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LaJoie D, Turkmen AM, Mackay DR, Jensen CC, Aksenova V, Niwa M, Dasso M, Ullman KS. A role for Nup153 in nuclear assembly reveals differential requirements for targeting of nuclear envelope constituents. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar117. [PMID: 36044344 PMCID: PMC9634965 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-05-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Assembly of the nucleus following mitosis requires rapid and coordinate recruitment of diverse constituents to the inner nuclear membrane. We have identified an unexpected role for the nucleoporin Nup153 in promoting the continued addition of a subset of nuclear envelope (NE) proteins during initial expansion of nascent nuclei. Specifically, disrupting the function of Nup153 interferes with ongoing addition of B-type lamins, lamin B receptor, and SUN1 early in telophase, after the NE has initially enclosed chromatin. In contrast, effects on lamin A and SUN2 were minimal, pointing to differential requirements for the ongoing targeting of NE proteins. Further, distinct mistargeting phenotypes arose among the proteins that require Nup153 for NE targeting. Thus, disrupting the function of Nup153 in nuclear formation reveals several previously undescribed features important for establishing nuclear architecture: 1) a role for a nuclear basket constituent in ongoing recruitment of nuclear envelope components, 2) two functionally separable phases of NE formation in mammalian cells, and 3) distinct requirements of individual NE residents for continued targeting during the expansion phase of NE reformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dollie LaJoie
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Ayse M. Turkmen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Douglas R. Mackay
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Christopher C. Jensen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Vasilisa Aksenova
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Maho Niwa
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Mary Dasso
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Katharine S. Ullman
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
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2
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Transfected plasmid DNA is incorporated into the nucleus via nuclear envelope reformation at telophase. Commun Biol 2022; 5:78. [PMID: 35058555 PMCID: PMC8776997 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDNA transfection is an important technology in life sciences, wherein nuclear entry of DNA is necessary to express exogenous DNA. Non-viral vectors and their transfection reagents are useful as safe transfection tools. However, they have no effect on the transfection of non-proliferating cells, the reason for which is not well understood. This study elucidates the mechanism through which transfected DNA enters the nucleus for gene expression. To monitor the behavior of transfected DNA, we introduce plasmid bearing lacO repeats and RFP-coding sequences into cells expressing GFP-LacI and observe plasmid behavior and RFP expression in living cells. RFP expression appears only after mitosis. Electron microscopy reveals that plasmids are wrapped with nuclear envelope (NE)‒like membranes or associated with chromosomes at telophase. The depletion of BAF, which is involved in NE reformation, delays plasmid RFP expression. These results suggest that transfected DNA is incorporated into the nucleus during NE reformation at telophase.
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3
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Strunov A, Boldyreva LV, Pindyurin AV, Gatti M, Kiseleva E. TEM Imaging of Membrane Choreography During Mitosis of Drosophila Tissue Culture Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2502:407-415. [PMID: 35412253 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2337-4_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Schneider 2 (S2) cells are one of the most widely used Drosophila cell lines, and are specifically suitable for genetic dissection of biological processes by RNA interference. We have recently developed a method that allows an easy preparation of samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of S2 cells. This method is based on the collection and pelleting of the cells in test tubes, followed by fixation and staining of pellets in the same tubes. Pellets are then embedded in resin and used to prepare ultrathin sections for TEM observation. Our Method allows clear visualization of the complex membrane transformations that characterize mitosis in S2 cells. It also allows precise analysis of microtubule behavior during the different mitotic phases. Although the method was specifically developed for S2 cells, our preliminary results indicate that it can be successfully applied to other types of Drosophila tissue culture cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Strunov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lidiya V Boldyreva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMCB), SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexey V Pindyurin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMCB), SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maurizio Gatti
- IBPM CNR and Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Kiseleva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia.
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4
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Sepaniac LA, Martin W, Dionne LA, Stearns TM, Reinholdt LG, Stumpff J. Micronuclei in Kif18a mutant mice form stable micronuclear envelopes and do not promote tumorigenesis. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212637. [PMID: 34515734 PMCID: PMC8441830 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202101165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronuclei, whole or fragmented chromosomes spatially separated from the main nucleus, are associated with genomic instability and have been identified as drivers of tumorigenesis. Paradoxically, Kif18a mutant mice produce micronuclei due to asynchronous segregation of unaligned chromosomes in vivo but do not develop spontaneous tumors. We report here that micronuclei in Kif18a mutant mice form stable nuclear envelopes. Challenging Kif18a mutant mice via deletion of the Trp53 gene led to formation of thymic lymphoma with elevated levels of micronuclei. However, loss of Kif18a had modest or no effect on survival of Trp53 homozygotes and heterozygotes, respectively. Micronuclei in cultured KIF18A KO cells form stable nuclear envelopes characterized by increased recruitment of nuclear envelope components and successful expansion of decondensing chromatin compared with those induced by nocodazole washout or radiation. Lagging chromosomes were also positioned closer to the main chromatin masses in KIF18A KO cells. These data suggest that not all micronuclei actively promote tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Sepaniac
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | | | | | | | | | - Jason Stumpff
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
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5
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Liu S, Pellman D. The coordination of nuclear envelope assembly and chromosome segregation in metazoans. Nucleus 2020; 11:35-52. [PMID: 32208955 PMCID: PMC7289584 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2020.1742064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is composed of two lipid bilayer membranes that enclose the eukaryotic genome. In interphase, the NE is perforated by thousands of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), which allow transport in and out of the nucleus. During mitosis in metazoans, the NE is broken down and then reassembled in a manner that enables proper chromosome segregation and the formation of a single nucleus in each daughter cell. Defects in coordinating NE reformation and chromosome segregation can cause aberrant nuclear architecture. This includes the formation of micronuclei, which can trigger a catastrophic mutational process commonly observed in cancers called chromothripsis. Here, we discuss the current understanding of the coordination of NE reformation with chromosome segregation during mitotic exit in metazoans. We review differing models in the field and highlight recent work suggesting that normal NE reformation and chromosome segregation are physically linked through the timing of mitotic spindle disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Pellman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Kwon M, Leibowitz ML, Lee JH. Small but mighty: the causes and consequences of micronucleus rupture. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1777-1786. [PMID: 33230251 PMCID: PMC8080619 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronuclei are small DNA-containing nuclear structures that are spatially isolated from the main nucleus. They are frequently found in pathologies, including cancer. It was recently shown that these nuclear structures are not only biomarkers of disease but also play an active role in tumor biology. Many consequences of micronucleus formation on tumor biology are dependent on the frequent and irreversible rupture of their nuclear envelopes, which results in the exposure of their DNA contents to the cytoplasm. In this review, we discuss models of defective nuclear envelope deposition on missegregated chromosomes that lead to nuclear envelope rupture. Furthermore, we expound upon the various downstream consequences of micronucleus nuclear envelope rupture on cells. These consequences include a massive DNA rearrangement phenomenon called chromothripsis and activation of the cGAS-STING innate immune signaling pathway, which can be a double-edged sword with tumorigenesis and tumor prevention functions. Although micronuclei are small structures, the impact they have on cells and their microenvironment is quite large. Micronuclei, which contain faulty chromosomes or chromosome fragments and occur outside the main cellular nucleus, are prone to rupturing, which leads to DNA changes that can drive tumor development. A team led by Mijung Kwon from Ewha Womans University in Seoul and Jae-Ho Lee of Ajou University School of Medicine in Suwon, both in South Korea, review how these micronuclei tend to burst, spilling their contents into the cell with devastating consequences. The chromosomes they contain break into tiny fragments and this broken DNA finds its way into the main nucleus, leading to chromosomal rearrangements that can permanently alter genomic function. The rupture of micronuclei also activates a part of the innate immune system that can promote cancer cell invasion and spread. Drugs targeting these processes could aid in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijung Kwon
- Department of Life Science and the Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea.
| | - Mitchell L Leibowitz
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Suwon, 16499, South Korea. .,Institute of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
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7
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Louzoun‐Zada S, Jaber QZ, Fridman M. Guiding Drugs to Target‐Harboring Organelles: Stretching Drug‐Delivery to a Higher Level of Resolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Louzoun‐Zada
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Qais Z. Jaber
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Micha Fridman
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
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8
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Louzoun-Zada S, Jaber QZ, Fridman M. Guiding Drugs to Target-Harboring Organelles: Stretching Drug-Delivery to a Higher Level of Resolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15584-15594. [PMID: 31237741 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ratio between the dose of drug required for optimal efficacy and the dose that causes toxicity is referred to as the therapeutic window. This ratio can be increased by directing the drug to the diseased tissue or pathogenic cell. For drugs targeting fungi and malignant cells, the therapeutic window can be further improved by increasing the resolution of drug delivery to the specific organelle that harbors the drug's target. Organelle targeting is challenging and is, therefore, an under-exploited strategy. Here we provide an overview of recent advances in control of the subcellular distribution of small molecules with the focus on chemical modifications. Highlighted are recent examples of active and passive organelle-specific targeting by incorporation of organelle-directing molecular determinants or by chemical modifications of the pharmacophore. The outstanding potential that lies in the development of organelle-specific drugs is becoming increasingly apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Louzoun-Zada
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Qais Z Jaber
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Micha Fridman
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
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9
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive and intractable malignancy with high mortality. This is due in part to a high resistance to chemotherapeutics and radiation treatment conferred by diverse regulatory mechanisms. Among these, constituents of the nuclear envelope play a significant role in regulating oncogenesis and pancreatic tumor biology, and this review focuses on three specific components and their roles in cancer. The LINC complex is a nuclear envelope component formed by proteins with SUN and KASH domains that interact in the periplasmic space of the nuclear envelope. These interactions functionally and structurally couple the cytoskeleton to chromatin and facilitates gene regulation informed by cytoplasmic activity. Furthermore, cancer cell invasiveness is impacted by LINC complex biology. The nuclear lamina is adjacent to the inner nuclear membrane of the nuclear envelope and can actively regulate chromatin in addition to providing structural integrity to the nucleus. A disrupted lamina can impart biophysical compromise to nuclear structure and function, as well as form dysfunctional micronuclei that may lead to genomic instability and chromothripsis. In close relationship to the nuclear lamina is the nuclear pore complex, a large megadalton structure that spans both outer and inner membranes of the nuclear envelope. The nuclear pore complex mediates bidirectional nucleocytoplasmic transport and is comprised of specialized proteins called nucleoporins that are overexpressed in many cancers and are diagnostic markers for oncogenesis. Furthermore, recent demonstration of gene regulatory functions for discrete nucleoporins independent of their nuclear trafficking function suggests that these proteins may contribute more to malignant phenotypes beyond serving as biomarkers. The nuclear envelope is thus a complex, intricate regulator of cell signaling, with roles in pancreatic tumorigenesis and general oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randolph S. Faustino
- Genetics and Genomics, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
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10
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Chengappa P, Sao K, Jones TM, Petrie RJ. Intracellular Pressure: A Driver of Cell Morphology and Movement. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 337:185-211. [PMID: 29551161 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular pressure, generated by actomyosin contractility and the directional flow of water across the plasma membrane, can rapidly reprogram cell shape and behavior. Recent work demonstrates that cells can generate intracellular pressure with a range spanning at least two orders of magnitude; significantly, pressure is implicated as an important regulator of cell dynamics, such as cell division and migration. Changes to intracellular pressure can dictate the mechanisms by which single human cells move through three-dimensional environments. In this review, we chronicle the classic as well as recent evidence demonstrating how intracellular pressure is generated and maintained in metazoan cells. Furthermore, we highlight how this potentially ubiquitous physical characteristic is emerging as an important driver of cell morphology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimheak Sao
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tia M Jones
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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11
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Mimura Y, Takemoto S, Tachibana T, Ogawa Y, Nishimura M, Yokota H, Imamoto N. A statistical image analysis framework for pore-free islands derived from heterogeneity distribution of nuclear pore complexes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16315. [PMID: 29176624 PMCID: PMC5701208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) maintain cellular homeostasis by mediating nucleocytoplasmic transport. Although cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) regulate NPC assembly in interphase, the location of NPC assembly on the nuclear envelope is not clear. CDKs also regulate the disappearance of pore-free islands, which are nuclear envelope subdomains; this subdomain gradually disappears with increase in homogeneity of the NPC in response to CDK activity. However, a causal relationship between pore-free islands and NPC assembly remains unclear. Here, we elucidated mechanisms underlying NPC assembly from a new perspective by focusing on pore-free islands. We proposed a novel framework for image-based analysis to automatically determine the detailed ‘landscape’ of pore-free islands from a large quantity of images, leading to the identification of NPC intermediates that appear in pore-free islands with increased frequency in response to CDK activity. Comparison of the spatial distribution between simulated and the observed NPC intermediates within pore-free islands showed that their distribution was spatially biased. These results suggested that the disappearance of pore-free islands is highly related to de novo NPC assembly and indicated the existence of specific regulatory mechanisms for the spatial arrangement of NPC assembly on nuclear envelopes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satoko Takemoto
- Image Processing Research Team, RIKEN Centre for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan
| | - Taro Tachibana
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ogawa
- Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nishimura
- Image Processing Research Team, RIKEN Centre for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hideo Yokota
- Image Processing Research Team, RIKEN Centre for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Naoko Imamoto
- Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan.
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12
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Moriuchi T, Kuroda M, Kusumoto F, Osumi T, Hirose F. Lamin A reassembly at the end of mitosis is regulated by its SUMO-interacting motif. Exp Cell Res 2016; 342:83-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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13
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Kollipara L, Buchkremer S, Weis J, Brauers E, Hoss M, Rütten S, Caviedes P, Zahedi RP, Roos A. Proteome Profiling and Ultrastructural Characterization of the Human RCMH Cell Line: Myoblastic Properties and Suitability for Myopathological Studies. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:945-55. [PMID: 26781476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Studying (neuro)muscular disorders is a major topic in biomedicine with a demand for suitable model systems. Continuous cell culture (in vitro) systems have several technical advantages over in vivo systems and became widely used tools for discovering physiological/pathophysiological mechanisms in muscle. In particular, myoblast cell lines are suitable model systems to study complex biochemical adaptations occurring in skeletal muscle and cellular responses to altered genetic/environmental conditions. Whereas most in vitro studies use extensively characterized murine C2C12 cells, a comprehensive description of an equivalent human cell line, not genetically manipulated for immortalization, is lacking. Therefore, we characterized human immortal myoblastic RCMH cells using scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and proteomics. Among more than 6200 identified proteins we confirm the known expression of proteins important for muscle function. Comparing the RCMH proteome with two well-defined nonskeletal muscle cells lines (HeLa, U2OS) revealed a considerable enrichment of proteins important for muscle function. SEM/TEM confirmed the presence of agglomerates of cytoskeletal components/intermediate filaments and a prominent rough ER. In conclusion, our results indicate RMCH as a suitable in vitro model for investigating muscle function-related processes such as mechanical stress burden and mechanotransduction, EC coupling, cytoskeleton, muscle cell metabolism and development, and (ER-associated) myopathic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmikanth Kollipara
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, ISAS e.V. , Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stephan Buchkremer
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital , Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital , Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva Brauers
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital , Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mareike Hoss
- Electron Microscopic Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital , D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Rütten
- Electron Microscopic Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital , D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Pablo Caviedes
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago 1058, Chile
| | - René P Zahedi
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, ISAS e.V. , Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Roos
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften, ISAS e.V. , Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital , Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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14
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Vuković LD, Jevtić P, Edens LJ, Levy DL. New Insights into Mechanisms and Functions of Nuclear Size Regulation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 322:1-59. [PMID: 26940517 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear size is generally maintained within a defined range in a given cell type. Changes in cell size that occur during cell growth, development, and differentiation are accompanied by dynamic nuclear size adjustments in order to establish appropriate nuclear-to-cytoplasmic volume relationships. It has long been recognized that aberrations in nuclear size are associated with certain disease states, most notably cancer. Nuclear size and morphology must impact nuclear and cellular functions. Understanding these functional implications requires an understanding of the mechanisms that control nuclear size. In this review, we first provide a general overview of the diverse cellular structures and activities that contribute to nuclear size control, including structural components of the nucleus, effects of DNA amount and chromatin compaction, signaling, and transport pathways that impinge on the nucleus, extranuclear structures, and cell cycle state. We then detail some of the key mechanistic findings about nuclear size regulation that have been gleaned from a variety of model organisms. Lastly, we review studies that have implicated nuclear size in the regulation of cell and nuclear function and speculate on the potential functional significance of nuclear size in chromatin organization, gene expression, nuclear mechanics, and disease. With many fundamental cell biological questions remaining to be answered, the field of nuclear size regulation is still wide open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija D Vuković
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States of America
| | - Predrag Jevtić
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States of America
| | - Lisa J Edens
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States of America
| | - Daniel L Levy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States of America.
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15
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Raghunayakula S, Subramonian D, Dasso M, Kumar R, Zhang XD. Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis of Annulate Lamellae Pore Complexes in Nuclear Transport in Mammalian Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144508. [PMID: 26642330 PMCID: PMC4671610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Annulate lamellae are cytoplasmic organelles containing stacked sheets of membranes embedded with pore complexes. These cytoplasmic pore complexes at annulate lamellae are morphologically similar to nuclear pore complexes at the nuclear envelope. Although annulate lamellae has been observed in nearly all types of cells, their biological functions are still largely unknown. Here we show that SUMO1-modification of the Ran GTPase-activating protein RanGAP1 not only target RanGAP1 to its known sites at nuclear pore complexes but also to annulate lamellae pore complexes through interactions with the Ran-binding protein RanBP2 and the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 in mammalian cells. Furthermore, upregulation of annulate lamellae, which decreases the number of nuclear pore complexes and concurrently increases that of annulate lamellae pore complexes, causes a redistribution of nuclear transport receptors including importin α/β and the exportin CRM1 from nuclear pore complexes to annulate lamellae pore complexes and also reduces the rates of nuclear import and export. Moreover, our results reveal that importin α/β-mediated import complexes initially accumulate at annulate lamellae pore complexes upon the activation of nuclear import and subsequently disassociate for nuclear import through nuclear pore complexes in cells with upregulation of annulate lamellae. Lastly, CRM1-mediated export complexes are concentrated at both nuclear pore complexes and annulate lamellae pore complexes when the disassembly of these export complexes is inhibited by transient expression of a Ran GTPase mutant arrested in its GTP-bound form, suggesting that RanGAP1/RanBP2-activated RanGTP hydrolysis at these pore complexes is required for the dissociation of the export complexes. Hence, our findings provide a foundation for further investigation of how upregulation of annulate lamellae decreases the rates of nuclear transport and also for elucidation of the biological significance of the interaction between annulate lamellae pore complexes and nuclear transport complexes in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Raghunayakula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Divya Subramonian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mary Dasso
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rita Kumar
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xiang-Dong Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
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Mankonen H, Seikkula J, Järvenpää T, Jokimaa V. A case of conjoined twins after a transfer of a multinuclear embryo. Clin Case Rep 2015; 3:260-5. [PMID: 25914821 PMCID: PMC4405314 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A pregnancy with conjoined twins was observed after transfer of a multinuclear embryo. As nuclear mechanisms have a role in cellular differentiation, association between multinucleation and fetal malformations is possible. Follow-up studies on children born after transfer of embryos with bi/multinuclear blastomeres are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Mankonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Turku University HospitalKiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaana Seikkula
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Turku University HospitalKiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuija Järvenpää
- TYKS Vakka-Suomi Hospital, Maternity Outpatient ClinicTerveystie 2, FI-23501, Uusikaupunki, Finland
| | - Varpu Jokimaa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Turku University HospitalKiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20521, Turku, Finland
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Centrosome maturation requires YB-1 to regulate dynamic instability of microtubules for nucleus reassembly. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8768. [PMID: 25740062 PMCID: PMC4350100 DOI: 10.1038/srep08768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule formation from the centrosome increases dramatically at the onset of mitosis. This process is termed centrosome maturation. However, regulatory mechanisms of microtubule assembly from the centrosome in response to the centrosome maturation are largely unknown. Here we found that YB-1, a cellular cancer susceptibility protein, is required for the centrosome maturation. Phosphorylated YB-1 accumulated in the centrosome at mitotic phase. By YB-1 knockdown, microtubules were found detached from the centrosome at telophase and an abnormal nuclear shape called nuclear lobulation was found due to defective reassembly of nuclear envelope by mis-localization of non-centrosomal microtubules. In conclusion, we propose that YB-1 is important for the assembly of centrosomal microtubule array for temporal and spatial regulation of microtubules.
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Phosphoinositide 3-kinase beta protects nuclear envelope integrity by controlling RCC1 localization and Ran activity. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 35:249-63. [PMID: 25348717 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01184-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) forms a barrier between the nucleus and the cytosol that preserves genomic integrity. The nuclear lamina and nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are NE components that regulate nuclear events through interaction with other proteins and DNA. Defects in the nuclear lamina are associated with the development of laminopathies. As cells depleted of phosphoinositide 3-kinase beta (PI3Kβ) showed an aberrant nuclear morphology, we studied the contribution of PI3Kβ to maintenance of NE integrity. pik3cb depletion reduced the nuclear membrane tension, triggered formation of areas of lipid bilayer/lamina discontinuity, and impaired NPC assembly. We show that one mechanism for PI3Kβ regulation of NE/NPC integrity is its association with RCC1 (regulator of chromosome condensation 1), the activator of nuclear Ran GTPase. PI3Kβ controls RCC1 binding to chromatin and, in turn, Ran activation. These findings suggest that PI3Kβ regulates the nuclear envelope through upstream regulation of RCC1 and Ran.
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Takagi M, Imamoto N. Control of nuclear size by NPC proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 773:571-91. [PMID: 24563366 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-8032-8_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The architecture of the cell nucleus in cancer cells is often altered in a manner associated with the tumor type and aggressiveness. Therefore, it has been the central criterion in the pathological diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. However, the molecular mechanism behind these observed changes in nuclear morphology, including size, remains completely unknown. Based on our current understanding of the physiology of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and its constituents, which are collectively referred to as nucleoporins (Nups), we discuss how the structural and functional ablation of the NPC and Nups could directly or indirectly contribute to the changes in nuclear size observed in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Takagi
- Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN, WAKO, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan,
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