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Shen S, Zhang M, Wang X, Liu Q, Su H, Sun B, Guo Z, Tian B, Gan H, Gong C, Ma L. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals S100a9 hi macrophages promote the transition from acute inflammation to fibrotic remodeling after myocardial ischemia‒reperfusion. Theranostics 2024; 14:1241-1259. [PMID: 38323308 PMCID: PMC10845204 DOI: 10.7150/thno.91180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The transition from acute inflammation to fibrosis following myocardial ischemia‒reperfusion (MIR) significantly affects prognosis. Macrophages play a pivotal role in inflammatory damage and repair after MIR. However, the heterogeneity and transformation mechanisms of macrophages during this transition are not well understood. Methods: In this study, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and mass cytometry to examine murine monocyte-derived macrophages after MIR to investigate macrophage subtypes and their roles in the MIR process. S100a9-/- mice were used to establish MIR model to clarify the mechanism of alleviating inflammation and fibrosis after MIR. Reinfusion of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) after macrophage depletion (MD) in mice subjected to MIR were performed to further examine the role of S100a9hi macrophages in MIR. Results: We identified a unique subtype of S100a9hi macrophages that originate from monocytes and are involved in acute inflammation and fibrosis. These S100a9hi macrophages infiltrate the heart as early as 2 h post-reperfusion and activate the Myd88/NFκB/NLRP3 signaling pathway, amplifying inflammatory responses. As the tissue environment shifts from proinflammatory to reparative, S100a9 activates transforming growth factor-β (Tgf-β)/p-smad3 signaling. This activation not only induces the transformation of myocardial fibroblasts to myofibroblasts but also promotes fibrosis via the macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition (MMT). Targeting S100a9 with a specific inhibitor could effectively mitigate acute inflammatory damage and halt the progression of fibrosis, including MMT. Conclusion: S100a9hi macrophages are a promising therapeutic target for managing the transition from inflammation to fibrosis after MIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichun Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaohe Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiaoling Liu
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Huimin Su
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bingyi Sun
- The First Clinical Medical school of Anhui Medical university, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiqing Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Beiduo Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Gan
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Likun Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Chen Y, Ouyang Y, Li Z, Wang X, Ma J. S100A8 and S100A9 in Cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188891. [PMID: 37001615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are Ca2+ binding proteins that belong to the S100 family. Primarily expressed in neutrophils and monocytes, S100A8 and S100A9 play critical roles in modulating various inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases. Forming a common heterodimer structure S100A8/A9, S100A8 and S100A9 are widely reported to participate in multiple signaling pathways in tumor cells. Meanwhile, S100A8/A9, S100A8, and S100A9, mainly as promoters, contribute to tumor development, growth and metastasis by interfering with tumor metabolism and the microenvironment. In recent years, the potential of S100A8/A9, S100A9, and S100A8 as tumor diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers has also been demonstrated. In addition, an increasing number of potential therapies targeting S100A8/A9 and related signaling pathways have emerged. In this review, we will first expound on the characteristics of S100A8/A9, S100A9, and S100A8 in-depth, focus on their interactions with tumor cells and microenvironments, and then discuss their clinical applications as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We also highlight current limitations and look into the future of S100A8/A9 targeted anti-cancer therapy.
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Katte R, Yu C. Blocking the interaction between S100A9 protein and RAGE V domain using S100A12 protein. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198767. [PMID: 29902210 PMCID: PMC6001950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteins S100A9 and S100A12 are associated with the human S100 calcium-binding protein family. These proteins promote interaction with target proteins and alter their conformation when they bind to calcium ions in EF-hand motifs. The V domain of RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products) is crucial for S100A9 binding. The binding of RAGE with S100 family proteins aids in cell proliferation. In this report, we demonstrate that S100A12 protein hinders the binding of S100A9 with the RAGE V-domain. We used fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy to analyze the interaction of S100A9 with S100A12. The binary complex models of S100A9-S100A12 were developed using data obtained from 1H-15N HSQC NMR titrations and the HADDOCK program. We overlaid the complex models of S100A9-S100A12 with the same orientation of S100A9 and the RAGE V-domain. This complex showed that S100A12 protein blocks the interaction between S100A9 and the RAGE V-domain. It means S100A12 may be used as an antagonist for S100A9. The results could be favorable for developing anti-cancer drugs based on S100 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revansiddha Katte
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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4
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Duan L, Wu R, Zhang X, Wang D, You Y, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Chen W. HBx-induced S100A9 in NF-κB dependent manner promotes growth and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:629. [PMID: 29795379 PMCID: PMC5967311 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Myeloid-specific S100 proteins (S100s), namely, S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12, have been recently recognized as newly discovered damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are correlated with progression in pathogen of infectious diseases. However, whether S100s are regulated by HBV and involved in HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis are still unclear. Here, we found that all expression levels of myeloid-specific S100s (S100A8, S100A9 and S10012) were elevated in serum and tissue samples from HCC patients. Expression of S100A9 but not S100A8 and S10012 were also higher in blood serum and tissue samples from HBV-positive HCC patients than that in HBV-negative HCC patients. High levels of intracellular and extracellular S100A9 were also confirmed in HepG2 cells expressing 1.3-fold HBV genome or HBV-encoded X protein (HBx) as well as in a stable HBV-producing cell line HepG2.2.15. HBx was shown to facilitate translocation of NF-κB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and NF-κB bound to the promoter of S100A9 to enhance its transcription. Silencing S100A9 expression partially blocked HBx-induced growth and metastasis of HepG2 cells both in vitro and in vivo. Further, serum S100A9 levels were found to correlate with TNM stage, extrahepatic metastasis status and HBV DNA load in HBV-related HCC and also had a better diagnostic value for identifying extrahepatic metastasis. Our these data demonstrate that S100A9 plays a pivotal role in HBx-induced growth and metastasis of HCC and may serve as a potential diagnostic marker for extrahepatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiuyu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Ding Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yan You
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yunyuan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Weixian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Csősz É, Lábiscsák P, Kalló G, Márkus B, Emri M, Szabó A, Tar I, Tőzsér J, Kiss C, Márton I. Proteomics investigation of OSCC-specific salivary biomarkers in a Hungarian population highlights the importance of identification of population-tailored biomarkers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177282. [PMID: 28545132 PMCID: PMC5436697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounting for about 90% of malignant oral lesions is the 6th most common malignancy worldwide. Diagnostic delay may contribute to dismal survival rate therefore, there is a need for developing specific and sensitive biomarkers to improve early detection. Hungarian population occupies the top places of statistics regarding OSCC incidence and mortality figures therefore, we aimed at finding potential salivary protein biomarkers suitable for the Hungarian population. In this study we investigated 14 proteins which were previously reported as significantly elevated in saliva of patients with OSCC. In case of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and VEGF a Luminex-based multiplex kit was utilized and the salivary concentrations were determined. In case of catalase, profilin-1, S100A9, CD59, galectin-3-bindig protein, CD44, thioredoxin and keratin-19, SRM-based targeted proteomic method was developed and the relative amount of the proteins was determined in the saliva of patients with OSCC and controls. After several rounds of optimization and using stable isotope-containing peptides, we developed an SRM-based method for rapid salivary protein detection. The validation of the selected potential biomarkers by ELISA revealed salivary protein S100A9 and IL-6 as useful protein biomarkers for OSCC detection improving the diagnostic accuracy for OSCC in the Hungarian population.A noninvasive diagnostic method to detect biomarkers useful for the early diagnosis of OSCC was developed. This can be an attractive strategy in screening saliva samples collected in a nation-wide multi-centric study in order to decrease morbidity, mortality, to enhance survival rate and to improve quality of life. The heterogeneity of protein biomarkers found in different ethnic groups presented in the literature highlights the importance of identification of population-tailored protein biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Csősz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 1. Egyetem ter, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Lábiscsák
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 1. Egyetem ter, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gergő Kalló
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 1. Egyetem ter, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Márkus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 1. Egyetem ter, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Emri
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 1. Egyetem ter, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Szabó
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, 1. Egyetem ter, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Tar
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, 1. Egyetem ter, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Tőzsér
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 1. Egyetem ter, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csongor Kiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 1. Egyetem ter, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Márton
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, 1. Egyetem ter, Debrecen, Hungary
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Blocking the interaction between S100A9 and RAGE V domain using CHAPS molecule: A novel route to drug development against cell proliferation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1558-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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S100A9 and ORM1 serve as predictors of therapeutic response and prognostic factors in advanced extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma patients treated with pegaspargase/gemcitabine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23695. [PMID: 27021626 PMCID: PMC4810364 DOI: 10.1038/srep23695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pegaspargase combined with gemcitabine have greatly improved the outcomes of advanced extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma (ENKL). However, patients frequently undergo recurrent disease due to chemoresistance, and few predictive parameters are available. The present study explored potential biomarkers to predict the therapeutic response of advanced ENKL treated with pegaspargase/gemcitabine and evaluate the prognostic significance. Through serum proteomic analysis, we identified 61 upregulated and 22 downregulated proteins in nonresponders compared with responders. We further validated that patients with unfavourable treatment outcomes displayed higher levels of S100A9 and ORM1 via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, the sensitivity and specificity for detecting refractory patients were 81.5% and 71.4% for S100A9 > 62.0 ng/ml, 85.2% and 77.1% for ORM1 > 1436 ug/ml, 100% and 57.1% for S100A9 combined with ORM1. Furthermore, in multivariate analysis elevated levels of S100A9 were associated with poor 2-year OS (40.2% vs. 76.6%, RR = 2.92, p = 0.005) and 2-year PFS (33.1% vs. 61.1%, RR = 2.61 p = 0.011). High ORM1 also predicted inferior 2-year OS (38.7% vs.76.1, RR = 2.46, p = 0.023) and 2-year PFS (18.4% vs. 73.2%, RR = 2.86, p = 0.009). Our results indicated that S100A9 and ORM1 could serve as reliable predictors of therapeutic response and independent prognostic factors of survival in advanced ENKL patients treated with pegaspargase/gemcitabine.
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8
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Cheng S, Zhang X, Huang N, Qiu Q, Jin Y, Jiang D. Down-regulation of S100A9 inhibits osteosarcoma cell growth through inactivating MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:253. [PMID: 27020242 PMCID: PMC4810516 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is well-known for poor prognosis due to its high incidence of proliferation and metastasis. Researches have provided valuable insights into the tumorigenesis of S100A9 in some cancers. We aimed to understand the expression level, functions and mechanisms of S100A9 in human osteosarcoma for the first time. Methods The expression of S100A9 protein was detected in 120 human osteosarcoma tissues and 40 normal human bone tissues using tissue microarrays analysis. The knockdown of S100A9 induced by RNA interference (RNAi) method in three osteosarcoma cell lines (U2OS, 143B, MG63) was applied to analyze the effects of S100A9 on cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, migration, invasion and xenotransplanted tumors. Moreover, MAPK-ERK1/2, MAPK-p38, NF-κB-p65, NF-κB-p50, p21, p27, CDK2 and CDK4 were tested. Results The expression of S100A9 was increased in human osteosarcoma issues and was positively correlated with clinical classification and survival rate. Down-regulation of S100A9 inhibited OS cellular proliferation, migration, invasion and cell cycle S phase in vitro and suppressed tumor formation in vivo with the reduction on PCNA and Ki67 proliferation index. Our data also demonstrated that knockdown of S100A9 repressed the protein levels of phospho-ERK1/2, phospho-p50, phospho-p65 except phospho-p38, and prompted up-regulation of p21 and p27 leading to inactivation of cyclin dependent kinase 2(CDK2) and cyclin dependent kinase 4(CDK4). Conclusions S100A9 might be a significant role for predicting osteosarcoma prognosis and down-regulation of S100A9 could be used as a potential target for gene therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2294-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ning Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Institute of Life Sciences,Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Quanhe Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, WestChina School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dianming Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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Nakhlé J, Pierron V, Bauchet AL, Plas P, Thiongane A, Meyer-Losic F, Schmidlin F. Tasquinimod modulates tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and improves the antitumor immune response to PD-L1 blockade in bladder cancer. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1145333. [PMID: 27471612 PMCID: PMC4955379 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1145333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The infiltration of myeloid cells helps tumors to overcome immune surveillance and imparts resistance to cancer immunotherapy. Thus, strategies to modulate the effects of these immune cells may offer a potential therapeutic benefit. We report here that tasquinimod, a novel immunotherapy which targets S100A9 signaling, reduces the immunosuppressive properties of myeloid cells in preclinical models of bladder cancer (BCa). As single anticancer agent, tasquinimod treatment was effective in preventing early stage tumor growth, but did not achieve a clear antitumor effect in advanced tumors. Investigations of this response revealed that tasquinimod induces an increase in the expression of a negative regulator of T cell activation, Programmed-death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). This markedly weakens its antitumor immunity, yet provokes an "inflamed" milieu rendering tumors more prone to T cell-mediated immune attack by PD-L1 blockade. Interestingly, the combination of tasquinimod with an Anti-PD-L1 antibody enhanced the antitumor immune response in bladder tumors. This combination synergistically modulated tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, thereby strongly affecting proliferation and activation of effector T cells. Together, our data provide insight into the rational combination of therapies that activate both innate and adaptive immune system, such as the association of S100A9-targeting agents with immune checkpoints inhibitors, to improve the response to cancer immunotherapeutic agents in BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Nakhlé
- IPSEN Innovation, Global Drug Discovery department , Les Ulis, France
| | - Valérie Pierron
- IPSEN Innovation, Global Drug Discovery department , Les Ulis, France
| | | | - Pascale Plas
- IPSEN Innovation, Global Drug Discovery department , Les Ulis, France
| | - Amath Thiongane
- IPSEN Innovation, Global Drug Discovery department , Les Ulis, France
| | | | - Fabien Schmidlin
- IPSEN Innovation, Global Drug Discovery department , Les Ulis, France
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Gunaldi M, Okuturlar Y, Gedikbasi A, Akarsu C, Karabulut M, Kural A. Diagnostic importance of S100A9 and S100A12 in breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 76:52-6. [PMID: 26653550 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most frequent cause of cancer deaths throughout the world is breast cancer (BC). Therefore, preventing, diagnosing and treating BC has gained importance. S100 protein probably plays an important role in carcinogenesis, cancer development, and metastasis. In this study, we aimed at diagnostic and clinic-pathological importance of serum levels of S100A9 and S100A12 with known cytokine-like pro-inflammatory effects in BC. MATERIAL AND METHOD Serum samples were collected with BC and the control group consisting of healthy individuals. All the samples were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serum S100A9 and S100A12 levels before starting the systemic chemotherapy. Clinicopathological characteristics of BC and other blood parameters were compared in relation with serum S100A9 and S100A12 levels. RESULTS While the serum S100A9 levels were found significantly higher as compared to healthy individuals (190.85±32.29 and 92.72±54, respectively) (p=0.001), it was observed that there were no differences in S100A12 (120.50±15.78 and 112.21±10.46, respectively) (p=0.056) levels. As regards the subgroup analysis in BC patients, no statistically significant results were found in body mass index (BMI), smoking, menopause status, histopathologic type, grade, and biological subtype of BC, tumor size, presence of lymph node metastases, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI) and stage. As regards the blood parameters and serum S100 A9, while only statistically significant results were found with anemia (209.05±33.12 and 181.75±28.21, respectively) (p=0.005), no statistically significant results were found with leukocytosis, thrombocytosis and tumor markers. CONCLUSION In this study, while we found the level of S100A9, which has a potential cytokine-like function in inflammation, significantly higher, we could not find any increase in S100A12 level. Therefore, it is possible that S100A9 can play a key role in inflammation-related BC. Despite of there are no significance relationship between S100A9 and S100A12 clinicopathological features of BC, the determination of S100A9 levels contributes to diagnosis the of BC patients. In future, we suggest that serum S100A9 is investigated as a diagnostic tool even the target marker in BC to suppress inflammation in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Gunaldi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Yildiz Okuturlar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asuman Gedikbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cevher Akarsu
- Department of General Surgery, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karabulut
- Department of General Surgery, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alev Kural
- Department of Biochemistry, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Mao Y, Poschke I, Kiessling R. Tumour-induced immune suppression: role of inflammatory mediators released by myelomonocytic cells. J Intern Med 2014; 276:154-70. [PMID: 24597954 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-induced immune dysfunction is a serious challenge to immunotherapy for cancer, and intact adaptive and innate cellular immunity is key to its success. Myelomonocytic cells have a central role in this immune suppression, and tumour-associated macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils and myeloid-derived suppressor cells have all been shown to be of major importance. These myelomonocytic cells secrete a broad repertoire of inflammatory mediators providing them with powerful tools to inhibit tumour-reactive T cells and natural killer cells; free oxygen radicals including reactive oxygen species and NO, arginase, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, prostaglandins, the pro-inflammatory heterodimer S100A8/9 and cytokines, such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and transforming growth factor-β, have proven particularly potent in suppressing antitumour cellular immunity. Determining which of these factors prevail in individual cancer patients and designing methods aimed at neutralization or inhibition of their effects on target tissues have the potential to greatly enhance the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mao
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Sautès-Fridman C, Galon J, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Toll-like receptor agonists for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25238. [PMID: 24083080 PMCID: PMC3782517 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have long been known for their ability to initiate innate immune responses upon exposure to conserved microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and double-stranded RNA. More recently, this family of pattern recognition receptors has been attributed a critical role in the elicitation of anticancer immune responses, raising interest in the development of immunochemotherapeutic regimens based on natural or synthetic TLR agonists. In spite of such an intense wave of preclinical and clinical investigation, only three TLR agonists are currently licensed by FDA for use in cancer patients: bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis that operates as a mixed TLR2/TLR4 agonist; monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a derivative of Salmonella minnesota that functions as a potent agonist of TLR4; and imiquimod, a synthetic imidazoquinoline that activates TLR7. One year ago, in the August and September issues of OncoImmunology, we described the main biological features of TLRs and discussed the progress of clinical studies evaluating the safety and therapeutic potential of TLR agonists in cancer patients. Here, we summarize the latest developments in this exciting area of research, focusing on preclinical studies that have been published during the last 13 mo and clinical trials launched in the same period to investigate the antineoplastic activity of TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; Paris, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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