelf life of orally delivered protein therapeutics. In this study, a comprehensive assessment of the stability of an orally delivered solid dosage variable domain of heavy-chain antibody (VHH antibody) drug product was conducted. Four stability related quality attributes that undergo change as a result of thermal and humidity stress were identified. Subsequently, these attributes were modeled using an accelerated stability approach facilitated by ASAPprime software. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that this approach has been reported for an antibody drug product. We observed overall good model quality and accurate predictions regarding the protein stability during storage. Notably, we discovered that protein aggregation, formed through a degradation pathway, requires additional adjustments to the modeling method. In summary, the ASAP approach demonstrated promising results in predicting the stability of this complex solid-state protein formulation. This study sheds light on the stability and shelf life of orally delivered protein therapeutics, addressing an important knowledge gap in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Dai
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Early Research and Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeff Davis
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Early Research and Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Early Research and Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Priscilla Mantik
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Early Research and Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Early Research and Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jackson D Pellett
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Early Research and Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bingchuan Wei
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Science, Early Research and Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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13
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Bei R, Thomas J, Kapur S, Woldeyes M, Rauk A, Robarge J, Feng J, Abbou Oucherif K. Predicting the clinical subcutaneous absorption rate constant of monoclonal antibodies using only the primary sequence: a machine learning approach. MAbs 2024; 16:2352887. [PMID: 38745390 PMCID: PMC11110684 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2352887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous injections are an increasingly prevalent route of administration for delivering biological therapies including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Compared with intravenous delivery, subcutaneous injections reduce administration costs, shorten the administration time, and are strongly preferred from a patient experience point of view. An understanding of the absorption process of a mAb from the injection site to the systemic circulation is critical to the process of subcutaneous mAb formulation development. In this study, we built a model to predict the absorption rate constant (ka), which denotes how fast a mAb is absorbed from the site of administration. Once trained, our model (enabled by the XGBoost algorithm in machine learning) can predict the ka of a mAb following a subcutaneous injection using in silico molecular properties alone (generated from the primary sequence). Our model does not need clinically observed plasma concentration-time data; this is a novel capability not previously achieved in predictive pharmacokinetic models. The model also showed improved performance when benchmarked against a recently reported mechanistic model that relied on clinical data to predict subcutaneous absorption of mAbs. We further interpreted the model to understand which molecular properties affect the absorption rate and showed that our findings are consistent with previous studies evaluating subcutaneous absorption through direct experimentation. Taken altogether, this study reports the development, validation, benchmarking, and interpretation of a model that can predict the clinical ka of a mAb using its primary sequence as the only input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Bei
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Justin Thomas
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shiven Kapur
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mahlet Woldeyes
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Adam Rauk
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jason Robarge
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jiangyan Feng
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kaoutar Abbou Oucherif
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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14
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Gupta T, Seshadri S. Charge variants of proposed biosimilar to Omalizumab: Isolation, purification and analysis by HPLC methods. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2024; 82:64-71. [PMID: 37708991 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Omalizumab (Xolair) is a humanized monoclonal antibody derived by recombinant DNA technology. It binds specifically to immunoglobulin E (IgE) which plays a major role in allergic reaction by releasing histamine and other inflammatory factors from mast cells. Omalizumab binds circulatory IgE with high affinity and prevents from its binding to mast cell receptor. Charge variants are one of the critical quality attributes (CQAs) in biological drug development and sources of heterogeneity which needs to be considered in biosimilarity assessment. In this study, biosimilar product of Xolair was expressed in mammalian cell culture process in laboratory to isolate charge variants (acidic, main peak and basic). Different charge variants were isolated from intermediate purified biosimilar product of Xolair. Isolated charge variants were purified with preparative cation exchange chromatography technique and characterized with different analytical tools includes size exclusion chromatography (SEC-HPLC) and cation exchange chromatography (CEX-HPLC). Purity of acidic, main peak and basic variants was 99.58%, 99.98% and 98.64% respectively as per SEC-HPLC and according to CEX-HPLC purity was 94.25%, 95.58% and 91.33% respectively. The study data indicates that isolated charge variants were purified with desired purity and can be further used for process characterization, in vitro potency and in vivo kinetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Gupta
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, 382481 Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; Downstream Process Development, Kashiv BioSciences Pvt Ltd., 382210 Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sriram Seshadri
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, 382481 Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
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15
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Härdter N, Geidobler R, Presser I, Winter G. Microwave-Assisted Freeze-Drying: Impact of Microwave Radiation on the Quality of High-Concentration Antibody Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2783. [PMID: 38140123 PMCID: PMC10747838 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwave-assisted freeze-drying (MFD) offers significant time savings compared to conventional freeze-drying (CFD). While a few studies have investigated the stability of biopharmaceuticals with low protein concentrations after MFD and storage, the impact of MFD on high-concentration monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations remains unclear. In this study, we systematically examined the effect of protein concentration in MFD and assessed protein stability following MFD, CFD, and subsequent storage using seven protein formulations with various stabilizers and concentrations. We demonstrated that microwaves directly interact with the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), leading to decreased physical stability, specifically aggregation, in high-concentration antibody formulations. Furthermore, typically used sugar:protein ratios from CFD were insufficient for stabilizing mAbs when applying microwaves. We identified the intermediate drying phase as the most critical for particle formation, and cooling the samples provided some protection for the mAb. Our findings suggest that MFD technology may not be universally applicable to formulations well tested in CFD and could be particularly beneficial for formulations with low API concentrations requiring substantial amounts of glass-forming excipients, such as vaccines and RNA-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Härdter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Raimund Geidobler
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Ingo Presser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
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16
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Kumar S, Peruri V, Rathore AS. An Online Two-Dimensional Approach to Characterizing the Charge-Based Heterogeneity of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies Using a 2D-CEX-AEX-MS Workflow. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2801-2810. [PMID: 37994779 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of product quality attributes such as charge heterogeneity is an upmost requisite for the release of a monoclonal antibody (mAb). Analytical techniques, such as cation-exchange chromatography (CEX), accomplish this, causing the mAb to separate into acidic, main species, and basic variants. Here, an online volatile-salt-containing two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) method coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) was performed to characterize the charge heterogeneity of mAbs using CEX chromatography in the first dimension (D1) and anion-exchange chromatography (AEX) in the second dimension (D2). The main peak of the CEX profile of D1 was transferred through a 2D heart-cut method to D2 for further analysis by the AEX-MS method. In the CEX method, mAb A showed 10 distinct variants, while the AEX method resulted in eight variants. However, a total of 13 variants were successfully resolved for mAb A in the 2D method. Similarly, mAb B exhibited seven variants in the CEX method and four variants in the AEX method, but the 2D-LC method revealed a total of nine variants for mAb B. Likewise, mAb C displayed seven variants in CEX and seven variants in AEX, whereas the 2D-LC method unveiled a total of 11 variants for mAb C. Additionally, native MS analysis revealed that the resolved charge variants were identified as amidation, oxidation, and isomerization of Asp variants in the main peak, which were not resolved in stand-alone methods. The present study demonstrates how 2D-LC can assist in identifying minor variations in charge distribution or conformation of mAb variants that would otherwise not be picked up by a single analytical method alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vineela Peruri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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17
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Duivelshof BL, Bouvarel T, Pirner S, Larraillet V, Knaupp A, Koll H, D’Atri V, Guillarme D. Enhancing Selectivity of Protein Biopharmaceuticals in Ion Exchange Chromatography through Addition of Organic Modifiers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16623. [PMID: 38068945 PMCID: PMC10706461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Charge heterogeneity among therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is considered an important critical quality attribute and requires careful characterization to ensure safe and efficacious drug products. The charge heterogeneity among mAbs is the result of chemical and enzymatic post-translational modifications and leads to the formation of acidic and basic variants that can be characterized using cation exchange chromatography (CEX). Recently, the use of mass spectrometry-compatible salt-mediated pH gradients has gained increased attention to elute the proteins from the charged stationary phase material. However, with the increasing antibody product complexity, more and more selectivity is required. Therefore, in this study, we set out to improve the selectivity by using a solvent-enriched mobile phase composition for the analysis of a variety of mAbs and bispecific antibody products. It was found that the addition of the solvents to the mobile phase appeared to modify the hydrate shell surrounding the protein and alter the retention behavior of the studied proteins. Therefore, this work demonstrates that the use of solvent-enriched mobile phase composition could be an attractive additional method parameter during method development in CEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan Laurens Duivelshof
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bouvarel
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Hans Koll
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Fukuda M, Graewert MA, Jeffries CM, Svergun DI, Yamazaki T, Koga A, Yamanaka Y. Small conformational changes in IgG1 detected as acidic charge variants by cation exchange chromatography. Anal Biochem 2023; 680:115302. [PMID: 37652129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Fully characterizing the post-translational modifications present in charge variants of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), particularly acidic variants, is challenging and remains an open area of investigation. In this study, to test the possibility that chromatographically separated acidic fractions of therapeutic mAbs contain conformational variants, we undertook a mAb refolding approach using as a case study an IgG1 that contains many unidentified acidic peaks with few post-translational modifications, and examined whether different acidic peak fractions could be generated corresponding to these variants. The IgG1 drug substance was denatured by guanidine hydrochloride, without a reducing agent present, and gradually refolded by stepwise dialysis against arginine hydrochloride used as an aggregation suppressor. Each acidic chromatographic peak originally contained in the IgG1 drug substance was markedly increased by this stepwise refolding process, indicating that these acidic variants are conformational variants. However, no conformational changes were detected by small-angle X-ray scattering experiments for the whole IgG1, indicating that the conformational changes are minor. Chromatographic, thermal and fluorescence analyses suggested that the conformational changes are a localized denaturation effect centred around the aromatic amino acid regions. This study provides new insights into the characterization of acidic variants that are currently not fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Fukuda
- Formulation Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1 Ukima, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-8543, Japan; Laboratory of Functional Molecular Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Melissa A Graewert
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg Unit, c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cy M Jeffries
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg Unit, c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg Unit, c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tadao Yamazaki
- Formulation Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1 Ukima, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-8543, Japan
| | - Akiko Koga
- Formulation Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1 Ukima, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-8543, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamanaka
- Formulation Development Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-5-1 Ukima, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-8543, Japan
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19
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Quiñonez-Alvarado MG, Chávez-Hurtado P, Caro-Palomera JC, Niño-Trejo OL, Jiménez-Dolores JI, Muñoz-Villegas P, Baiza-Durán L, Quintana-Hau JD. Glycosylation differences of an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody (PRO-169) and its extensive comparison with Bevacizumab. Biologicals 2023; 84:101711. [PMID: 37748325 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2023.101711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PRO-169 is an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody developed by Laboratorios Sophia that shares its sequence with Bevacizumab (BVZ); though, PRO-169 is intended for intravitreal administration. In this study, analytical characterization showed that PRO-169 had glycosylation differences in comparison to BVZ reference product (RP); since it had more content of G1F, G2F, sialic acid and high mannose. Further investigation was performed to evaluate if differences between both products would affect the efficacy and safety profile of PRO-169. PRO-169 had no alteration in its in vitro biological activity; moreover, no cytotoxicity or immunogenicity concerns should be expected as demonstrated by different orthogonal methods at analytical, in vitro and in vivo assays. These results support moving to the clinical testing of PRO-169 since no major complications will be expected with its clinical use for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra G Quiñonez-Alvarado
- Research and Development Department, Centro de Investigación Sophia S.A. de C.V, Paseo Del Norte 4896, Guadalajara Technology Park, Zapopan, 45010, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Paulina Chávez-Hurtado
- Research and Development Department, Centro de Investigación Sophia S.A. de C.V, Paseo Del Norte 4896, Guadalajara Technology Park, Zapopan, 45010, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jesús C Caro-Palomera
- Research and Development Department, Centro de Investigación Sophia S.A. de C.V, Paseo Del Norte 4896, Guadalajara Technology Park, Zapopan, 45010, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Oriana L Niño-Trejo
- Research and Development Department, Centro de Investigación Sophia S.A. de C.V, Paseo Del Norte 4896, Guadalajara Technology Park, Zapopan, 45010, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José I Jiménez-Dolores
- Research and Development Department, Centro de Investigación Sophia S.A. de C.V, Paseo Del Norte 4896, Guadalajara Technology Park, Zapopan, 45010, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Patricia Muñoz-Villegas
- Regional Medical Affairs Department, Laboratorios Sophia S.A. de C.V, Paseo Del Norte 5255, Guadalajara Technology Park, Zapopan, 45010, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Baiza-Durán
- Regional Medical Affairs Department, Laboratorios Sophia S.A. de C.V, Paseo Del Norte 5255, Guadalajara Technology Park, Zapopan, 45010, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Juan D Quintana-Hau
- Research and Development Department, Centro de Investigación Sophia S.A. de C.V, Paseo Del Norte 4896, Guadalajara Technology Park, Zapopan, 45010, Jalisco, Mexico.
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20
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Tatli O, Oz Y, Dingiloglu B, Yalcinkaya D, Basturk E, Korkmaz M, Akbulut L, Hatipoglu D, Kirmacoglu C, Akgun B, Turk K, Pinar O, Sariyar Akbulut B, Atabay Z, Tahir Turanli E, Kazan D, Dinler Doganay G. A two-step purification platform for efficient removal of Fab-related impurities: A case study for Ranibizumab. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21001. [PMID: 38027967 PMCID: PMC10651443 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies (mAbs) and antibody fragments (Fabs) constitute one of the largest and most rapidly expanding groups of protein pharmaceuticals. In particular, antibody fragments have certain advantages over mAbs in some therapeutic settings. However, due to their greater chemical diversity, they are more challenging to purify for large-scale production using a standard purification platform. Besides, the removal of Fab-related byproducts poses a difficult purification challenge. Alternative Fab purification platforms could expedite their commercialization and reduce the cost and time invested. Accordingly, we employed a strong cation exchanger using a pH-based, highly linear gradient elution mode following Protein L affinity purification and developed a robust two-step purification platform for an antibody fragment. The optimized pH gradient elution conditions were determined on the basis of purity level, yield, and the abundance of Fab-related impurities, particularly free light chain. The purified Fab molecule Ranibizumab possessed a high degree of similarity to its originator Lucentis. The developed purification platform highly intensified the process and provided successful clearance of formulated Fab- and process-related impurities (∼98 %) with an overall process recovery of 50 % and, thus, might be a new option for Fab purification for both academic and industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Tatli
- Molecular Biology-Genetics and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
| | - Yagmur Oz
- Molecular Biology-Genetics and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
| | - Baran Dingiloglu
- Molecular Biology-Genetics and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
| | - Duygu Yalcinkaya
- Molecular Biology-Genetics and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Basturk
- Molecular Biology-Genetics and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
| | - Melis Korkmaz
- Molecular Biology-Genetics and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
| | - Latif Akbulut
- Molecular Biology-Genetics and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
| | - Derya Hatipoglu
- Molecular Biology-Genetics and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
| | - Cansin Kirmacoglu
- Molecular Biology-Genetics and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
| | - Buse Akgun
- Molecular Biology-Genetics and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
| | - Kubra Turk
- Molecular Biology-Genetics and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
| | - Orkun Pinar
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Turkey
| | | | | | - Eda Tahir Turanli
- Molecular Biology-Genetics and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
| | - Dilek Kazan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Turkey
| | - Gizem Dinler Doganay
- Molecular Biology-Genetics and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
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21
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Jing SY, Shi C, Gao D, Wang HB, Yao SJ, Lin DQ. Improved process design for monoclonal antibody charge variants separation with multicolumn counter-current solvent gradient purification. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1707:464292. [PMID: 37586302 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The multicolumn counter-current solvent gradient purification (MCSGP) method has proven effective in addressing the issue of elution profile overlap for difficult-to-separate proteins, leading to improved purity and recovery. However, during the MCSGP process, the flow rate and proportion of loaded proteins undergo changes, causing a significant discrepancy between the elution profiles of batch process design and the actual MCSGP process. This mismatch negatively impacts the purity and recovery of the target protein. To address this challenge, an improved process design (reDesign) was proposed with the first-run MCSGP to mimic the actual continuous process and obtain elution profiles that closely resemble the real ones. The reDesign was demonstrated with both a model protein mixture and a sample of monoclonal antibody (mAb) with charge variants. For model protein mixture, the reDesign-based MCSGP process (reMCSGP) showed a remarkable improvement in recovery, increasing from 83.6% to 97.8% while maintaining a purity of more than 95%. For mAb sample, the recovery of reMCSGP improved significantly to 93.9%, surpassing the performance of normal MCSGP processes at a given purity level of more than 84%. In general, the new process design strategy developed in this work could generate a more representative elution profile that closely mirrors actual conditions in continuous processes, which enhances the separation performance of MCSGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ying Jing
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ce Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dong Gao
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311404, China
| | - Hai-Bin Wang
- Hisun Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311404, China
| | - Shan-Jing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dong-Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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22
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Chapa-Villarreal FA, Miller M, Rodriguez-Cruz JJ, Pérez-Carlos D, Peppas NA. Self-assembled block copolymer biomaterials for oral delivery of protein therapeutics. Biomaterials 2023; 300:122191. [PMID: 37295223 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics have guided a transformation in disease treatment for various clinical conditions. They have been successful in numerous applications, but administration of protein therapeutics has been limited to parenteral routes which can decrease patient compliance as they are invasive and painful. In recent years, the synergistic relationship of novel biomaterials with modern protein therapeutics has been crucial in the treatment of diseases that were once thought of as incurable. This has guided the development of a variety of alternative administration routes, but the oral delivery of therapeutics remains one of the most desirable due to its ease of administration. This review addresses important aspects of micellar structures prepared by self-assembled processes with applications for oral delivery. These two characteristics have not been placed together in previous literature within the field. Therefore, we describe the barriers for delivery of protein therapeutics, and we concentrate in the oral/transmucosal pathway where drug carriers must overcome several chemical, physical, and biological barriers to achieve a successful therapeutic effect. We critically discuss recent research on biomaterials systems for delivering such therapeutics with an emphasis on self-assembled synthetic block copolymers. Polymerization methods and nanoparticle preparation techniques are similarly analyzed as well as relevant work in this area. Based on our own and others' research, we analyze the use of block copolymers as therapeutic carriers and their promise in treating a variety of diseases, with emphasis on self-assembled micelles for the next generation of oral protein therapeutic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola A Chapa-Villarreal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - Matthew Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - J Jesus Rodriguez-Cruz
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Diego Pérez-Carlos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA; Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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23
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Arauzo-Aguilera K, Buscajoni L, Koch K, Thompson G, Robinson C, Berkemeyer M. Yields and product comparison between Escherichia coli BL21 and W3110 in industrially relevant conditions: anti-c-Met scFv as a case study. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:104. [PMID: 37208750 PMCID: PMC10197847 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the biopharmaceutical industry, Escherichia coli is one of the preferred expression hosts for large-scale production of therapeutic proteins. Although increasing the product yield is important, product quality is a major factor in this industry because greatest productivity does not always correspond with the highest quality of the produced protein. While some post-translational modifications, such as disulphide bonds, are required to achieve the biologically active conformation, others may have a negative impact on the product's activity, effectiveness, and/or safety. Therefore, they are classified as product associated impurities, and they represent a crucial quality parameter for regulatory authorities. RESULTS In this study, fermentation conditions of two widely employed industrial E. coli strains, BL21 and W3110 are compared for recombinant protein production of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) in an industrial setting. We found that the BL21 strain produces more soluble scFv than the W3110 strain, even though W3110 produces more recombinant protein in total. A quality assessment on the scFv recovered from the supernatant was then performed. Unexpectedly, even when our scFv is correctly disulphide bonded and cleaved from its signal peptide in both strains, the protein shows charge heterogeneity with up to seven distinguishable variants on cation exchange chromatography. Biophysical characterization confirmed the presence of altered conformations of the two main charged variants. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicated that BL21 is more productive for this specific scFv than W3110. When assessing product quality, a distinctive profile of the protein was found which was independent of the E. coli strain. This suggests that alterations are present in the recovered product although the exact nature of them could not be determined. This similarity between the two strains' generated products also serves as a sign of their interchangeability. This study encourages the development of innovative, fast, and inexpensive techniques for the detection of heterogeneity while also provoking a debate about whether intact mass spectrometry-based analysis of the protein of interest is sufficient to detect heterogeneity in a product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Buscajoni
- Biopharma Austria, Process Science, Boehringer-Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Koch
- Biopharma Austria, Process Science, Boehringer-Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gary Thompson
- Wellcome Trust Biological NMR Facility, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Colin Robinson
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Matthias Berkemeyer
- Biopharma Austria, Process Science, Boehringer-Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1121 Vienna, Austria
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24
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Zimoch P, Rumanek T, Kołodziej M, Piątkowski W, Antos D. Coupling of chromatography and precipitation for adjusting acidic variant content in a monoclonal antibody pool. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1701:464070. [PMID: 37209519 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The acidic charge variants (av) of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are often reported to have reduced therapeutic potency compared with the main (mv) and basic variants (bv), therefore reduction in the av content in mAb pools is often prioritized over reduction in the bv content. In previous studies we described two different methods for reducing the av content, which were based on either ion exchange chromatography or selective precipitation in polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions. In this study, we have developed a coupled process, in which advantages of simplicity and ease in realization of PEG-aided precipitation and high separation selectivity of anion exchange chromatography (AEX) were exploited. The design of AEX was supported by the kinetic-dispersive model, which was supplemented with the colloidal particle adsorption isotherm, whereas the precipitation process and its coupling with AEX was quantified by simple mass balance equations and underlying thermodynamic dependencies. The model was used to assess the performance of the coupling of AEX and precipitation under different operating conditions. The advantage of the coupled process over the stand-alone AEX depended on the demand for the av reduction as well as the initial variant composition of the mAb pool, e.g., the improvement in the throughput provided by the optimized sequence of AEX and PREC varied from 70 to 600% for the initial av content changed from 35 to 50% w/w, and the reduction demand changed from 30 to 60%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Zimoch
- Doctoral School of the Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
| | - Tomasz Rumanek
- Doctoral School of the Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
| | - Michał Kołodziej
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Wojciech Piątkowski
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Dorota Antos
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland.
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25
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Thakkar H, Eerla R, Sharma L, Shah RP. A rapid discriminative hydrogen-deuterium exchange and LC-HRMS/MS strategy for primary and higher order structural mapping of therapeutic proteins: a case study using filgrastim. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1527-1535. [PMID: 36880166 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01788a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A vast number of therapeutic proteins are approved and available on the market. However, there are very limited analytical approaches available for the rapid determination of primary and higher-order structures which can be utilized for counterfeit identification. In the present study, filgrastim biosimilar products from different manufacturers were considered for developing discriminative orthogonal analytical techniques to determine structural variations. The developed intact mass analytical method and peptide mapping through LC-HRMS were able to differentiate three biosimilars based on deconvoluted mass and possible structural modification, respectively. Another structural attribute employed was charge heterogeneity through isoelectric focusing, which provides a snapshot of the presence of charge variants/impurities and was able to differentiate various marketed formulations of filgrastim. These three techniques can certainly differentiate the products that contain counterfeit drugs due to their capability concerning selectivity. Additionally, a unique HDX technique on LC-HRMS was developed, which can determine the labile hydrogen exposed to deuterium exchange in a specified time. HDX aids in identifying the workup process or changes in the host cell in the counterfeit product by differentiating the protein based on its higher-order structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Thakkar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India.
| | - Rameswari Eerla
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India.
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India.
| | - Ravi P Shah
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Opposite Air force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India.
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26
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Butré CI, D'Atri V, Diemer H, Colas O, Wagner E, Beck A, Cianferani S, Guillarme D, Delobel A. Interlaboratory Evaluation of a User-Friendly Benchtop Mass Spectrometer for Multiple-Attribute Monitoring Studies of a Monoclonal Antibody. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062855. [PMID: 36985827 PMCID: PMC10053224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the quest to market increasingly safer and more potent biotherapeutic proteins, the concept of the multi-attribute method (MAM) has emerged from biopharmaceutical companies to boost the quality-by-design process development. MAM strategies rely on state-of-the-art analytical workflows based on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to identify and quantify a selected series of critical quality attributes (CQA) in a single assay. Here, we aimed at evaluating the repeatability and robustness of a benchtop LC-MS platform along with bioinformatics data treatment pipelines for peptide mapping-based MAM studies using standardized LC-MS methods, with the objective to benchmark MAM methods across laboratories, taking nivolumab as a case study. Our results evidence strong interlaboratory consistency across LC-MS platforms for all CQAs (i.e., deamidation, oxidation, lysine clipping and glycosylation). In addition, our work uniquely highlights the crucial role of bioinformatics postprocessing in MAM studies, especially for low-abundant species quantification. Altogether, we believe that MAM has fostered the development of routine, robust, easy-to-use LC-MS platforms for high-throughput determination of major CQAs in a regulated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire I Butré
- Quality Assistance sa, Technoparc de Thudinie 2, 6536 Thuin, Belgium
| | - Valentina D'Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Diemer
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI-FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Colas
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoleon III, 74160 Saint-Julien en Genevois, France
| | - Elsa Wagner
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoleon III, 74160 Saint-Julien en Genevois, France
| | - Alain Beck
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoleon III, 74160 Saint-Julien en Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianferani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI-FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Delobel
- Quality Assistance sa, Technoparc de Thudinie 2, 6536 Thuin, Belgium
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Datta-Mannan A, Molitoris BA, Feng Y, Martinez MM, Sandoval RM, Brown RM, Merkel D, Croy JE, Dunn KW. Intravital Microscopy Reveals Unforeseen Biodistribution Within the Liver and Kidney Mechanistically Connected to the Clearance of a Bifunctional Antibody. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:403-412. [PMID: 36460476 PMCID: PMC11022859 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifunctional antibody (BfAb) therapeutics offer the potential for novel functionalities beyond those of the individual monospecific entities. However, combining these entities into a single molecule can have unpredictable effects, including changes in pharmacokinetics that limit the compound's therapeutic profile. A better understanding of how molecular modifications affect in vivo tissue interactions could help inform BfAb design. The present studies were predicated on the observation that a BfAb designed to have minimal off-target interactions cleared from the circulation twice as fast as the monoclonal antibody (mAb) from which it was derived. The present study leverages the spatial and temporal resolution of intravital microscopy (IVM) to identify cellular interactions that may explain the different pharmacokinetics of the two compounds. Disposition studies of mice demonstrated that radiolabeled compounds distributed similarly over the first 24 hours, except that BfAb accumulated approximately two- to -three times more than mAb in the liver. IVM studies of mice demonstrated that both distributed to endosomes of liver endothelia but with different kinetics. Whereas mAb accumulated rapidly within the first hour of administration, BfAb accumulated only modestly during the first hour but continued to accumulate over 24 hours, ultimately reaching levels similar to those of the mAb. Although neither compound was freely filtered by the mouse or rat kidney, BfAb, but not mAb, was found to accumulate over 24 hours in endosomes of proximal tubule cells. These studies demonstrate how IVM can be used as a tool in drug design, revealing unpredicted cellular interactions that are undetectable by conventional analyses. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Bifunctional antibodies offer novel therapeutic functionalities beyond those of the individual monospecific entities. However, combining these entities into a single molecule can have unpredictable effects, including undesirable changes in pharmacokinetics. Studies of the dynamic distribution of a bifunctional antibody and its parent monoclonal antibody presented here demonstrate how intravital microscopy can expand our understanding of the in vivo disposition of therapeutics, detecting off-target interactions that could not be detected by conventional pharmacokinetics approaches or predicted by conventional physicochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Datta-Mannan
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Yiqing Feng
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Michelle M Martinez
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Ruben M Sandoval
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Robin M Brown
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Daniel Merkel
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Johnny E Croy
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
| | - Kenneth W Dunn
- Exploratory Medicine and Pharmacology (A.D-M.), Clinical Laboratory Services (R.M.B.), and Biotechnology Discovery Research (Y.F., D.M., J.E.C.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana and Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.W.D.)
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28
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Kaur R, Jain R, Budholiya N, Rathore AS. Long term culturing of CHO cells: phenotypic drift and quality attributes of the expressed monoclonal antibody. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:357-370. [PMID: 36707452 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Establishing cell lines with enhanced protein production requires a deep understanding of the cellular dynamics and cell line stability. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of long term culturing (LTC) on cell morphology and altered cellular functions possibly leading to phenotypic drift, impacting product yield and quality. Study highlights the orthogonal cellular and analytical assay toolbox to define cell line stability for optimal culture performance and product quality. METHODS We investigated recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb) expressing CHO cells for 60 passages or 180 generations and assessed the cell growth characteristics and morphology by confocal and scanning electron microscopy. Quality attributes of expressed mAb is accessed by performing charge variants, glycan, and host cell protein analysis. RESULTS We observed a 1.65-fold increase in viable cell population and 1.3-fold increase in cell specific growth rate. A 2.5-fold decrease in antibody titer and abatement of actin filament indicate cellular phenotypic drift. Mitochondrial membrane potential (∆ΨM) signified cell health and metabolic activity during LTC. Host cell protein production is reduced by 1.8-fold. Charge heterogeneity was perturbed with 12.5% and 43% reduction in abundance of acidic and basic charge variants respectively. Glycan profile indicated a decline in fucosylation with 17% increase in galactosylated species as compared with early passaged cells. CONCLUSION LTC impinges on cellular phenotype as well as the quality of the expressed antibody, suggesting a defined subculturing limit to retain stable protein expression and cell morphology to achieve consistent product quality. Study signifies the changes in cellular and metabolic markers, suggesting cellular and analytical toolbox which could play a significant role in defining cell characteristics and ensured product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Kaur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Niharika Budholiya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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29
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Torkashvand F, Mehranfar M, Rashidi Gero M, Jafarian P, Mirabzadeh E, Azarian B, Sardari S, Vaziri B. Trastuzumab Charge Variants: a Study on Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Properties. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2023; 27:108-16. [PMID: 37070702 PMCID: PMC10314757 DOI: 10.61186/ibj.3837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Post-translational modifications in bioprocessing and storage of recombinant mAbs are the main sources of charge variants. While the profile of these kinds of variants is considered an important attribute for the therapeutic mAbs, there is controversy about their direct role in safety and efficacy. In this study, the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of the separated charge variants belonging to a trastuzumab potential biosimilar, were examined. Methods The acidic peaks, basic peaks, and main variants of trastuzumab were separated and enriched by semi-preparative weak cation exchange. A panel of analytical techniques was utilized to characterize the physicochemical properties of these variants. The binding affinity to HER2 and FcγRs and the PK parameters were evaluated for each variant. Results Based on the results, the charge variants of the proposed biosimilar had no significant influence on the examined efficacy and PK parameters. Conclusion During the development and production of biosimilar monoclonal antibodies, evaluating the effect of their charge variants on efficacy and PK parameters is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Torkashvand
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Mahsa Mehranfar
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Mahsa Rashidi Gero
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Jafarian
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmat Mirabzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Azarian
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Sardari
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Vaziri
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Dumoncel RFP, Xavier B, Cardoso Júnior CDA, da Silva FS, Motta LGJ, Cavalheiro TN, Dalmora SL. Analysis of Denosumab by a Validated CZE Method and Determination of Sialic Acids by the RP-HPLC Method. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:177-185. [PMID: 35279712 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method was developed and validated to quantitate the monoclonal antibody denosumab (DmAb) and its charge variants in pharmaceutical products, demonstrating excellent precision, linearity and accuracy. Separations were obtained with migration times of 11.3 min for DmAb and the calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.95-20 mg/mL. The analytical comparability of seven batches of Prolia® showed mean differences of the estimated content/potencies of 1.87% lower, and 0.84 and 1.21% higher compared with the size-exclusion and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC and RP-HPLC) methods and the osteoclast antiproliferative bioassay, respectively, with non-significant differences (P > 0.05). An RP-HPLC method with fluorescence detection (RP-HPLC-F), performed on a Kinetex® EVO C18 column (5 μm, 100 Å, 250 mm × 4.6 mm), was optimized to determine the levels of sialic acids of DmAb biomolecules, giving mean concentrations of 0.16 and 0.17 μg N-acetylneuraminic acid/mg DmAb for Prolia® and Xgeva® pharmaceutical products, respectively. The results demonstrated the capability of each one of the methods, and their use in combination constitutes a strategy to monitor instability, thereby assuring the quality and the batch-to-batch consistency of the biotechnology-derived medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Ferreira Perobelli Dumoncel
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Xavier
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Clóvis Dervil Appratto Cardoso Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Francielle Santos da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Luís Gustavo Jung Motta
- Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Thaís Neuhaus Cavalheiro
- Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Luiz Dalmora
- Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
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Rathore AS, Thakur G, Kateja N. Continuous integrated manufacturing for biopharmaceuticals: A new paradigm or an empty promise? Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:333-351. [PMID: 36111450 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Continuous integrated bioprocessing has elicited considerable interest from the biopharma industry for the many purported benefits it promises. Today many major biopharma manufacturers around the world are engaged in the development of continuous process platforms for their products. In spite of great potential, the path toward continuous integrated bioprocessing remains unclear for the biologics industry due to legacy infrastructure, process integration challenges, vague regulatory guidelines, and a diverging focus toward novel therapies. In this article, we present a review and perspective on this topic. We explore the status of the implementation of continuous integrated bioprocessing among biopharmaceutical manufacturers. We also present some of the key hurdles that manufacturers are likely to face during this implementation. Finally, we hypothesize that the real impact of continuous manufacturing is likely to come when the cost of manufacturing is a substantial portion of the cost of product development, such as in the case of biosimilar manufacturing and emerging economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Thakur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Kateja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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32
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Hakim MH, Jun BH, Ahmadzadegan A, Babiak PM, Xu Q, Buno KP, Liu JC, Ardekani AM, Vlachos PP, Solorio L. Investigation of macromolecular transport through tunable collagen hyaluronic acid matrices. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 222:113123. [PMID: 36640539 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic macromolecules possess properties such as size and electrostatic charge that will dictate their transport through subcutaneous (SC) tissue and ultimate bioavailability and efficacy. To improve therapeutic design, platforms that systematically measure the transport of macromolecules as a function of both drug and tissue properties are needed. We utilize a Transwell chamber with tunable collagen-hyaluronic acid (ColHA) hydrogels as an in vitro model to determine mass transport of macromolecules using non-invasive UV spectroscopy. Increasing hyaluronic acid (HA) concentration from 0 to 2 mg/mL within collagen gels decreases the mass transport of five macromolecules independent of size and charge and results in a maximum decrease in recovery of 23.3% in the case of bovine immunoglobulin G (IgG). However, in a pure 10 mg/mL HA solution, negatively-charged macromolecules bovine serum albumin (BSA), β-lactoglobulin (BLg), dextran (Dex), and IgG had drastically increased recovery by 20-40% compared to their performance in ColHA matrices. This result was different from the positively-charged macromolecule Lysozyme (Lys), which, despite its small size, showed reduced recovery by 3% in pure HA. These results demonstrate two distinct regimes of mass transport within our tissue model. In the presence of both collagen and HA, increasing HA concentrations decrease mass transport; however, in the absence of collagen, the high negative charge of HA sequesters and increases residence time of positively-charged macromolecules and decreases residence time of negatively-charged macromolecules. Through our approach, ColHA hydrogels serve as a platform for the systematic evaluation of therapeutic macromolecule transport as a function of molecular characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazin H Hakim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Brian H Jun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Adib Ahmadzadegan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Paulina M Babiak
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Qinghua Xu
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kevin P Buno
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Julie C Liu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Arezoo M Ardekani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Pavlos P Vlachos
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Luis Solorio
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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33
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Shastri DH, Silva AC, Almeida H. Ocular Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010205. [PMID: 36678834 PMCID: PMC9864358 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, single chain variable fragment (ScFv), crystallizable fragment (Fc), and fragment antigen binding (Fab), have accounted for one-third of all drugs on the world market. In particular, these medicines have been widely used in ocular therapies in the treatment of various diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, corneal neovascularization, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusion. However, the formulation of these biomacromolecules is challenging due to their high molecular weight, complex structure, instability, short half-life, enzymatic degradation, and immunogenicity, which leads to the failure of therapies. Various efforts have been made to overcome the ocular barriers, providing effective delivery of therapeutic proteins, such as altering the protein structure or including it in new delivery systems. These strategies are not only cost-effective and beneficial to patients but have also been shown to allow for fewer drug side effects. In this review, we discuss several factors that affect the design of formulations and the delivery of therapeutic proteins to ocular tissues, such as the use of injectable micro/nanocarriers, hydrogels, implants, iontophoresis, cell-based therapy, and combination techniques. In addition, other approaches are briefly discussed, related to the structural modification of these proteins, improving their bioavailability in the posterior segments of the eye without affecting their stability. Future research should be conducted toward the development of more effective, stable, noninvasive, and cost-effective formulations for the ocular delivery of therapeutic proteins. In addition, more insights into preclinical to clinical translation are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyesh H. Shastri
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Sarva Vidyalaya Kelavani Mandal, Gandhinagar 382016, India
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Catarina Silva
- FP-I3ID (Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento), FP-BHS (Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit), Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO (Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences), REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), MEDTECH (Medicines and Healthcare Products), Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Almeida
- UCIBIO (Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences), REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), MEDTECH (Medicines and Healthcare Products), Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Mesosystem Investigação & Investimentos by Spinpark, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
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34
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Rumanek T, Kołodziej M, Piątkowski W, Antos D. Preferential precipitation of acidic variants from monoclonal antibody pools. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:114-124. [PMID: 36226348 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microheterogeneity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can impact their activity and stability. Formation of charge variants is considered as the most important source of the microheterogeneity. In particular, controlling the content of the acidic species is often of major importance for the production process and regulatory approval of therapeutic proteins. In this study, the preferential precipitation process was developed for reducing the content of acidic variants in mAb downstream pools. The process design was preceded by the determination of phase behavior of mAb variants in the presence of different precipitants. It was shown that the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in protein solutions favored precipitation of acidic variants of mAbs. Precipitation yield was influenced by the variant composition in the mAb feed solutions, the concentration of the precipitant and the protein, and the ionic strength of the solutions. To improve yield, multistage precipitation was employed, where the precipitate was recycled to the precipitation process. The final product was a mixture of supernatants pooled together from the recycling steps. Such an approach can be potentially used either instead or in a combination with chromatography for adjusting the acidic variant content of mAbs, which can benefit in improvement in throughput and reduction in manufacturing costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Rumanek
- Doctoral School of Engineering and Technical Sciences at the Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Michał Kołodziej
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Wojciech Piątkowski
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Dorota Antos
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
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35
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Kretzmer C, Narasimhan RL, Lal RD, Balassi V, Ravellette J, Kotekar Manjunath AK, Koshy JJ, Viano M, Torre S, Zanda VM, Kumravat M, Saldanha KMR, Chandranpillai H, Nihad I, Zhong F, Sun Y, Gustin J, Borgschulte T, Liu J, Razafsky D. De novo assembly and annotation of the CHOZN® GS -/- genome supports high-throughput genome-scale screening. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:3632-3646. [PMID: 36073082 PMCID: PMC9825924 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been used as the industry standard for the production of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for several decades. Despite significant improvements in commercial-scale production processes and media, the CHO cell has remained largely unchanged. Due to the cost and complexity of whole-genome sequencing and gene-editing it has been difficult to obtain the tools necessary to improve the CHO cell line. With the advent of next-generation sequencing and the discovery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system it has become more cost effective to sequence and manipulate the CHO genome. Here, we provide a comprehensive de novo assembly and annotation of the CHO-K1 based CHOZN® GS-/- genome. Using this platform, we designed, built, and confirmed the functionality of a whole genome CRISPR guide RNA library that will allow the bioprocessing community to design a more robust CHO cell line leading to the production of life saving medications in a more cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Kretzmer
- Upstream Research and Development, MilliporeSigmaSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Rajagopalan Lakshmi Narasimhan
- Bioinformatics, IT R&D Applications, Merck (Sigma‐Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., A subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)BangaloreIndia
| | - Rahul Deva Lal
- Bioinformatics, IT R&D Applications, Merck (Sigma‐Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., A subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)BangaloreIndia
| | - Vincent Balassi
- Upstream Research and Development, MilliporeSigmaSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - James Ravellette
- Upstream Research and Development, MilliporeSigmaSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Ajaya Kumar Kotekar Manjunath
- Bioinformatics, IT R&D Applications, Merck (Sigma‐Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., A subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)BangaloreIndia
| | - Jesvin Joy Koshy
- Bioinformatics, IT R&D Applications, Merck (Sigma‐Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., A subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)BangaloreIndia
| | - Marta Viano
- Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche “A. Marxer” RBM S.p.A.IvreaItaly
| | - Serena Torre
- Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche “A. Marxer” RBM S.p.A.IvreaItaly
| | - Valeria M. Zanda
- Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche “A. Marxer” RBM S.p.A.IvreaItaly
| | - Mausam Kumravat
- Bioinformatics, IT R&D Applications, Merck (Sigma‐Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., A subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)BangaloreIndia
| | - Keith Metelo Raul Saldanha
- Bioinformatics, IT R&D Applications, Merck (Sigma‐Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., A subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)BangaloreIndia
| | - Harikrishnan Chandranpillai
- Bioinformatics, IT R&D Applications, Merck (Sigma‐Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., A subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)BangaloreIndia
| | - Ifra Nihad
- Bioinformatics, IT R&D Applications, Merck (Sigma‐Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., A subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany)BangaloreIndia
| | - Fei Zhong
- Life Science Bioinformatics, IT, MilliporeSigmaSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Yi Sun
- Bioinformatics, IT R&D Applications, MilliporeSigmaSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Jason Gustin
- Upstream Research and Development, MilliporeSigmaSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - Jiajian Liu
- Life Science Bioinformatics, IT, MilliporeSigmaSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - David Razafsky
- Upstream Research and Development, MilliporeSigmaSt. LouisMissouriUSA
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36
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Beck A, Nowak C, Meshulam D, Reynolds K, Chen D, Pacardo DB, Nicholls SB, Carven GJ, Gu Z, Fang J, Wang D, Katiyar A, Xiang T, Liu H. Risk-Based Control Strategies of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variants. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:73. [PMID: 36412839 PMCID: PMC9703962 DOI: 10.3390/antib11040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first approval of the anti-CD3 recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb), muromonab-CD3, a mouse antibody for the prevention of transplant rejection, by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986, mAb therapeutics have become increasingly important to medical care. A wealth of information about mAbs regarding their structure, stability, post-translation modifications, and the relationship between modification and function has been reported. Yet, substantial resources are still required throughout development and commercialization to have appropriate control strategies to maintain consistent product quality, safety, and efficacy. A typical feature of mAbs is charge heterogeneity, which stems from a variety of modifications, including modifications that are common to many mAbs or unique to a specific molecule or process. Charge heterogeneity is highly sensitive to process changes and thus a good indicator of a robust process. It is a high-risk quality attribute that could potentially fail the specification and comparability required for batch disposition. Failure to meet product specifications or comparability can substantially affect clinical development timelines. To mitigate these risks, the general rule is to maintain a comparable charge profile when process changes are inevitably introduced during development and even after commercialization. Otherwise, new peaks or varied levels of acidic and basic species must be justified based on scientific knowledge and clinical experience for a specific molecule. Here, we summarize the current understanding of mAb charge variants and outline risk-based control strategies to support process development and ultimately commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 5 Avenue Napoléon III, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Christine Nowak
- Protein Characterization, Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease, 100 College St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Deborah Meshulam
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kristina Reynolds
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David Chen
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dennis B. Pacardo
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Samantha B. Nicholls
- Protein Sciences, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gregory J. Carven
- Research, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zhenyu Gu
- Jasper Therapeutics, Inc., 2200 Bridge Pkwy Suite 102, Redwood City, CA 94065, USA
| | - Jing Fang
- Biological Drug Discovery, Biogen, 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Global Biologics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- CMC Technical Operations, Magenta Therapeutics, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- Downstream Process and Analytical Development, Boston Institute of Biotechnology, 225 Turnpike Rd., Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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37
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Liu YD, Cadang L, Bol K, Pan X, Tschudi K, Jazayri M, Camperi J, Michels D, Stults J, Harris RJ, Yang F. Challenges and Strategies for a Thorough Characterization of Antibody Acidic Charge Variants. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:641. [PMID: 36354552 PMCID: PMC9687119 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity of therapeutic Monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs are due to protein variants generated during the manufacturing process. These protein variants can be critical quality attributes (CQAs) depending on their potential impact on drug safety and/or efficacy. To identify CQAs and ensure the drug product qualities, a thorough characterization is required but challenging due to the complex structure of biotherapeutics. Past characterization studies for basic and acidic variants revealed that full characterizations were limited to the basic charge variants, while the quantitative measurements of acidic variants left gaps. Consequently, the characterization and quantitation of acidic variants are more challenging. A case study of a therapeutic mAb1 accounted for two-thirds of the enriched acidic variants in the initial characterization study. This led to additional investigations, closing the quantification gaps of mAb1 acidic variants. This work demonstrates that a well-designed study with the right choices of analytical methods can play a key role in characterization studies. Thus, the updated strategies for more complete antibody charge variant characterization are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Diana Liu
- Pharma Technical Development, Genentech/Roche, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Feng Yang
- Pharma Technical Development, Genentech/Roche, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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38
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Concentration and diffusion of the redox probe as key parameters for label-free impedimetric immunosensing. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 149:108308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Mishra NN, Sharma A, Shalini S, Sharma S, Jain P, Sharma RK, Chander H, Prasad J, Anvikar AR, Chand S. National Control Laboratory Assessment of Quality of Rituximab Biosimilars in India. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2022; 41:260-274. [DOI: 10.1089/mab.2021.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anu Sharma
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Swati Shalini
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Sonia Sharma
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Paras Jain
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Ratnesh K. Sharma
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Harish Chander
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - J.P. Prasad
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Anupkumar R. Anvikar
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
| | - Subhash Chand
- Therapeutic Antibody Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
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40
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Ayalew L, Chan P, Hu Z, Shen A, Duenas E, Kirschbrown W, Schick AJ, Chen Y, Kim MT. C-Terminal Lysine Processing of IgG in Human Suction Blister Fluid: Implications for Subcutaneous Administration. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:4043-4054. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luladey Ayalew
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Phyllis Chan
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhilan Hu
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amy Shen
- Cell Culture and Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Eileen Duenas
- Purification Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Whitney Kirschbrown
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Arthur J. Schick
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yan Chen
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michael T. Kim
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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41
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Mouchahoir T, Schiel JE, Rogers R, Heckert A, Place BJ, Ammerman A, Li X, Robinson T, Schmidt B, Chumsae CM, Li X, Manuilov AV, Yan B, Staples GO, Ren D, Veach AJ, Wang D, Yared W, Sosic Z, Wang Y, Zang L, Leone AM, Liu P, Ludwig R, Tao L, Wu W, Cansizoglu A, Hanneman A, Adams GW, Perdivara I, Walker H, Wilson M, Brandenburg A, DeGraan-Weber N, Gotta S, Shambaugh J, Alvarez M, Yu XC, Cao L, Shao C, Mahan A, Nanda H, Nields K, Nightlinger N, Niu B, Wang J, Xu W, Leo G, Sepe N, Liu YH, Patel BA, Richardson D, Wang Y, Tizabi D, Borisov OV, Lu Y, Maynard EL, Gruhler A, Haselmann KF, Krogh TN, Sönksen CP, Letarte S, Shen S, Boggio K, Johnson K, Ni W, Patel H, Ripley D, Rouse JC, Zhang Y, Daniels C, Dawdy A, Friese O, Powers TW, Sperry JB, Woods J, Carlson E, Sen KI, Skilton SJ, Busch M, Lund A, Stapels M, Guo X, Heidelberger S, Kaluarachchi H, McCarthy S, Kim J, Zhen J, Zhou Y, Rogstad S, Wang X, Fang J, Chen W, Yu YQ, Hoogerheide JG, Scott R, Yuan H. Attribute Analytics Performance Metrics from the MAM Consortium Interlaboratory Study. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1659-1677. [PMID: 36018776 PMCID: PMC9460773 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The multi-attribute method (MAM) was conceived as a single assay to potentially replace multiple single-attribute assays that have long been used in process development and quality control (QC) for protein therapeutics. MAM is rooted in traditional peptide mapping methods; it leverages mass spectrometry (MS) detection for confident identification and quantitation of many types of protein attributes that may be targeted for monitoring. While MAM has been widely explored across the industry, it has yet to gain a strong foothold within QC laboratories as a replacement method for established orthogonal platforms. Members of the MAM consortium recently undertook an interlaboratory study to evaluate the industry-wide status of MAM. Here we present the results of this study as they pertain to the targeted attribute analytics component of MAM, including investigation into the sources of variability between laboratories and comparison of MAM data to orthogonal methods. These results are made available with an eye toward aiding the community in further optimizing the method to enable its more frequent use in the QC environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina Mouchahoir
- National
Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - John E. Schiel
- National
Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Rich Rogers
- Just-Evotech
Biologics, Inc., 401
Terry Ave N., Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Alan Heckert
- National
Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Place
- National
Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Aaron Ammerman
- AbbVie, 1000 Gateway
Blvd, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- AbbVie, 1000 Gateway
Blvd, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tom Robinson
- AbbVie, 1000 Gateway
Blvd, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brian Schmidt
- AbbVie, 1000 Gateway
Blvd, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Chris M. Chumsae
- AbbVie, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Xinbi Li
- AbbVie, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Anton V. Manuilov
- AbbVie, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Bo Yan
- AbbVie, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Gregory O. Staples
- Agilent
Technologies, 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd, Santa Clara, California 95008, United States
| | - Da Ren
- Amgen, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Alexander J. Veach
- Amgen, One Amgen Center Dr, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Dongdong Wang
- BioAnalytix, 790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wael Yared
- BioAnalytix, 790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zoran Sosic
- Biogen, 125 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Biogen, 125 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Li Zang
- Biogen, 125 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Anthony M. Leone
- Bristol-Myers
Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Peiran Liu
- Bristol-Myers
Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Richard Ludwig
- Bristol-Myers
Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Li Tao
- Bristol-Myers
Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Wei Wu
- Bristol-Myers
Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Ahmet Cansizoglu
- Charles
River Laboratories, 8
Henshaw Street, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts 01801, United States
| | - Andrew Hanneman
- Charles
River Laboratories, 8
Henshaw Street, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts 01801, United States
| | - Greg W. Adams
- FUJIFILM
Diosynth Biotechnologies, 101 J. Morris Commons Ln, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | - Irina Perdivara
- FUJIFILM
Diosynth Biotechnologies, 101 J. Morris Commons Ln, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | - Hunter Walker
- FUJIFILM
Diosynth Biotechnologies, 101 J. Morris Commons Ln, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | - Margo Wilson
- FUJIFILM
Diosynth Biotechnologies, 101 J. Morris Commons Ln, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | | | - Nick DeGraan-Weber
- Genedata, 750 Marrett Road, One Cranberry
Hill, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | - Stefano Gotta
- Genedata, Margarethenstrasse 38, Basel, 4053, Switzerland
| | - Joe Shambaugh
- Genedata, 750 Marrett Road, One Cranberry
Hill, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | - Melissa Alvarez
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - X. Christopher Yu
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Li Cao
- GSK, 709
Swedeland Rd, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Chun Shao
- GSK, 709
Swedeland Rd, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Andrew Mahan
- Janssen, 1400 McKean Road, Springhouse, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Hirsh Nanda
- Janssen, 1400 McKean Road, Springhouse, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Kristen Nields
- Janssen, 1400 McKean Road, Springhouse, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Nancy Nightlinger
- Just-Evotech
Biologics, Inc., 401
Terry Ave N., Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Ben Niu
- AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United
States
| | - Jihong Wang
- AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United
States
| | - Wei Xu
- AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United
States
| | - Gabriella Leo
- EMD Serono an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Via Luigi Einaudi 11, Guidonia Montecelio (Roma), 00012, Italy
| | - Nunzio Sepe
- EMD Serono an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Via Luigi Einaudi 11, Guidonia Montecelio (Roma), 00012, Italy
| | - Yan-Hui Liu
- Merck
& Co., Inc.., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Bhumit A. Patel
- Merck
& Co., Inc.., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Douglas Richardson
- Merck
& Co., Inc.., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Merck
& Co., Inc.., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Daniela Tizabi
- National
Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Oleg V. Borisov
- Novavax,
Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Yali Lu
- Novavax,
Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Ernest L. Maynard
- Novavax,
Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon Letarte
- Pfizer, 375 N Field Dr, Lake Forest, Illinois 60045, United
States
| | - Sean Shen
- Pfizer, 375 N Field Dr, Lake Forest, Illinois 60045, United
States
| | - Kristin Boggio
- Pfizer, 1 Burtt Rd, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Keith Johnson
- Pfizer, 1 Burtt Rd, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Wenqin Ni
- Pfizer, 1 Burtt Rd, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Himakshi Patel
- Pfizer, 1 Burtt Rd, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - David Ripley
- Pfizer, 1 Burtt Rd, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Jason C. Rouse
- Pfizer, 1 Burtt Rd, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Ying Zhang
- Pfizer, 1 Burtt Rd, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Carly Daniels
- Pfizer, 700 Chesterfield
Pkwy West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United
States
| | - Andrew Dawdy
- Pfizer, 700 Chesterfield
Pkwy West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United
States
| | - Olga Friese
- Pfizer, 700 Chesterfield
Pkwy West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United
States
| | - Thomas W. Powers
- Pfizer, 700 Chesterfield
Pkwy West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United
States
| | - Justin B. Sperry
- Pfizer, 700 Chesterfield
Pkwy West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United
States
| | - Josh Woods
- Pfizer, 700 Chesterfield
Pkwy West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United
States
| | - Eric Carlson
- Protein
Metrics, Inc., 20863
Stevens Creek Blvd, Cupertino, California 95014, United States
| | - K. Ilker Sen
- Protein
Metrics, Inc., 20863
Stevens Creek Blvd, Cupertino, California 95014, United States
| | - St John Skilton
- Protein
Metrics, Inc., 20863
Stevens Creek Blvd, Cupertino, California 95014, United States
| | - Michelle Busch
- Sanofi, 1 The Mountain Rd, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701, United States
| | - Anders Lund
- Sanofi, 1 The Mountain Rd, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701, United States
| | - Martha Stapels
- Sanofi, 1 The Mountain Rd, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701, United States
| | - Xu Guo
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, ON L4K
4V8, Canada
| | | | | | - Sean McCarthy
- SCIEX, 500 Old Connecticut Path, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701, United States
| | - John Kim
- Teva, 145 Brandywine Pkwy, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Jing Zhen
- Teva, 145 Brandywine Pkwy, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Ying Zhou
- Teva, 145 Brandywine Pkwy, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, United States
| | - Sarah Rogstad
- U.S. Food
and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Xiaoshi Wang
- U.S. Food
and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jing Fang
- Waters, 34 Maple St, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Weibin Chen
- Waters, 34 Maple St, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Ying Qing Yu
- Waters, 34 Maple St, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | | | - Rebecca Scott
- Zoetis, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007, United
States
| | - Hua Yuan
- Zoetis, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007, United
States
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42
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Nisiewicz MK, Kowalczyk A, Sikorska M, Kasprzak A, Bamburowicz-Klimkowska M, Koszytkowska-Stawińska M, Nowicka AM. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer immunosensor for ultrasensitive gravimetric and electrochemical detection of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Talanta 2022; 247:123600. [PMID: 35659686 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the level of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and inhibiting its expression is important for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. However, the analysis of MMP-9 is challenging owing to its very low content in the blood, especially at the early stages of diseases. Therefore, we developed an ultrasensitive and easy-to-use immunosensor based on a three-dimensional (3D) bioplatform for the determination of the total MMP-9 concentration in plasma. The used 3D bioplatform (G2 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer; PAMAM) improved the sensitivity of the determination by significantly expanding the surface area of the receptor layer. The antigen-antibody recognition process was controlled by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The effect of the orientation of antibody molecules in the sensing layer on the work parameters of the immunosensor was analyzed using unmodified PAMAM (PAMAM-NH2) and PAMAM functionalized with -COOH groups (PAMAM-COOH). The developed immunosensor based on PAMAM-NH2 was characterized by a lower detection limit (LOD = 2.0 pg⋅mL-1) and wider analytical range (1·10-4 - 5 μg⋅mL-1 for EIS and QCM-D) compared to PAMAM-COOH immunosensor (EIS: 1·10-4 - 0.5 μg⋅mL-1; QCM-D: 5·10-4 - 0.5 μg⋅mL-1). The functionality of the proposed device was verified in spiked plasma. The recoveries determined in commercial human and rat plasma and noncommercial rat plasma were very close to the value of 100% and in the range of 96-120% for Au/PAMAM-NH2/Ab and Au/PAMAM-COOH/Ab immunosensors, respectively. The designed analytical devices showed high selectivity and sensitivity without the use of any amplifiers such as metal nanoparticles or enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika K Nisiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Str. 1, PL 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, PL 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Str. 1, PL 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Sikorska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Str. 1, PL 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Kasprzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, PL 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Anna M Nowicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Str. 1, PL 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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43
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Gusarova V, Degterev M, Lyagoskin I, Simonov V, Smolov M, Taran S, Shukurov R. Analytical and functional similarity of biosimilar Elizaria® with eculizumab reference product. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 220:115004. [PMID: 35988306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) Eculizumab, C5-complement cascade inhibitor, is an important treatment of complement-based diseases recommended by international guidelines. Elizaria® Drug Product (DP), developed by IBC Generium, Russia, is the world's first registered biosimilar of eculizumab (Soliris®, Alexion Pharmaceuticals). Using sensitive state-of-the-art analytical techniques extensive similarity assessment has been conducted to demonstrate the structural and functional similarity of original Soliris® (Eculizumab Reference Product, RP) and the biosimilar Elizaria®, focusing on the physicochemical and biological quality attributes, including those known to affect the mechanisms of action. A multitude of analyses revealed that amino acid sequence is identical, the higher order structures, post-translational modifications, purity, and product variants are highly similar between Elizaria® DP and Eculizumab RP, except for minor differences in the relative abundance of the charge variants and glycan moieties considered not clinically significant. The results demonstrate that Elizaria® is highly analytically similar to Eculizumab RP in terms of physicochemical properties and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gusarova
- JSC "GENERIUM", 14 Vladimirskaya street, Volginskiy, Petushinskiy district, Vladimir Region, 601125 Russia.
| | - Maxim Degterev
- JSC "GENERIUM", 14 Vladimirskaya street, Volginskiy, Petushinskiy district, Vladimir Region, 601125 Russia
| | - Ivan Lyagoskin
- JSC "GENERIUM", 14 Vladimirskaya street, Volginskiy, Petushinskiy district, Vladimir Region, 601125 Russia
| | - Vladimir Simonov
- JSC "GENERIUM", 14 Vladimirskaya street, Volginskiy, Petushinskiy district, Vladimir Region, 601125 Russia
| | - Maxim Smolov
- JSC "GENERIUM", 14 Vladimirskaya street, Volginskiy, Petushinskiy district, Vladimir Region, 601125 Russia
| | - Sergey Taran
- JSC "GENERIUM", 14 Vladimirskaya street, Volginskiy, Petushinskiy district, Vladimir Region, 601125 Russia
| | - Rahim Shukurov
- JSC "GENERIUM", 14 Vladimirskaya street, Volginskiy, Petushinskiy district, Vladimir Region, 601125 Russia
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44
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Seelinger F, Wittkopp F, von Hirschheydt T, Hafner M, Frech C. Application of the Steric Mass Action formalism for modeling under high loading conditions: Part 1. Investigation of the influence of pH on the steric shielding factor. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Gurel B, Berksoz M, Capkin E, Parlar A, Pala MC, Ozkan A, Capan Y, Daglikoca DE, Yuce M. Structural and Functional Analysis of CEX Fractions Collected from a Novel Avastin® Biosimilar Candidate and Its Innovator: A Comparative Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081571. [PMID: 36015197 PMCID: PMC9415858 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avastin® is a humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody used to treat cancer by targeting VEGF-A to inhibit angiogenesis. SIMAB054, an Avastin® biosimilar candidate developed in this study, showed a different charge variant profile than its innovator. Thus, it is fractionated into acidic, main, and basic isoforms and collected physically by Cation Exchange Chromatography (CEX) for a comprehensive structural and functional analysis. The innovator product, fractionated into the same species and collected by the same method, is used as a reference for comparative analysis. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) ESI-QToF was used to analyze the modifications leading to charge heterogeneities at intact protein and peptide levels. The C-terminal lysine clipping and glycosylation profiles of the samples were monitored by intact mAb analysis. The post-translational modifications, including oxidation, deamidation, and N-terminal pyroglutamic acid formation, were determined by peptide mapping analysis in the selected signal peptides. The relative binding affinities of the fractionated charge isoforms against the antigen, VEGF-A, and the neonatal receptor, FcRn, were revealed by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) studies. The results show that all CEX fractions from the innovator product and the SIMAB054 shared the same structural variants, albeit in different ratios. Common glycoforms and post-translational modifications were the same, but at different percentages for some samples. The dissimilarities were mostly originating from the presence of extra C-term Lysin residues, which are prone to enzymatic degradation in the body, and thus they were previously assessed as clinically irrelevant. Another critical finding was the presence of different glyco proteoforms in different charge species, such as increased galactosylation in the acidic and afucosylation in the basic species. SPR characterization of the isolated charge variants further confirmed that basic species found in the CEX analyses of the biosimilar candidate were also present in the innovator product, although at lower amounts. The charge variants’ in vitro antigen- and neonatal receptor-binding activities varied amongst the samples, which could be further investigated in vivo with a larger sample set to reveal the impact on the pharmacokinetics of drug candidates. Minor structural differences may explain antigen-binding differences in the isolated charge variants, which is a key parameter in a comparability exercise. Consequently, such a biosimilar candidate may not comply with high regulatory standards unless the binding differences observed are justified and demonstrated not to have any clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Gurel
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Melike Berksoz
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Eda Capkin
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Ayhan Parlar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Meltem Corbacioglu Pala
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Aylin Ozkan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yılmaz Capan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Duygu Emine Daglikoca
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.E.D.); (M.Y.)
| | - Meral Yuce
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (D.E.D.); (M.Y.)
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46
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Nadar S, Somasundaram B, Charry M, Billakanti J, Shave E, Baker K, Lua LHL. Design and optimization of membrane chromatography for monoclonal antibody charge variant separation. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 38:e3288. [PMID: 35818846 PMCID: PMC10078440 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The manufacturing scale implementation of membrane chromatography to purify monoclonal antibodies has gradually increased with the shift in industry focus towards flexible manufacturing and disposable technologies. Membrane chromatography are used to remove process-related impurities such as host cell proteins and DNA, leachates and endotoxins, with improved productivity and process flexibility. However, application of membrane chromatography to separate product-related variants such as charge variants has not gained major traction due to low binding capacity. The work reported here demonstrates that a holistic process development strategy to optimize static binding (pH and salt concentration) and dynamic process (membrane loading, flowrate, and gradient length) parameters can alleviate the capacity limitations. The study employed high throughput screening tools and scale-down membranes for intermediate and polishing purification of the model monoclonal antibody. An optimized process consisting of anion exchange and cation exchange membrane chromatography reduced the acidic variants present in Protein A eluate from 89.5 % to 19.2 % with 71 % recovery of the target protein. The membrane chromatography process also cleared host cell protein to below limit of detection with 6 to 30-fold higher membrane loading, compared to earlier reported values. The results confirm that membrane chromatography is effective in separating closely related product variants when supported by a well-defined process development strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Nadar
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Balaji Somasundaram
- Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marcela Charry
- Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jagan Billakanti
- Global Life Sciences Solutions Australia Pty Ltd, 32 Phillip St, Parramatta, Sydney, New south wales, Australia
| | - Evan Shave
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Patheon Biologics, Pharma Services Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kym Baker
- Patheon Biologics, Pharma Services Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Linda H L Lua
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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47
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Intact multi-attribute method (iMAM): a flexible tool for the analysis of monoclonal antibodies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:241-248. [PMID: 35840072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The availability of rapid methods that can accurately define and quantify biopharmaceutical critical quality attributes has been the driving force for the implementation of mass spectrometry techniques throughout the development and production pipeline. While the multi-attribute method (MAM) has become widely adopted and developed, some critical information cannot be monitored through this workflow, such as correct chain assembly or the presence of fragments or aggregates. In this study, we combine intact mass spectrometry and the multi-attribute method to create an intact multi-attribute method - or iMAM. Using a CFR Part 11 compliant data system, we evaluated the proposed workflow using several intact analysis approaches under both denaturing and native conditions. As for the standard MAM approach, iMAM involves the creation of an intact protein target workbook which is created from a reference sample, with ID confirmation obtained from deconvolution results and chromatographic retention times while quantitation is obtained from the intensities of the m/z of most abundant charge states. The created processing method is then applied to any other sample. New peak detection can also be performed, monitoring the number of components revealed after each analysis. The entire data process can be automated to generate a report within the chromatography data system software. Three case studies presented herein show the potential of iMAM for implementation at different stages of the production pipeline, from product development to stability testing and batch release.
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48
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Ghosh A, Kar PK, Gautam A, Gupta R, Singh R, Chakravarti R, Ravichandiran V, Ghosh Dastidar S, Ghosh D, Roy S. An insight into SARS-CoV-2 structure, pathogenesis, target hunting for drug development and vaccine initiatives. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:647-675. [PMID: 35814927 PMCID: PMC9215161 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has been confirmed to be a new coronavirus having 79% and 50% similarity with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, respectively. For a better understanding of the features of the new virus SARS-CoV-2, we have discussed a possible correlation between some unique features of the genome of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to pathogenesis. We have also reviewed structural druggable viral and host targets for possible clinical application if any, as cases of reinfection and compromised protection have been noticed due to the emergence of new variants with increased infectivity even after vaccination. We have also discussed the types of vaccines that are being developed against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we have tried to give a brief overview of the fundamental factors of COVID-19 research like basic virology, virus variants and the newly emerging techniques that can be applied to develop advanced treatment strategies for the management of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Ghosh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta Kolkata India
- Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Cancer Research institute 3081, Nayabad Kolkata-700094 India
| | - Paritosh K Kar
- Foundation on Tropical Diseases & Health Research Development, A Mission on Charitable Health Care Unit Balichak CT, Paschim Medinipur West Bengal 721 124 India
| | - Anupam Gautam
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen Sand 14 72076 Tübingen Germany
- International Max Planck Research School "From Molecules to Organisms", Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen Max-Planck-Ring 5 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Rahul Gupta
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata India
| | - Rajveer Singh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
| | - Rudra Chakravarti
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
| | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
| | | | - Dipanjan Ghosh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata India
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49
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Shah B, Li M, Wypych J, Joubert MK, Zhang Z. Observation of Heavy-Chain C-Terminal Amidation in Human Endogenous IgG. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2445-2450. [PMID: 35718127 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic IgG mAbs expressed from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are known to contain three C-terminal variants in their heavy chains, namely, the unprocessed C-terminal lysine, the processed C-terminal lysine, and C-terminal amidation. Although the presence of C-terminal amidation in CHO-expressed IgGs is well studied, the biological impact of the variant on the safety and efficacy of biotherapeutics has not been well understood. To further our biological understanding of C-terminal amidation, we analyzed a series of IgG samples, including both endogenous human IgGs as well as recombinant IgGs of different subclasses expressed from both CHO and murine cell lines, for their heavy-chain C-terminal variants by LC-MS/MS based peptide mapping. The results demonstrate that heavy-chain C-terminal amidation is a common variant occurring in IgG of all four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4). The variant is generally present in recombinant IgG mAbs expressed from CHO cell lines but not in IgG mAbs expressed from murine cell lines, whereas the IgGs expressed from murine cell lines contain a much larger amount of unprocessed C-terminal lysine. Additionally, a significant amount of heavy-chain C-terminal amidation is observed in endogenous human IgGs, indicating that small amount of the variant present in therapeutic IgGs does not pose a safety concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Shah
- Process Development, Amgen Inc. One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Quality, Amgen Inc. One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Jette Wypych
- Process Development, Amgen Inc. One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Marisa K Joubert
- Process Development, Amgen Inc. One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Zhongqi Zhang
- Process Development, Amgen Inc. One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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50
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He X, ElNaggar M, Ostrowski MA, Guttman A, Gentalen E, Sperry J. Evaluation of an icIEF-MS system for comparable charge variant analysis of biotherapeutics with rapid peak identification by mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1215-1222. [PMID: 35286725 PMCID: PMC9322286 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics are usually produced in heterogeneous forms during bioproduction and bioprocessing. Heterogeneity results from post‐translational modifications that can yield charge variants and require characterization throughout product development and manufacturing. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) with UV detection is one of the most common methods to evaluate protein charge heterogeneity in the biopharmaceutical industry. To identify charge variant peaks, a new imaged microfluidic chip‐based isoelectric focusing (icIEF) system coupled directly to mass spectrometry was recently reported. Bridging is required to demonstrate comparability between existing and new technology. As such, here we demonstrate the comparability of the pI value measurement and relative charge species distributions between the icIEF‐MS system and the control data from a frequently utilized methodology in the biopharmaceutical industry for several blinded development‐phase biopharmaceutical monoclonal antibodies across a wide pI range of 7.3–9.0. Hyphenation of the icIEF system with mass spectrometry enabled direct and detailed structural determination of a test molecule, with masses suggesting acidic and basic shifts are caused by sialic acid additions and the presence of unprocessed lysine residues. In addition, MS analysis further identified several low‐abundance glycoforms. The icIEF‐MS system provides sample quantification, characterization, and identification of mAb proteoforms without sacrificing icIEF quantification comparability or speed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andras Guttman
- Horvath Csaba Memorial Laboratory of Bioseparation Sciences, University of Debrecen, Hungary.,Previously with SCIEX
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