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Tatout C, Mougeot G, Parry G, Baroux C, Pradillo M, Evans D. The INDEPTH (Impact of Nuclear Domains on Gene Expression and Plant Traits) Academy: a community resource for plant science. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1926-1933. [PMID: 35090020 PMCID: PMC8982392 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This Community Resource paper introduces the range of materials developed by the INDEPTH (Impact of Nuclear Domains on Gene Expression and Plant Traits) COST Action made available through the INDEPTH Academy. Recent rapid growth in understanding of the significance of epigenetic controls in plant and crop science has led to a need for shared, high-quality resources, standardization of protocols, and repositories for open access data. The INDEPTH Academy provides a range of masterclass tutorials, standardized protocols, and teaching webinars, together with a rapidly developing repository to support imaging and spatial analysis of the nucleus and deep learning for automated analysis. These resources were developed partly as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, but also driven by needs and opportunities identified by the INDEPTH community of ~200 researchers in 80 laboratories from 32 countries. This community report outlines the resources produced and how they will be extended beyond the INDEPTH project, but also aims to encourage the wider community to engage with epigenetics and nuclear structure by accessing these resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Tatout
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, GReD Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Mougeot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, GReD Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Geraint Parry
- GARNet, Department of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Arabidopsis Events UK, 13 Mayhurst Ave, Woking GU22 8DE, UK
| | - Célia Baroux
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department for Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mónica Pradillo
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - David Evans
- Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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Goto C, Hara-Nishimura I, Tamura K. Regulation and Physiological Significance of the Nuclear Shape in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:673905. [PMID: 34177991 PMCID: PMC8222917 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.673905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The shape of plant nuclei varies among different species, tissues, and cell types. In Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, nuclei in meristems and guard cells are nearly spherical, whereas those of epidermal cells in differentiated tissues are elongated spindle-shaped. The vegetative nuclei in pollen grains are irregularly shaped in angiosperms. In the past few decades, it has been revealed that several nuclear envelope (NE) proteins play the main role in the regulation of the nuclear shape in plants. Some plant NE proteins that regulate nuclear shape are also involved in nuclear or cellular functions, such as nuclear migration, maintenance of chromatin structure, gene expression, calcium and reactive oxygen species signaling, plant growth, reproduction, and plant immunity. The shape of the nucleus has been assessed both by labeling internal components (for instance chromatin) and by labeling membranes, including the NE or endoplasmic reticulum in interphase cells and viral-infected cells of plants. Changes in NE are correlated with the formation of invaginations of the NE, collectively called the nucleoplasmic reticulum. In this review, what is known and what is unknown about nuclear shape determination are presented, and the physiological significance of the control of the nuclear shape in plants is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Goto
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro Tamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kentaro Tamura,
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Blavet N, Uřinovská J, Jeřábková H, Chamrád I, Vrána J, Lenobel R, Beinhauer J, Šebela M, Doležel J, Petrovská B. UNcleProt (Universal Nuclear Protein database of barley): The first nuclear protein database that distinguishes proteins from different phases of the cell cycle. Nucleus 2016; 8:70-80. [PMID: 27813701 PMCID: PMC5287097 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2016.1255391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins are the most abundant component of the cell nucleus, where they perform a plethora of functions, including the assembly of long DNA molecules into condensed chromatin, DNA replication and repair, regulation of gene expression, synthesis of RNA molecules and their modification. Proteins are important components of nuclear bodies and are involved in the maintenance of the nuclear architecture, transport across the nuclear envelope and cell division. Given their importance, the current poor knowledge of plant nuclear proteins and their dynamics during the cell's life and division is striking. Several factors hamper the analysis of the plant nuclear proteome, but the most critical seems to be the contamination of nuclei by cytosolic material during their isolation. With the availability of an efficient protocol for the purification of plant nuclei, based on flow cytometric sorting, contamination by cytoplasmic remnants can be minimized. Moreover, flow cytometry allows the separation of nuclei in different stages of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2). This strategy has led to the identification of large number of nuclear proteins from barley (Hordeum vulgare), thus triggering the creation of a dedicated database called UNcleProt, http://barley.gambrinus.ueb.cas.cz/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Blavet
- a Institute of Experimental Botany , Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Jana Uřinovská
- b Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics , Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Hana Jeřábková
- a Institute of Experimental Botany , Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Chamrád
- b Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics , Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vrána
- a Institute of Experimental Botany , Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - René Lenobel
- b Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics , Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Jana Beinhauer
- b Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics , Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šebela
- b Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics , Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- a Institute of Experimental Botany , Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Beáta Petrovská
- a Institute of Experimental Botany , Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research , Olomouc , Czech Republic
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Parry G. The plant nuclear envelope and regulation of gene expression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1673-85. [PMID: 25680795 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) separates the key mechanisms of transcription and translation, and as such is a critical control point in all eukaryotic cells. In plants, the proteins of the NE influence a number of processes including the control of nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of RNA and protein, chromatin localization to the nuclear periphery, and direct chromatin binding by members of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). In this review I attempt to bring these roles under the umbrella of their effect on gene expression, even though the complex nature of this cellular environment means there is considerable overlap of effects. Although the volume of research in plant cells has greatly improved over recent years, it is clear that our understanding of how the components of the NE either directly or indirectly influence gene expression is still in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint Parry
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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Graumann K. Evidence for LINC1-SUN associations at the plant nuclear periphery. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93406. [PMID: 24667841 PMCID: PMC3965549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sad1/UNC84 (SUN) domain proteins are a highly conserved family of inner nuclear membrane localised proteins in eukaryotes. One of their main functions is as key components of nucleo-cytoskeletal bridging complexes, in which SUN proteins associate with nucleoskeletal elements. In metazoans these are the lamins, which form a supportive structural network termed the lamina. Plants lack sequence homologs of lamins but have a similar nucleoplasmic structural network to support the plant NE. Putative components of this plant lamina-like structure are Little Nuclei (LINC) proteins, which bear structural resemblance to lamins and fulfil similar functions. This work explores the associations between AtLINC1, AtSUN1 and AtSUN2. AtLINC1 is recruited to the NE by SUN proteins and is immobilised therein. This recruitment and the immobile properties are likely due to AtSUN1/2-AtLINC1 protein interactions occurring in planta. In addition, the SUN N-terminus appears to play an important role in mediating these interactions. The associations between AtLINC1 and plant SUN proteins are a first indicator of how the nucleoskeleton may be anchored to the nuclear membrane in plants. Building on the previous characterisation of Klarsicht/Anc1/Syne1 homology (KASH) like proteins in plants, this study advances the identification and characterisation of nucleo-cytoskeletal bridging complexes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Graumann
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Da Ines O, Gallego ME, White CI. Recombination-independent mechanisms and pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:492-501. [PMID: 24375719 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis is the specialized eukaryotic cell division that permits the halving of ploidy necessary for gametogenesis in sexually reproducing organisms. This involves a single round of DNA replication followed by two successive divisions. To ensure balanced segregation, homologous chromosome pairs must migrate to opposite poles at the first meiotic division and this means that they must recognize and pair with each other beforehand. Although understanding of the mechanisms by which meiotic chromosomes find and pair with their homologs has greatly advanced, it remains far from being fully understood. With some notable exceptions such as male Drosophila, the recognition and physical linkage of homologs at the first meiotic division involves homologous recombination. However, in addition to this, it is clear that many organisms, including plants, have also evolved a series of recombination-independent mechanisms to facilitate homolog recognition and pairing. These implicate chromosome structure and dynamics, telomeres, centromeres, and, most recently, small RNAs. With a particular focus on plants, we present here an overview of understanding of these early, recombination-independent events that act in the pairing of homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Da Ines
- Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, UMR CNRS 6293, Clermont Université, INSERM U1103, 63171 Aubière, France
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Batzenschlager M, Herzog E, Houlné G, Schmit AC, Chabouté ME. GIP/MZT1 proteins orchestrate nuclear shaping. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:29. [PMID: 24570680 PMCID: PMC3916773 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The functional organization of the nuclear envelope (NE) is only just emerging in plants with the recent characterization of NE protein complexes and their molecular links to the actin cytoskeleton. The NE also plays a role in microtubule nucleation by recruiting γ-Tubulin Complexes (γ-TuCs) which contribute to the establishment of a robust mitotic spindle. γ-tubulin Complex Protein 3 (GCP3)-interacting proteins (GIPs) have been identified recently as integral components of γ-TuCs. GIPs have been conserved throughout evolution and are also named MZT1 (mitotic-spindle organizing protein 1). This review focuses on recent data investigating the role of GIP/MZT1 at the NE, including insights from the study of GIP partners. It also uncovers new functions for GIP/MZT1 during interphase and highlights a current view of NE-associated components which are critical for nuclear shaping during both cell division and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anne-Catherine Schmit
- *Correspondence: Anne-Catherine Schmit, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, 12 rue du Gl Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France e-mail:
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Murphy SP, Gumber HK, Mao Y, Bass HW. A dynamic meiotic SUN belt includes the zygotene-stage telomere bouquet and is disrupted in chromosome segregation mutants of maize (Zea mays L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:314. [PMID: 25071797 PMCID: PMC4093829 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) plays an essential role in meiotic telomere behavior and links the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm during homologous chromosome pairing and recombination in many eukaryotic species. Resident NE proteins including SUN (Sad-1/UNC-84) and KASH (Klarsicht/ANC-1/Syne-homology) domain proteins are known to interact forming the Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex that connects chromatin to the cytoskeleton. To investigate the possible cross-kingdom conservation of SUN protein functions in plant meiosis, we immunolocalized maize SUN2 using 3D microscopy of pollen mother cells from maize (Zea mays L.), a large-genome plant model with a canonical NE zygotene-stage telomere bouquet. We detected SUN2 at the nuclear periphery and found that it exhibited a distinct belt-like structure that transitioned to a half-belt during the zygotene stage and back to a full belt during and beyond the pachytene stage. The zygotene-stage half-belt SUN structure was shown by 3D immuno-FISH to include the NE-associated telomere cluster that defines the bouquet stage and coincides with homologous chromosome synapsis. Microtubule and filamentous actin staining patterns did not show any obvious belt or a retracted-like structure other than a general enrichment of tubulin staining distributed widely around the nucleus and throughout the cytoplasm. Genetic disruption of the meiotic SUN belt staining patterns with three different meiosis-specific mutants, desynaptic (dy1), asynaptic1 (as1), and divergent spindle1 (dv1) provides additional evidence for the role of the nuclear envelope in meiotic chromosome behavior. Taking into account all of the observations from this study, we propose that the maize SUN belt is directly or indirectly involved in meiotic telomere dynamics, chromosome synapsis, and possibly integration of signals and forces across the meiotic prophase nuclear envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun P. Murphy
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Hardeep K. Gumber
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Yunyun Mao
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Hank W. Bass
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA
- *Correspondence: Hank W. Bass, Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, King Life Sciences Building, 319 Stadium Drive Tallahassee, FL 32306-4795, USA e-mail:
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Ciska M, Moreno Díaz de la Espina S. The intriguing plant nuclear lamina. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:166. [PMID: 24808902 PMCID: PMC4010787 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear lamina is a complex protein mesh attached to the inner nuclear membrane (INM), which is also associated with nuclear pore complexes. It provides mechanical support to the nucleus and nuclear envelope, and as well as facilitating the connection of the nucleoskeleton to the cytoskeleton, it is also involved in chromatin organization, gene regulation, and signaling. In metazoans, the nuclear lamina consists of a polymeric layer of lamins and other interacting proteins responsible for its association with the INM and chromatin. In plants, field emission scanning electron microscopy of nuclei, and thin section transmission electron microscopy of isolated nucleoskeletons, reveals the lamina to have a similar structure to that of metazoans. Moreover, although plants lack lamin genes and the genes encoding most lamin-binding proteins, the main functions of the lamina are fulfilled in plants. Hence, it would appear that the plant lamina is not based on lamins and that other proteins substitute for lamins in plant cells. The nuclear matrix constituent proteins are the best characterized structural proteins in the plant lamina. Although these proteins do not display strong sequence similarity to lamins, their predicted secondary structure and sub-nuclear distribution, as well as their influence on nuclear size and shape, and on heterochromatin organization, suggest they could be functional lamin analogs. In this review we shall summarize what is currently known about the organization and composition of the plant nuclear lamina and its interacting complexes, and we will discuss the activity of this structure in the plant cell and its nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Moreno Díaz de la Espina
- *Correspondence: Susana Moreno Díaz de la Espina, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biological Research Centre – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain e-mail:
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Ciska M, Moreno Díaz de la Espina S. NMCP/LINC proteins: putative lamin analogs in plants? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e26669. [PMID: 24128696 PMCID: PMC4091594 DOI: 10.4161/psb.26669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lamins are the main components of the metazoan lamina, and while the organization of the nuclear lamina of metazoans and plants is similar, there are apparently no genes encoding lamins or most lamin-binding proteins in plants. Thus, the plant lamina is not lamin-based and the proteins that form this structure are still to be characterized. Members of the plant NMCP/LINC/CRWN protein family share the typical tripartite structure of lamins, although the 2 exhibit no sequence similarity. However, given the many similarities between NMCP/LINC/CRWN proteins and lamins (structural organization, position of conserved regions, sub-nuclear distribution, solubility, and pattern of expression), these proteins are good candidates to carry out the functions of lamins in plants. Moreover, functional analysis of NMCP/LINC mutants has revealed their involvement in maintaining nuclear size and shape, another activity fulfilled by lamins. This review summarizes the current understanding of NMCP/LINC proteins and discusses future studies that will be required to demonstrate definitively that these proteins are plant analogs of lamins.
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Batzenschlager M, Masoud K, Janski N, Houlné G, Herzog E, Evrard JL, Baumberger N, Erhardt M, Nominé Y, Kieffer B, Schmit AC, Chabouté ME. The GIP gamma-tubulin complex-associated proteins are involved in nuclear architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:480. [PMID: 24348487 PMCID: PMC3842039 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
During interphase, the microtubular cytoskeleton of cycling plant cells is organized in both cortical and perinuclear arrays. Perinuclear microtubules (MTs) are nucleated from γ-Tubulin Complexes (γ-TuCs) located at the surface of the nucleus. The molecular mechanisms of γ-TuC association to the nuclear envelope (NE) are currently unknown. The γ-TuC Protein 3 (GCP3)-Interacting Protein 1 (GIP1) is the smallest γ-TuC component identified so far. AtGIP1 and its homologous protein AtGIP2 participate in the localization of active γ-TuCs at interphasic and mitotic MT nucleation sites. Arabidopsis gip1gip2 mutants are impaired in establishing a fully functional mitotic spindle and exhibit severe developmental defects. In this study, gip1gip2 knock down mutants were further characterized at the cellular level. In addition to defects in both the localization of γ-TuC core proteins and MT fiber robustness, gip1gip2 mutants exhibited a severe alteration of the nuclear shape associated with an abnormal distribution of the nuclear pore complexes. Simultaneously, they showed a misorganization of the inner nuclear membrane protein AtSUN1. Furthermore, AtGIP1 was identified as an interacting partner of AtTSA1 which was detected, like the AtGIP proteins, at the NE. These results provide the first evidence for the involvement of a γ-TuC component in both nuclear shaping and NE organization. Functional hypotheses are discussed in order to propose a model for a GIP-dependent nucleo-cytoplasmic continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Batzenschlager
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Kinda Masoud
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Natacha Janski
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Guy Houlné
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Etienne Herzog
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Luc Evrard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Baumberger
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Mathieu Erhardt
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Yves Nominé
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation cellulaire, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR 7242, Université de StrasbourgIllkirch, France
| | - Bruno Kieffer
- Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de StrasbourgIllkirch, France
| | - Anne-Catherine Schmit
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
- *Correspondence: Anne-Catherine Schmit, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, 12, rue du Gl Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg-Cedex, France e-mail:
| | - Marie-Edith Chabouté
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR 2357, Conventionné avec l'Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
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