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Angelov AK, Markov M, Ivanova M, Georgiev T. The genesis of cardiovascular risk in inflammatory arthritis: insights into glycocalyx shedding, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis initiation. Clin Rheumatol 2023; 42:2541-2555. [PMID: 37581758 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-023-06738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
This narrative review provides a comprehensive examination of the complex interplay between inflammatory arthritis (IA) and cardiovascular pathology. It particularly illuminates the roles of atherosclerosis initiation, endothelial dysfunction, and glycocalyx shedding. IA not only provokes tissue-specific inflammatory responses, but also engenders a considerable degree of non-specific systemic inflammation. This review underscores the accelerating influence of the chronic inflammatory milieu of IA on cardiovascular disease (CVD) progression. A focal point of our exploration is the critical function of the endothelial glycocalyx (EG) in this acceleration process, which possibly characterizes the earliest phases of atherosclerosis. We delve into the influence of inflammatory mediators on microtubule dynamics, EG modulation, immune cell migration and activation, and lipid dysregulation. We also illuminate the impact of microparticles and microRNA on endothelial function. Further, we elucidate the role of systemic inflammation and sheddases in EG degradation, the repercussions of complement activation, and the essential role of syndecans in preserving EG integrity. Our review provides insight into the complex and dynamic interface between systemic circulation and the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Krasimirov Angelov
- Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
- Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital St. Ivan Rilski - Sofia, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Miroslav Markov
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University - Varna, Varna, 9002, Bulgaria
- Clinic of Internal Medicine, University Hospital St. Marina - Varna, Varna, 9010, Bulgaria
| | - Mariana Ivanova
- Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
- Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital St. Ivan Rilski - Sofia, Sofia, 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Tsvetoslav Georgiev
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University - Varna, Varna, 9002, Bulgaria.
- Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital St. Marina - Varna, Varna, 9002, Bulgaria.
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Circulating Microparticles Are Differentially Increased in Lowlanders and Highlanders with High Altitude Induced Pulmonary Hypertension during the Cold Season. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192932. [PMID: 36230894 PMCID: PMC9563667 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of microparticles (MPs) and cold in high altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH) remains unexplored. We investigated the impact of long-term cold exposure on the pulmonary circulation in lowlanders and high-altitude natives and the role of MPs. Pulmonary hemodynamics were evaluated using Doppler echocardiography at the end of the colder and warmer seasons. We further examined the miRNA content of MPs isolated from the study participants and studied their effects on human pulmonary artery smooth muscle (hPASMCs) and endothelial cells (hPAECs). Long-term exposure to cold environment was associated with an enhanced pulmonary artery pressure in highlanders. Plasma levels of CD62E-positive and CD68-positive MPs increased in response to cold in lowlanders and HAPH highlanders. The miRNA-210 expression contained in MPs differentially changed in response to cold in lowlanders and highlanders. MPs isolated from lowlanders and highlanders increased proliferation and reduced apoptosis of hPASMCs. Further, MPs isolated from warm-exposed HAPH highlanders and cold-exposed highlanders exerted the most pronounced effects on VEGF expression in hPAECs. We demonstrated that prolonged exposure to cold is associated with elevated pulmonary artery pressures, which are most pronounced in high-altitude residents. Further, the numbers of circulating MPs are differentially increased in lowlanders and HAPH highlanders during the colder season.
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Six I, Guillaume N, Jacob V, Mentaverri R, Kamel S, Boullier A, Slama M. The Endothelium and COVID-19: An Increasingly Clear Link Brief Title: Endotheliopathy in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6196. [PMID: 35682871 PMCID: PMC9181280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelium has a fundamental role in the cardiovascular complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) particularly affects endothelial cells. The virus binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor (present on type 2 alveolar cells, bronchial epithelial cells, and endothelial cells), and induces a cytokine storm. The cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6 have particular effects on endothelial cells-leading to endothelial dysfunction, endothelial cell death, changes in tight junctions, and vascular hyperpermeability. Under normal conditions, apoptotic endothelial cells are removed into the bloodstream. During COVID-19, however, endothelial cells are detached more rapidly, and do not regenerate as effectively as usual. The loss of the endothelium on the luminal surface abolishes all of the vascular responses mediated by the endothelium and nitric oxide production in particular, which results in greater contractility. Moreover, circulating endothelial cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 act as vectors for viral dissemination by forming clusters that migrate into the circulation and reach distant organs. The cell clusters and the endothelial dysfunction might contribute to the various thromboembolic pathologies observed in COVID-19 by inducing the formation of intravascular microthrombi, as well as by triggering disseminated intravascular coagulation. Here, we review the contributions of endotheliopathy and endothelial-cell-derived extracellular vesicles to the pathogenesis of COVID-19, and discuss therapeutic strategies that target the endothelium in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Six
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (R.M.); (S.K.); (A.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Nicolas Guillaume
- EA Hematim 4666, Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (N.G.); (V.J.)
- Amiens-Picardie University Medical Center, Human Biology Center, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Valentine Jacob
- EA Hematim 4666, Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (N.G.); (V.J.)
| | - Romuald Mentaverri
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (R.M.); (S.K.); (A.B.); (M.S.)
- Amiens-Picardie University Medical Center, Human Biology Center, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Said Kamel
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (R.M.); (S.K.); (A.B.); (M.S.)
- Amiens-Picardie University Medical Center, Human Biology Center, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Agnès Boullier
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (R.M.); (S.K.); (A.B.); (M.S.)
- Amiens-Picardie University Medical Center, Human Biology Center, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Michel Slama
- UR 7517 UPJV, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Consequences of Cardiovascular Calcifications (MP3CV), Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens, France; (R.M.); (S.K.); (A.B.); (M.S.)
- Amiens-Picardie University Medical Center, Medical Intensive Care Unit, 80054 Amiens, France
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Lajqi T, Köstlin-Gille N, Hillmer S, Braun M, Kranig SA, Dietz S, Krause C, Rühle J, Frommhold D, Pöschl J, Gille C, Hudalla H. Gut Microbiota-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Endorse Memory-like Inflammatory Responses in Murine Neutrophils. Biomedicines 2022; 10:442. [PMID: 35203650 PMCID: PMC8962420 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are classically characterized as merely reactive innate effector cells. However, the microbiome is known to shape the education and maturation process of neutrophils, improving their function and immune-plasticity. Recent reports demonstrate that murine neutrophils possess the ability to exert adaptive responses after exposure to bacterial components such as LPS (Gram-negative bacteria) or LTA (Gram-positive bacteria). We now ask whether small extracellular vesicles (EVs) from the gut may directly mediate adaptive responses in neutrophils in vitro. Murine bone marrow-derived neutrophils were primed in vitro by small EVs of high purity collected from colon stool samples, followed by a second hit with LPS. We found that low-dose priming with gut microbiota-derived small EVs enhanced pro-inflammatory sensitivity as indicated by elevated levels of TNF-α, IL-6, ROS and MCP-1 and increased migratory and phagocytic activity. In contrast, high-dose priming resulted in a tolerant phenotype, marked by increased IL-10 and decreased transmigration and phagocytosis. Alterations in TLR2/MyD88 as well as TLR4/MyD88 signaling were correlated with the induction of adaptive cues in neutrophils in vitro. Taken together, our study shows that small EVs from stools can drive adaptive responses in neutrophils in vitro and may represent a missing link in the gut-immune axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trim Lajqi
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.L.); (N.K.-G.); (M.B.); (S.A.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (J.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Natascha Köstlin-Gille
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.L.); (N.K.-G.); (M.B.); (S.A.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (J.P.); (C.G.)
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Stefan Hillmer
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility (EMCF), University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Maylis Braun
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.L.); (N.K.-G.); (M.B.); (S.A.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (J.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Simon A. Kranig
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.L.); (N.K.-G.); (M.B.); (S.A.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (J.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Stefanie Dietz
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.L.); (N.K.-G.); (M.B.); (S.A.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (J.P.); (C.G.)
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Christian Krause
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.L.); (N.K.-G.); (M.B.); (S.A.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (J.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Jessica Rühle
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - David Frommhold
- Klinik für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, D-87700 Memmingen, Germany;
| | - Johannes Pöschl
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.L.); (N.K.-G.); (M.B.); (S.A.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (J.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Christian Gille
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.L.); (N.K.-G.); (M.B.); (S.A.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (J.P.); (C.G.)
| | - Hannes Hudalla
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (T.L.); (N.K.-G.); (M.B.); (S.A.K.); (S.D.); (C.K.); (J.P.); (C.G.)
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Dolscheid-Pommerich RC, Stoffel-Wagner B, Fimmers R, Eichhorn L. Changes in hormones after apneic hypoxia/hypercapnia - an investigation in voluntary apnea divers. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2022; 298:103845. [PMID: 35041989 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged apnea is characterized by hypoxia/hypercapnia. Hypoxia can be associated with hormonal dysfunction. We raised the question as to whether steroid hormonal and gonadotropin levels could be influenced by short-term hypoxia/hypercapnia in a model of dry apnea in trained apnea divers. METHODS Adrenal, sex steroid and pituitary hormones were measured in ten trained voluntary apnea divers before, immediately after, 0.5 h and 4 h after a maximal breath-hold. Apnea was carried out under dry conditions. RESULTS Corticosterone, progesterone, cortisol, 17-OH-progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione showed a significant continuous increase with a maximum at 0.5 h after apnea, followed by a decrease back to or below baseline at 4 h after apnea. Testosterone, estradiol, cortisone and dihydrotestosterone showed a decrease 4 h after apnea. Dehydroepiandrosteronesulfate, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) showed no significant changes. CONCLUSION Even a single apnea resulted in two different patterns of hormone response to apnea, with increased adrenal and reduced sex steroid levels, while LH/FSH showed no clear kinetic reaction. Apnea divers might be a suitable clinical model for hypoxic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Dolscheid-Pommerich
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - B Stoffel-Wagner
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - R Fimmers
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - L Eichhorn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Morton AP, Hadley JB, Ghasabyan A, Kelher MR, Moore EE, Bevers S, Dzieciatkowska M, Hansen KC, Cohen MS, Banerjee A, Silliman CC. The α-globin chain of hemoglobin potentiates tissue plasminogen activator induced hyperfibrinolysis in vitro. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2022; 92:159-166. [PMID: 34538821 PMCID: PMC8692352 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe injury predisposes patients to trauma-induced coagulopathy, which may be subdivided by the state of fibrinolysis. Systemic hyperfibrinolysis (HF) occurs in approximately 25% of these patients with mortality as high as 70%. Severe injury also causes the release of numerous intracellular proteins, which may affect coagulation, one of which is hemoglobin, and hemoglobin substitutes induce HF in vitro. We hypothesize that the α-globin chain of hemoglobin potentiates HF in vitro by augmenting plasmin activity. METHODS Proteomic analysis was completed on a pilot study of 30 injured patients before blood component resuscitation, stratified by their state of fibrinolysis, plus 10 healthy controls. Different concentrations of intact hemoglobin A, the α- and β-globin chains, or normal saline (controls) were added to whole blood, and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-challenged thrombelastography was used to assess the degree of fibrinolysis. Interactions with plasminogen (PLG) were evaluated using surface plasmon resonance. Tissue plasminogen activator-induced plasmin activity was evaluated in the presence of the α-globin chain. RESULTS Only the α- and β-globin chains increased in HF patients (p < 0.01). The α-globin chain but not hemoglobin A or the β-globin chain decreased the reaction time and significantly increased lysis time 30 on citrated native thrombelastographies (p < 0.05). The PLG and α-globin chain had interaction kinetics similar to tPA:PLG, and the α-globin chain increased tPA-induced plasmin activity. CONCLUSIONS The α-globin chain caused HF in vitro by binding to PLG and augmenting plasmin activity and may represent a circulating "moonlighting" mediator released by the tissue damage and hemorrhagic shock inherent to severe injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic, level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Morton
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
- Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, Vitalant Mountain Division, Denver, CO
| | - Jamie B Hadley
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Arsen Ghasabyan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
- Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, Vitalant Mountain Division, Denver, CO
| | - Marguerite R. Kelher
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
- Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, Vitalant Mountain Division, Denver, CO
| | - Ernest E Moore
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
- Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, Vitalant Mountain Division, Denver, CO
| | - Shaun Bevers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Mitchell S Cohen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Christopher C Silliman
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
- Vitalant Research Institute, Vitalant Mountain Division, Denver, CO
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Desideri E, Ciccarone F, Ciriolo MR, Fratantonio D. Extracellular vesicles in endothelial cells: from mediators of cell-to-cell communication to cargo delivery tools. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:508-520. [PMID: 34214634 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized vesicles released from most cell types that play a key role in cell-to-cell communication by carrying DNA, non-coding RNAs, proteins and lipids out of cells. The composition of EVs depends on the cell or tissue of origin and changes according to their pathophysiological conditions, making EVs a potential circulating biomarker of disease. Additionally, the natural tropism of EVs for specific organs and cells has raised the interest in their use as delivery vehicles. In this review, we provide an overview of EV biogenesis, isolation and characterization. We also discuss EVs in the context of endothelial pathophysiology, summarizing the current knowledge about their role in cell communication in quiescent and activated endothelial cells. In the last part, we describe the potential use of EVs as delivery vehicles of bioactive compounds and the current strategies to load exogenous cargo and to functionalize EVs to drive them to a specific tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Desideri
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome
| | - Fabio Ciccarone
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Ciriolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome; IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via della Pisana 235, 00163, Rome, Italy.
| | - Deborah Fratantonio
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Molnar A, Magyar Z, Nachmias DB, Mann D, Szabo B, Toth L, Nemeth N. Effect of short-term ischemia on microcirculation and wound healing of adipocutaneous flaps in the rat. Acta Cir Bras 2020; 34:e201901203. [PMID: 32049184 PMCID: PMC7011208 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020190120000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Composite flaps used in reconstructive surgery may intra- and postoperatively suffer from hypoperfusion and/or ischemia-reperfusion influencing wound healing. We aimed to follow-up the effect of ischemia on adipocutaneous flaps' wound healing and microcirculation. METHODS In anesthetized rats groin flaps were formed bilaterally. In Control group the flaps were repositioned and sutured back. In Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R) group before repositioning and suturing the flap pedicles were clamped for 60 minutes. Laser Doppler (LD) fluxmetry and temperature probes were applied on the cranial, central and caudal flap regions before/after preparation and ischemia, re-suturing, and on the 1st-3rd-5th-7th-14th postoperative days, before the final examinations and biopsies for histology. RESULTS Flaps' skin temperature quickly recovered after repositioning. LD values were lower in the I/R group, reaching a significant level by the 3rd postoperative day, and remained lowered till the 14th day. The magnitude of alterations differed in the flap regions. Histologically normal wound healing process was seen, except for some I/R flaps, where hypertrophized mammary glands were found. CONCLUSIONS Short-term ischemia could influence flap microcirculation and wound healing, and may result in hypertrophized mammary glands. Laser Doppler could be used to evaluate intra- and postoperative microcirculatory changes and may have significance in predicting complications.
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Spears JR. Reperfusion Microvascular Ischemia After Prolonged Coronary Occlusion: Implications And Treatment With Local Supersaturated Oxygen Delivery. HYPOXIA 2019; 7:65-79. [PMID: 31696129 PMCID: PMC6814765 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s217955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Following a prolonged coronary arterial occlusion, heterogeneously scattered, focal regions of low erythrocyte flow are commonly found throughout the reperfused myocardium. Experimental studies have also demonstrated the presence of widespread, focally patchy regions of microvascular ischemia during reperfusion (RMI). However, the potential contribution of RMI to tissue viability and function has received little attention in the absence of practical clinical methods for its detection. In this review, the anatomic/functional basis of RMI is summarized, along with the evidence for its presence in reperfused myocardium. Advances in microcirculation research related to obstructive responses of vascular endothelial cells and blood elements to the effects of hypoxia and low shear stress are discussed, and a potential cycle of intensification of RMI from such responses and progressive loss of functional capillary density is presented. In capillaries with impaired erythrocyte flow, compensatory increases in the delivery of oxygen, because of its low solubility in plasma, are effective only at high partial pressures. As discussed herein, attenuation of the cycle with oxygen at hyperbaric levels in plasma is, very likely, responsible for improved tissue level perfusion noted experimentally. Observed clinical benefits from intracoronary SuperSaturated oxygen (SSO2) delivery, including infarct size reduction, can be attributed to attenuation of RMI with improvement in microvascular blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Richard Spears
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beaumont Heart & Vascular Center, Dearborn, MI 48124, USA
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Utermöhlen O, Jakobshagen K, Blissenbach B, Wiegmann K, Merz T, Hefti JP, Krönke M. Emergence of AnnexinVpos CD31neg CD42blow/neg extracellular vesicles in plasma of humans at extreme altitude. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220133. [PMID: 31369589 PMCID: PMC6675110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypobaric hypoxia has been reported to cause endothelial cell and platelet dysfunction implicated in the formation of microvascular lesions, and in its extremes may contribute to vascular leakage in high altitude pulmonary edema or blood brain barrier disruption leading to cerebral micro-hemorrhage (MH). Platelet function in the development of microvascular lesions remained ill defined, and is still incompletely understood. In this study platelet- and endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles (PEV and EEV, respectively) and cell adhesion molecules were characterized in plasma samples of members of a high altitude expedition to delineate the contribution of platelets and endothelial cells to hypobaric hypoxia-induced vascular dysfunction. Methods and findings In this observational study, platelet and endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles were analysed by flow-cytometry in plasma samples from 39 mountaineers participating in a medical research climbing expedition to Himlung Himal, Nepal, 7,050m asl. Megakaryocyte/platelet-derived AnnexinVpos, PECAM-1 (CD31) and glycoprotein-1b (GP1b, CD42b) positive extracellular vesicles (PEV) constituted the predominant fraction of EV in plasma samples up to 6,050m asl. Exposure to an altitude of 7,050m led to a marked decline of CD31pos CD42neg EEV as well as of CD31pos CD42bpos PEV at the same time giving rise to a quantitatively prevailing CD31neg CD42blow/neg subpopulation of AnnexinVpos EV. An almost hundredfold increase in the numbers of this previously unrecognized population of CD31neg CD42blow/neg EV was observed in all participants reaching 7,050m asl. Conclusions The emergence of CD31neg CD42blow/neg EV was observed in all participants and thus represents an early hypoxic marker at extreme altitude. Since CD31 and CD42b are required for platelet-endothelial cell interactions, these hypobaric hypoxia-dependent quantitative and phenotypic changes of AnnexinVpos EV subpopulations may serve as early and sensitive indicators of compromised vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Utermöhlen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristin Jakobshagen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Blissenbach
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katja Wiegmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Merz
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jacqueline Pichler Hefti
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (MK); (JP)
| | - Martin Krönke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail: (MK); (JP)
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Demirci Sağlam G, Zamani A, Yosunkaya Ş, Kılınç İ. Serum S100A12 and S100B proteins are independent predictors of the presence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea. Turk J Med Sci 2019; 49:746-754. [PMID: 31035738 PMCID: PMC7018296 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1806-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with serious cardiometabolic risks. Early diagnosis and treatment compliance are important. For this purpose, research is being carried out on biomarkers associated with the pathogenesis of the disease. We aimed to investigate whether serum S100A12 and S100B proteins could be used as biochemical markers in OSA patients to determine disease presence and severity. Materials and methods A total of 60 (16 women, 44 men) patients with OSA and 50 (20 women, 30 men) controls were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Each subject included in the study underwent full-night polysomnography (PSG). The presence and severity of OSA was assessed with the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI). In the OSA group, 17 cases were mild, 18 were moderate, and 25 were severe.The serum levels of S100A12 and S100B were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. These protein levels were compared using Student’s t-test in the patient and control groups. Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients and corresponding P-values were calculated to determine the correlations between these protein levels and polysomnographic parameters. For evaluating the association between OSA and biomarkers, as well as possible confounding factors with S100A12 and S100B, we employed multiple linear regression analyses for the patients with OSA. Results Serum levels of S100A12 and S100B were higher in patients than those in controls (P = 0.01 and P = 0.005, respectively), and a significant correlation was determined between S100A12 and S100B values and AHI (P = 0.0001; P = 0.0001), sleep time with SpO2 < 90% (P = 0.032; P = 0.01), minimum SpO2 during sleep (P = 0.019; P = 0.007), and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) (P = 0.001; P = 0.0001). In the linear regression analysis, AHI was independently related with both S100A12 (P < 0.0001) and S100B (P = 0.011). Receiving operating curves (ROC) identified patients with OSA: AUC for S100A12 = 0.643; AUC for S100B = 0.655 (P < 0.05). Conclusion Serum levels of S100B and S100A proteins have high diagnostic performance in OSA and are independent predictors of OSA presence and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Demirci Sağlam
- Department of Chest Diseases, Sabuncuoğlu Şerafettin Educational Research Hospital, Amasya, Turkey
| | - Adil Zamani
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Meram Medical, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Şebnem Yosunkaya
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Meram Medical, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Kılınç
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Meram Medical, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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12
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Alique M, Bodega G, Giannarelli C, Carracedo J, Ramírez R. MicroRNA-126 regulates Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α which inhibited migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis in replicative endothelial senescence. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7381. [PMID: 31089163 PMCID: PMC6517399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43689-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas a healthy endothelium maintains physiological vascular functions, endothelial damage contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Endothelial senescence is the main determinant of endothelial dysfunction and thus of age-related cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study is to test the involvement of microRNA-126 and HIF-1α in a model of replicative endothelial senescence and the interrelationship between both molecules in this in vitro model. We demonstrated that senescent endothelial cells experience impaired tube formation and delayed wound healing. Senescent endothelial cells failed to express HIF-1α, and the microvesicles released by these cells failed to carry HIF-1α. Of note, HIF-1α protein levels were restored in HIF-1α stabilizer-treated senescent endothelial cells. Finally, we show that microRNA-126 was downregulated in senescent endothelial cells and microvesicles. With regard to the interplay between microRNA-126 and HIF-1α, transfection with a microRNA-126 inhibitor downregulated HIF-1α expression in early passage endothelial cells. Moreover, while HIF-1α inhibition reduced tube formation and wound healing closure, microRNA-126 levels remained unchanged. These data indicate that HIF-1α is a target of miRNA-126 in protective and reparative functions, and suggest that their therapeutic modulation could benefit age-related vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Alique
- Departamento Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Bodega
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Biología, Química y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Alcalá. Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chiara Giannarelli
- Cardiovascular Research Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA.,Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia Carracedo
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Ramírez
- Departamento Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Kirk RJ, Madden LA, Peart DJ, Aye MM, Atkin SL, Vince RV. Circulating Endothelial Microparticles Reduce in Concentration Following an Exercise Programme in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:200. [PMID: 30984117 PMCID: PMC6450458 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Endothelial dysfunction is a known comorbidity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The aim was to assess if supervised, moderate intensity exercise could potentially impact markers of endothelial disruption; endothelial cell derived microparticles (EMP). Methods: The current study investigated the effects of a supervised 8-week moderate intensity exercise programme on EMP in women with PCOS (n = 11) and control women free from any known disease (n = 10). EMP were enumerated via specific antibody (CD105, CD106) labeling and flow cytometry. Results: CD105+MP significantly reduced in women with PCOS from pre to post-exercise programme, with CD105+ MP reducing from 2114 CD105+ MP per μl platelet free plasma (PFP) to 424 CD105+ MP per μl PFP (p = 0.025). Control women showed no significant change in CD105+ MP (p = 0.25) after completing the same exercise programme. CD106+ MP showed no change in either PCOS (p = 0.95) or control groups (p = 0.99). No significant correlations existed with the changes in EMP compared to body composition changes as a result of exercise. Conclusion: Supervised, moderate intensity exercise independent of substantial weight loss reduced circulating CD105+ MP, likely reflecting an improvement in endothelial function in women with PCOS compared to healthy control women. Additionally, EMP may be a useful marker for physical improvement in exercise programmes for clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Kirk
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh A. Madden
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Peart
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom
- Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Myint M. Aye
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen L. Atkin
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Al Rayyan, Qatar
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Al Sayh, Bahrain
| | - Rebecca V. Vince
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom
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14
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Al-Qaissi A, Papageorgiou M, Deshmukh H, Madden LA, Rigby A, Kilpatrick ES, Atkin SL, Sathyapalan T. Effects of acute insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on endothelial microparticles in adults with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:533-540. [PMID: 30264480 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To assess whether endothelial microparticles (EMPs), novel surrogate markers of endothelial injury and dysfunction, are differentially produced in response to acute insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in adults with and without type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective, parallel study was conducted in individuals with type 2 diabetes (n = 23) and controls (n = 22). Hypoglycaemia (<2.2 mmoL/L: <40 mg/dL) was achieved by intravenous infusion of soluble insulin. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 0, 30, 60, 120, 240 minutes and 24 hours after hypoglycaemia and analysed for CD31+ (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1), CD54+ (intercellular adhesion molecule 1), CD62-E+ (E-selectin), CD105+ (endoglin), CD106+ (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) and CD142+ (tissue factor) EMPs by flow cytometry. The peak elevations (% rise from 0 minutes after hypoglycaemia) in EMP within 240 minutes after insulin-induced hypoglycaemia were modelled using a regression model, with adjustment for relevant covariates. All EMPs were expressed as percentage from 0 minutes hypoglycaemia for each time point and total areas under the curve (AUC0min-24h ) were calculated. RESULTS Following insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, levels of circulating EMPs were maximal at 240 minutes (P < 0.001) and returned to baseline values within 24 hours for both groups. The peak elevations (% rise from 0 minutes following hypoglycaemia) seen in CD31+ , CD54+ , CD62-E+ , CD105+ and CD142+ EMPs within 240 minutes were associated with diabetes status after adjustments for all relevant covariates. Individuals with type 2 diabetes showed increased CD31+ EMPs AUC0min-24h (P = 0.014) and CD105+ EMPs AUC0min-24h (P = 0.006) compared with controls, but there were no differences for CD54+ (P = 0.91), CD62-E+ (P = 0.14), CD106+ (P = 0.36) or CD142+ (P = 0.77) EMPs AUC0min-24h . CONCLUSIONS The associations between peak elevations within 240 minutes after insulin-induced hypoglycaemia for CD31+ , CD54+ , CD62-E+ , CD105+ and CD142+ and diabetes status indicate that the assessment of a panel of EMPs within this timeframe would identify a hypoglycaemic event in this population. The greater overall responses over time (AUCs) for apoptosis-induced CD31+ and CD105+ EMPs suggest that hypoglycaemia exerts greater endothelial stress in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Qaissi
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Maria Papageorgiou
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Harshal Deshmukh
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Leigh A Madden
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Alan Rigby
- Department of Academic Cardiology, Hull Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | | | - Stephen L Atkin
- Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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15
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Tzouvelekis A, Herazo-Maya JD, Ryu C, Chu JH, Zhang Y, Gibson KF, Adonteng-Boateng PK, Li Q, Pan H, Cherry B, Ahmad F, Ford HJ, Herzog EL, Kaminski N, Fares WH. S100A12 as a marker of worse cardiac output and mortality in pulmonary hypertension. Respirology 2018; 23:771-779. [PMID: 29611244 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Molecular biomarkers are needed to refine prognostication and phenotyping of pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients. S100A12 is an emerging biomarker of various inflammatory diseases. This study aims to determine the prognostic value of S100A12 in PH. METHODS Exploratory microarray analysis performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients suggested an association between S100A12 and both PH and mortality. So the current study was designed to evaluate for an association between S100A12 in peripheral blood collected from two well-phenotyped PH cohorts in two other centres to derive and validate an association between S100A12 protein serum concentrations and mortality. RESULTS The majority of the patients in the discovery and validation cohorts were either World Health Organization (WHO) group 1 (pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)) or 3 (lung disease-associated) PH. In the discovery PH cohort, S100A12 was significantly increased in patients with PH (n = 51) compared to controls (n = 22) (29.8 vs 15.7 ng/mL, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with cardiac output (r = -0.58, P < 0.001) in PH patients. When S100A12 data were pooled from both cohorts, PAH and non-PAH PH patients had higher S100A12 compared to healthy external controls (32.6, 30.9, 15.7 ng/mL; P < 0.001). S100A12 was associated with an increased risk in overall mortality in PH patients in both the discovery (n = 51; P = 0.008) and validation (n = 40; P < 0.001) cohorts. CONCLUSION S100A12 levels are increased in PH patients and are associated with increased mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios Tzouvelekis
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jose D Herazo-Maya
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Changwan Ryu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jen-Hwa Chu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin F Gibson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Percy K Adonteng-Boateng
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qin Li
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hongyi Pan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin Cherry
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ferhaan Ahmad
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hubert J Ford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Erica L Herzog
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wassim H Fares
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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16
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Bui TM, Mascarenhas LA, Sumagin R. Extracellular vesicles regulate immune responses and cellular function in intestinal inflammation and repair. Tissue Barriers 2018; 6:e1431038. [PMID: 29424657 PMCID: PMC6179129 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2018.1431038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tightly controlled communication among the various resident and recruited cells in the intestinal tissue is critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis, re-establishment of the barrier function and healing responses following injury. Emerging evidence convincingly implicates extracellular vesicles (EVs) in facilitating this important cell-to-cell crosstalk by transporting bioactive effectors and genetic information in healthy tissue and disease. While many aspects of EV biology, including release mechanisms, cargo packaging, and uptake by target cells are still not completely understood, EVs contribution to cellular signaling and function is apparent. Moreover, EV research has already sparked a clinical interest, as a potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic tool. The current review will discuss the function of EVs originating from innate immune cells, namely, neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages, as well as intestinal epithelial cells in healthy tissue and inflammatory disorders of the intestinal tract. Our discussion will specifically emphasize the contribution of EVs to the regulation of vascular and epithelial barrier function in inflamed intestines, wound healing, as well as trafficking and activity of resident and recruited immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triet M. Bui
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lorraine A. Mascarenhas
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ronen Sumagin
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Lichtenauer M, Goebel B, Paar V, Wernly B, Gecks T, Rohm I, Förster M, Betge S, Figulla HR, Hoppe UC, Kelm M, Franz M, Jung C. Acute effects of moderate altitude on biomarkers of cardiovascular inflammation and endothelial function and their differential modulation by dual endothelin receptor blockade. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2017; 67:101-113. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-170273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lichtenauer
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bjoern Goebel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Vera Paar
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Wernly
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Gecks
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Ilonka Rohm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Förster
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Betge
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Hans R. Figulla
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Uta C. Hoppe
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Malte Kelm
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcus Franz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Duesseldorf, Germany
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18
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Inhibition of Caveolae Contributes to Propofol Preconditioning-Suppressed Microvesicles Release and Cell Injury by Hypoxia-Reoxygenation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3542149. [PMID: 29181124 PMCID: PMC5625844 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3542149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial microvesicles (EMVs), released after endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis or activation, may carry many adverse signals and propagate injury by intercellular transmission. Caveolae are 50–100 nm cell surface plasma membrane invaginations involved in many pathophysiological processes. Recent evidence has indicated EMVs and caveolae may have functional effects in cells undergoing H/R injury. Propofol, a widely used anaesthetic, confers antioxidative stress capability in the same process. But the connection between EMVs, H/R, and caveolae remains largely unclear. Here, we found that H/R significantly increased the release of EMVs, the expression of CAV-1 (the structural protein responsible for maintaining the shape of caveolae), oxidative stress, and the mitochondrial damage, and all these changes were inhibited by propofol preconditioning. Interestingly, the caveolae inhibitor Mβ-CD strengthened the protective effect of propofol preconditioning. We further found that the release of EMVs is more significantly reduced under propofol preconditioning in the presence of the caveolae inhibitor Mβ-CD. EMVs released from H/R-treated cells caused a substantially increased mitochondrial and cellular damage to normal HUVECs after 4 hours of coculture. Thus, we conclude that inhibition of caveolae contributes to propofol preconditioning-suppressed microvesicles release and cell injury by H/R.
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19
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Ridger VC, Boulanger CM, Angelillo-Scherrer A, Badimon L, Blanc-Brude O, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Boilard E, Buzas EI, Caporali A, Dignat-George F, Evans PC, Lacroix R, Lutgens E, Ketelhuth DFJ, Nieuwland R, Toti F, Tunon J, Weber C, Hoefer IE. Microvesicles in vascular homeostasis and diseases. Position Paper of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Working Group on Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:1296-1316. [PMID: 28569921 DOI: 10.1160/th16-12-0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microvesicles are members of the family of extracellular vesicles shed from the plasma membrane of activated or apoptotic cells. Microvesicles were initially characterised by their pro-coagulant activity and described as "microparticles". There is mounting evidence revealing a role for microvesicles in intercellular communication, with particular relevance to hemostasis and vascular biology. Coupled with this, the potential of microvesicles as meaningful biomarkers is under intense investigation. This Position Paper will summarise the current knowledge on the mechanisms of formation and composition of microvesicles of endothelial, platelet, red blood cell and leukocyte origin. This paper will also review and discuss the different methods used for their analysis and quantification, will underline the potential biological roles of these vesicles with respect to vascular homeostasis and thrombosis and define important themes for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chantal M Boulanger
- Victoria Ridger, PhD, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, E-mail: , or, Chantal M. Boulanger, PhD, INSERM UMR-S 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France, E-mail:
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20
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Hromada C, Mühleder S, Grillari J, Redl H, Holnthoner W. Endothelial Extracellular Vesicles-Promises and Challenges. Front Physiol 2017; 8:275. [PMID: 28529488 PMCID: PMC5418228 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, microparticles, and apoptotic bodies, are phospholipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles that have once been considered as cell debris lacking biological functions. However, they have recently gained immense interest in the scientific community due to their role in intercellular communication, immunity, tissue regeneration as well as in the onset, and progression of various pathologic conditions. Extracellular vesicles of endothelial origin have been found to play a versatile role in the human body, since they are on the one hand known to contribute to cardiovascular diseases, but on the other hand have also been reported to promote endothelial cell survival. Hence, endothelial extracellular vesicles hold promising therapeutic potential to be used as a new tool to detect as well as treat a great number of diseases. This calls for clinically approved, standardized, and efficient isolation and characterization protocols to harvest and purify endothelial extracellular vesicles. However, such methods and techniques to fulfill stringent requirements for clinical trials have yet to be developed or are not harmonized internationally. In this review, recent advances and challenges in the field of endothelial extracellular vesicle research are discussed and current problems and limitations regarding isolation and characterization are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Hromada
- AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyVienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationVienna, Austria
| | - Severin Mühleder
- AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyVienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationVienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationVienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Austria.,Evercyte GmbHVienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyVienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationVienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holnthoner
- AUVA Research Centre, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyVienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationVienna, Austria
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21
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Eichhorn L, Dolscheid-Pommerich R, Erdfelder F, Ayub MA, Schmitz T, Werner N, Jansen F. Sustained apnea induces endothelial activation. Clin Cardiol 2017; 40:704-709. [PMID: 28464406 DOI: 10.1002/clc.22720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apnea diving has gained worldwide popularity, even though the pathophysiological consequences of this challenging sport on the human body are poorly investigated and understood. This study aims to assess the influence of sustained apnea in healthy volunteers on circulating microparticles (MPs) and microRNAs (miRs), which are established biomarkers reflecting vascular function. HYPOTHESIS Short intermittent hypoxia due to voluntary breath-holding affects circulating levels of endothelial cell-derived MPs (EMPs) and endothelial cell-derived miRs. METHODS Under dry laboratory conditions, 10 trained apneic divers performed maximal breath-hold. Venous blood samples were taken, once before and at 4 defined points in time after apnea. Samples were analyzed for circulating EMPs and endothelial miRs. RESULTS Average apnea time was 329 seconds (±103), and SpO2 at the end of apnea was 79% (±12). Apnea was associated with a time-dependent increase of circulating endothelial cell-derived EMPs and endothelial miRs. Levels of circulating EMPs in the bloodstream reached a peak 4 hours after the apnea period and returned to baseline levels after 24 hours. Circulating miR-126 levels were elevated at all time points after a single voluntary maximal apnea, whereas miR-26 levels were elevated significantly only after 30 minutes and 4 hours. Also miR-21 and miR-92 levels increased, but did not reach the level of significance. CONCLUSIONS Even a single maximal breath-hold induces acute endothelial activation and should be performed with great caution by subjects with preexisting vascular diseases. Voluntary apnea might be used as a model to simulate changes in endothelial function caused by hypoxia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Eichhorn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Felix Erdfelder
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Theresa Schmitz
- Department of Medicine II, Heart Center Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nikos Werner
- Department of Medicine II, Heart Center Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Jansen
- Department of Medicine II, Heart Center Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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22
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Vozel D, Uršič B, Krek JL, Štukelj R, Kralj-Iglič V. Applicability of extracellular vesicles in clinical studies. Eur J Clin Invest 2017; 47:305-313. [PMID: 28156006 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are submicron cellular fragments that mediate intercellular communication. EVs have in the last decade attracted major interest as biomarkers or platforms for biomarkers of health and disease. To better understand the reasons why despite great expectations and considerable effort, EV-based methods have not yet been introduced into clinical practice, we present a systematic analysis of published results of clinical studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical studies on populations of body fluid samples, published from 2010 to including 2015, applying centrifugation of fluid human samples with centrifuge accelerations up to about 25 000 g and flow cytometry for detection of EVs were analysed with respect to statistical significance (p), statistical power (P), clinical significance (CS), defined as the difference between the means divided by the sum of standard deviations, and size of the populations (Nmin ), defined as the number of samples in the smaller group. RESULTS Final analysis included 65 publications with 716 comparisons reporting 308 (43%) statistically significant differences (P < 0·05), 242 (34%) had statistical power P > 0·8 and 88 (12%) had clinical importance CS > 1·96. None of comparison with CS > 1·96 included populations in which the smaller group consisted of 50 or more samples. CONCLUSIONS To fulfil claimed expectations for EV-based methods as promising diagnostic tools, more evidence on EV-based mechanisms of diseases should be gathered. Also, the methods of EV harvesting and assessment should be improved to yield better repeatability and thus allow clinical studies with larger number of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domen Vozel
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Uršič
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Judita Lea Krek
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Štukelj
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Burnley-Hall N, Willis G, Davis J, Rees DA, James PE. Nitrite-derived nitric oxide reduces hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-mediated extracellular vesicle production by endothelial cells. Nitric Oxide 2016; 63:1-12. [PMID: 28017872 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, spherical particles enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer (∼30-1000 nm) released from multiple cell types, and have been shown to have pathophysiological roles in a plethora of disease states. The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) allows for adaptation of cellular physiology in hypoxia and may permit the enhanced release of EVs under such conditions. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a pivotal role in vascular homeostasis, and can modulate the cellular response to hypoxia by preventing HIF-1 accumulation. We aimed to selectively target HIF-1 via sodium nitrite (NaNO2) addition, and examine the effect on endothelial EV, size, concentration and function, and delineate the role of HIF-1 in EV biogenesis. METHODS Endothelial (HECV) cells were exposed to hypoxic conditions (1% O2, 24 h) and compared to endothelial cells exposed to normoxia (21% O2) with and without the presence of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) (30 μM). Allopurinol (100 μM), an inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase, was added both alone and in combination with NaNO2 to cells exposed to hypoxia. EV and cell preparations were quantified by nanoparticle tracking analysis and confirmed by electron microscopy. Western blotting and siRNA were used to confirm the role of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in EV biogenesis. Flow cytometry and time-resolved fluorescence were used to assess the surface and intravesicular protein content. RESULTS Endothelial (HECV) cells exposed to hypoxia (1% O2) produced higher levels of EVs compared to cells exposed to normoxia. This increase was confirmed using the hypoxia-mimetic agent desferrioxamine. Treatment of cells with sodium nitrite (NaNO2) reduced the hypoxic enhancement of EV production. Treatment of cells with the xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor allopurinol, in addition to NaNO2 attenuated the NaNO2-attributed suppression of hypoxia-mediated EV release. Transfection of cells with HIF-1α siRNA, but not HIF-2α siRNA, prior to hypoxic exposure prevented the enhancement of EV release. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence that hypoxia enhances the release of EVs in endothelial cells, and that this is mediated by HIF-1α, but not HIF-2α. Furthermore, the reduction of NO2- to NO via xanthine oxidoreductase during hypoxia appears to inhibit HIF-1α-mediated EV production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gareth Willis
- Division Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Davis
- Institute of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - D Aled Rees
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Philip E James
- Cardiff School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF5 2SG, UK.
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24
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Tremblay JC, Thom SR, Yang M, Ainslie PN. Oscillatory shear stress, flow-mediated dilatation, and circulating microparticles at sea level and high altitude. Atherosclerosis 2016; 256:115-122. [PMID: 28010936 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Exposing the endothelium to acute periods of imposed oscillatory shear stress reduces endothelial function and elevates circulating microparticles (MPs). Oscillatory shear stress may be especially pathogenic when superimposed on hypoxia, an environmental stimulus that disrupts the endothelial milieu. We examined the effects of acute manipulation of oscillatory shear stress on endothelial function and circulating MPs at sea level (SL) and high altitude (HA). METHODS Healthy adults (n = 12) participated, once at SL and once on the second or third day at HA (3800 m). Oscillatory shear stress was provoked using a 30-min distal cuff occlusion intervention (75 mmHg). Endothelial function was assessed before and immediately after the intervention in the brachial artery by reactive hyperaemia flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). Venous blood samples of MPs (flow cytometry) were obtained before and during the last five minutes of the shear intervention. RESULTS At baseline, circulating MPs were two-fold higher at HA (p = 0.011) and brachial artery diameter was constricted (p = 0.015). Although the intervention at SL increased endothelial-derived MPs by 83 ± 39% (mean ± SEM; p = 0.021), FMD was unaltered. Conversely, at HA, the intervention elicited a 26 ± 11% reduction in FMD (p = 0.020); this reduction was inversely correlated with the change in total circulating MPs (r = -0.737, p = 0.006) and the change in endothelial-derived MPs (r = -0.614, p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS The vascular endothelium appears to be susceptible to periods of oscillatory shear stress at HA, where impairments in endothelium-dependent vasodilatation may be amplified by endothelial injury. These findings have important implications for understanding the early impact of clinical situations of hypoxaemia on the vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Tremblay
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada.
| | - Stephen R Thom
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
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25
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Paudel KR, Panth N, Kim DW. Circulating Endothelial Microparticles: A Key Hallmark of Atherosclerosis Progression. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:8514056. [PMID: 27066292 PMCID: PMC4811266 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8514056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The levels of circulating microparticles (MPs) are raised in various cardiovascular diseases. Their increased level in plasma is regarded as a biomarker of alteration in vascular function. The prominent MPs present in blood are endothelial microparticles (EMPs) described as complex submicron (0.1 to 1.0 μm) vesicles like structure, released in response to endothelium cell activation or apoptosis. EMPs possess both physiological and pathological effects and may promote oxidative stress and vascular inflammation. EMPs release is triggered by inducer like angiotensin II, lipopolysaccharide, and hydrogen peroxide leading to the progression of atherosclerosis. However, there are multiple physiological pathways for EMPs generation like NADPH oxidase derived endothelial ROS formation, Rho kinase pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Endothelial dysfunction is a key initiating event in atherosclerotic plaque formation. Atheroemboli, resulting from ruptured carotid plaques, is a major cause of stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that EMPs play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, acting as a marker of damage, either exacerbating disease progression or triggering a repair response. In this regard, it has been suggested that EMPs have the potential to act as biomarkers of disease status. This review aims to provide updated information of EMPs in relation to atherosclerosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Raj Paudel
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 534-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Nisha Panth
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 534-729, Republic of Korea
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26
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Fahlman A, Moore MJ, Trites AW, Rosen DAS, Haulena M, Waller N, Neale T, Yang M, Thom SR. Dive, food, and exercise effects on blood microparticles in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus): exploring a biomarker for decompression sickness. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R596-601. [PMID: 26843583 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00512.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of stranded marine mammals indicate that exposure to underwater military sonar may induce pathophysiological responses consistent with decompression sickness (DCS). However, DCS has been difficult to diagnose in marine mammals. We investigated whether blood microparticles (MPs, measured as number/μl plasma), which increase in response to decompression stress in terrestrial mammals, are a suitable biomarker for DCS in marine mammals. We obtained blood samples from trained Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus, 4 adult females) wearing time-depth recorders that dove to predetermined depths (either 5 or 50 meters). We hypothesized that MPs would be positively related to decompression stress (depth and duration underwater). We also tested the effect of feeding and exercise in isolation on MPs using the same blood sampling protocol. We found that feeding and exercise had no effect on blood MP levels, but that diving caused MPs to increase. However, blood MP levels did not correlate with diving depth, relative time underwater, and presumed decompression stress, possibly indicating acclimation following repeated exposure to depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fahlman
- Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, Texas; Oceanografíc Research Department, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 1B, Valencia, Spain
| | - Michael J Moore
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew W Trites
- Marine Mammal Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David A S Rosen
- Marine Mammal Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Haulena
- Vancouver Aquarium, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Nigel Waller
- Vancouver Aquarium, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Troy Neale
- Vancouver Aquarium, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Stephen R Thom
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; and
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27
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Dynamic microvesicle release and clearance within the cardiovascular system: triggers and mechanisms. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:915-31. [PMID: 26359252 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interest in cell-derived microvesicles (or microparticles) within cardiovascular diagnostics and therapeutics is rapidly growing. Microvesicles are often measured in the circulation at a single time point. However, it is becoming clear that microvesicle levels both increase and decrease rapidly in response to certain stimuli such as hypoxia, acute cardiac stress, shear stress, hypertriglyceridaemia and inflammation. Consequently, the levels of circulating microvesicles will reflect the balance between dynamic mechanisms for release and clearance. The present review describes the range of triggers currently known to lead to microvesicle release from different cellular origins into the circulation. Specifically, the published data are used to summarize the dynamic impact of these triggers on the degree and rate of microvesicle release. Secondly, a summary of the current understanding of microvesicle clearance via different cellular systems, including the endothelial cell and macrophage, is presented, based on reported studies of clearance in experimental models and clinical scenarios, such as transfusion or cardiac stress. Together, this information can be used to provide insights into potential underlying biological mechanisms that might explain the increases or decreases in circulating microvesicle levels that have been reported and help to design future clinical studies.
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28
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Lichtenauer M, Goebel B, Fritzenwanger M, Förster M, Betge S, Lauten A, Figulla HR, Jung C. Simulated temporary hypoxia triggers the release of CD31+/Annexin+ endothelial microparticles: A prospective pilot study in humans. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2015; 61:83-90. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-141908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lichtenauer
- Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bjoern Goebel
- Universitätsherzzentrum Thüringen, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Department of Cardiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Fritzenwanger
- Universitätsherzzentrum Thüringen, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Department of Cardiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Förster
- Universitätsherzzentrum Thüringen, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Department of Cardiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Betge
- Universitätsherzzentrum Thüringen, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Department of Cardiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Lauten
- Universitätsherzzentrum Thüringen, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Department of Cardiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Reiner Figulla
- Universitätsherzzentrum Thüringen, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Department of Cardiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Universitätsherzzentrum Thüringen, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Department of Cardiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
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29
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Acid sphingomyelinase is activated in sickle cell erythrocytes and contributes to inflammatory microparticle generation in SCD. Blood 2014; 124:1941-50. [PMID: 25075126 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-01-543652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a class of lipids containing a backbone of sphingoid bases that can be produced de novo through the reaction of palmitate and serine and further metabolized through the activity of various enzymes to produce intermediates with diverse roles in cellular processes and signal transduction. One of these intermediates, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), is stored at high concentrations (1 μM) in red blood cells (RBCs) and directs a wide array of cellular processes mediated by 5 known G-protein coupled receptors (S1P1-S1P5). In this study, we show that RBC membrane alterations in sickle cell disease enhance the activation acid sphingomyelinase by 13%, resulting in increased production and storage of sphingosine (2.6-fold) and S1P (3.5-fold). We also show that acid sphingomyelinase enhances RBC-derived microparticle (MP) generation. These MPs are internalized by myeloid cells and promote proinflammatory cytokine secretion and endothelial cell adhesion, suggesting that potential crosstalk between circulating inflammatory cells and MPs may contribute to the inflammation-rooted pathogenesis of the disease. Treatment with amitriptyline reduces MP generation in vitro and in vivo and might be used to mitigate inflammatory processes in sickle cell disease.
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30
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Echrish HH, Xiao Y, Madden LA, Allgar V, Cooke J, Wedgwood K, Dasgupta D, Greenman J, Maraveyas A. Effect of resection of localized pancreaticobiliary adenocarcinoma on angiogenic markers and tissue factor related pro-thrombotic and pro-angiogenic activity. Thromb Res 2014; 134:479-87. [PMID: 24929839 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 52 patients were studied to elucidate the relative impact of resection of localized pancreaticobiliary adenocarcinoma (PBC) on circulating factors of tumour-associated angiogenesis e.g. tissue factor bearing microparticles (TFMP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and their clinicopathological significance to angiogenesis markers in cancer tissue from PBC patients. Angiogenesis array analysis on serum samples revealed that surgical resection of tumour lesion in PBC patients affects the levels of a panel of angiogenesis-related molecules, including VEGF that was verified by ELISA to significantly reduce (median & IQR: 1003(369-2000) vs. 457(159-834) pg/ml; p<0.05). Correspondingly, a significant decrease in the angiogenic activity (decreased capillary tube formation; p<0.05) of serum samples after the surgery was also found. Despite a decrease in number of circulating TFMP after surgery, this did not reach statistical significance; there was a significant reduction in pro-coagulant activity (prolonged prothrombin time, p<0.001) post-operatively. In addition, the activity of total microparticles (MP activity assay, p<0.05) was decreased significantly. Immunohistochemical staining of tumour tissue revealed a strong correlation between the microvessel density (MVD) and VEGF expression. Also, higher levels of circulating TFMP or TF related activity (prothrombin time) correlated significantly with TF expression and MVD on tumour tissues from PBC patients. These findings suggest that in pancreaticobiliary adenocarcinoma TF related angiogenesis drivers are equally significant to VEGF ones, raising the clinical question of whether the effectiveness of angiogenesis targeting studies could be improved through the 'dual' targeting of these pathways in PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Echrish
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Y Xiao
- Hull and York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - L A Madden
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - V Allgar
- Hull and York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - J Cooke
- Department of Pathology, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, HU3 2JZ, UK
| | - K Wedgwood
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, HU16 5JQ, UK
| | - D Dasgupta
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, HU16 5JQ, UK
| | - J Greenman
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - A Maraveyas
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK; Hull and York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK; Queen's Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, HU16 5JQ, UK.
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31
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Wakisaka Y, Ago T, Kamouchi M, Kuroda J, Matsuo R, Hata J, Gotoh S, Isomura T, Awano H, Suzuki K, Fukuda K, Okada Y, Kiyohara Y, Ooboshi H, Kitazono T. Plasma S100A12 is associated with functional outcome after ischemic stroke: Research for Biomarkers in Ischemic Stroke. J Neurol Sci 2014; 340:75-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Circulating levels of cell-derived microparticles are reduced by mild hypobaric hypoxia: data from a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1067-73. [PMID: 24514947 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2837-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypoxia is known to induce the release of microparticles in vitro. However, few publications have addressed the role of hypoxia in vivo on circulating levels of microparticles. This randomised, controlled, crossover trial aimed to determine the effect of mild hypoxia on in vivo levels of circulating microparticles in healthy individuals. METHODS Blood was obtained from 51 healthy male volunteers (mean age of 26.9 years) at baseline altitude (490 m) and after 24 and 48 h at moderate altitude (2,590 m). The order of altitude exposure was randomised. Flow cytometry was used to assess platelet-poor plasma for levels of circulating microparticles derived from platelets, endothelial cells, leucocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, red blood cells and procoagulant microparticles. RESULTS Mean (standard deviation) oxygen saturation was significantly lower on the first and second day after arrival at 2,590 m, 91.0 (2.0) and 92.0 (2.0) %, respectively, compared to 490 m, 96 (1.0) %, p < 0.001 for both comparisons. A significant decrease in the levels of procoagulant microparticles (annexin V+ -221/μl 95 % CI -370.8/-119.0, lactadherin+ -202/μl 95 % CI -372.2/-93.1), platelet-derived microparticles (-114/μl 95 % CI -189.9/-51.0) and red blood cell-derived microparticles (-81.4 μl 95 % CI -109.9/-57.7) after 48 h at moderate altitude was found. Microparticles derived from endothelial cells, granulocytes, monocytes and leucocytes were not significantly altered by exposure to moderate altitude. CONCLUSIONS In healthy male individuals, mild hypobaric hypoxia, induced by a short-term stay at moderate altitude, is associated with lower levels of procoagulant microparticles, platelet-derived microparticles and red blood cell-derived microparticles, suggesting a reduction in thrombotic potential.
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Xu J, Yang M, Kosterin P, Salzberg BM, Milovanova TN, Bhopale VM, Thom SR. Carbon monoxide inhalation increases microparticles causing vascular and CNS dysfunction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:410-7. [PMID: 24090814 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that circulating microparticles (MPs) play a role in pro-inflammatory effects associated with carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation. Mice exposed for 1h to 100 ppm CO or more exhibit increases in circulating MPs derived from a variety of vascular cells as well as neutrophil activation. Tissue injury was quantified as 2000 kDa dextran leakage from vessels and as neutrophil sequestration in the brain and skeletal muscle; and central nervous system nerve dysfunction was documented as broadening of the neurohypophysial action potential (AP). Indices of injury occurred following exposures to 1000 ppm for 1h or to 1000 ppm for 40 min followed by 3000 ppm for 20 min. MPs were implicated in causing injuries because infusing the surfactant MP lytic agent, polyethylene glycol telomere B (PEGtB) abrogated elevations in MPs, vascular leak, neutrophil sequestration and AP prolongation. These manifestations of tissue injury also did not occur in mice lacking myeloperoxidase. Vascular leakage and AP prolongation were produced in naïve mice infused with MPs that had been obtained from CO poisoned mice, but this did not occur with MPs obtained from control mice. We conclude that CO poisoning triggers elevations of MPs that activate neutrophils which subsequently cause tissue injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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34
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Kirk RJ, Peart DJ, Madden LA, Vince RV. Repeated supra-maximal sprint cycling with and without sodium bicarbonate supplementation induces endothelial microparticle release. Eur J Sport Sci 2013; 14:345-52. [PMID: 23679091 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2013.785600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Under normal homeostatic conditions, the endothelium releases microparticles (MPs), which are known to increase under stressful conditions and in disease states. CD105 (endoglin) and CD106 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) are expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and increased expression in response to stress may be observed. A randomised-controlled double-blinded study aimed to examine the use of endothelial MPs as a marker for the state of one's endothelium, as well as whether maintaining acid-base homeostasis affects the release of these MPs. This study tested seven healthy male volunteers, who completed a strenuous cycling protocol, with venous blood analysed for CD105+ and CD106+ MPs by flow cytometry at regular intervals. Prior to each trial participants consumed either 0.3 g·kg(-1) body mass of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), or 0.045 g·kg(-1) body mass of sodium chloride (NaCl). A significant rise in endothelial CD105+ MPs and CD106+ MPs (p<0.05) was observed at 90 min post-exercise. A significant trend was shown for these MPs to return to resting levels 180 min post-exercise in both groups. No significance was found between experimental groups, suggesting that maintaining acid-base variables closer to basal levels has little effect upon the endothelial stress response for this particular exercise mode. In conclusion, strenuous exercise is accompanied by MP release and the endothelium is able to rapidly recover in healthy individuals, whilst maintaining acid-base homeostasis does not attenuate the MP release from the endothelium after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Kirk
- a Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science , University of Hull , Hull , UK
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Zhang HC, Liu XB, Huang S, Bi XY, Wang HX, Xie LX, Wang YQ, Cao XF, Lv J, Xiao FJ, Yang Y, Guo ZK. Microvesicles derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells stimulated by hypoxia promote angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:3289-97. [PMID: 22839741 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been increasingly trialed to treat a variety of diseases, the underlying mechanisms remain still elusive. In this study, human umbilical cord (UC)-derived MSCs were stimulated by hypoxia, and the membrane microvesicles (MVs) in the supernatants were collected by ultracentrifugation, observed under an electron microscope, and the origin was identified with the flow cytometric technique. The results showed that upon hypoxic stimulus, MSCs released a large quantity of MVs of ~100 nm in diameter. The MVs were phenotypically similar to the parent MSCs, except that the majority of them were negative for the receptor of platelet-derived growth factor. DiI-labeling assay revealed that MSC-MVs could be internalized into human UC endothelial cells (UC-ECs) within 8 h after they were added into the culture medium. Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-labeling technique and MTT test showed that MSC-MVs promoted the proliferation of UC-ECs in a dose-dependent manner. Further, MVs could enhance in vitro capillary network formation of UC-ECs in a Matrigel matrix. In a rat hindlimb ischemia model, both MSCs and MSC-MVs were shown to improve significantly the blood flow recovery compared with the control medium (P<0.0001), as assessed by laser Doppler imaging analysis. These data indicate that MV releasing is one of the major mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of MSC therapy by promoting angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Chao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology Surgery, General Hospital of Air Force, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Observational and experimental studies continue to support the association of infection and infection-stimulated inflammation with development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) including atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Microvesicles (MV) are heterogeneous populations of sealed membrane-derived vesicles shed into circulation by activated mammalian cells and/or pathogenic microbes that may represent an interface between bacterial/microbial infection and increased risk of CVD. This review evaluates how MV act to modulate and intersect immunological and inflammatory responses to infection with particular attention to progression of CVD. Although infection-related stimuli provoke release of MV from blood and vascular cells, MV express phosphatidylserine and other procoagulant factors on their surface, which initiate and amplify blood coagulation. In addition, MV mediate cell-cell adhesion, which may stimulate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vascular cells, which in turn aggravate progression of CVD and propagate atherothrombosis. MV transfer membrane receptors, RNA and proteins among cells, and present auto-antigens from their cells of origin to proximal or remote target cells. Because MV harbor cell surface proteins and contain cytoplasmic components of the parent cell, they mediate biological messages and play a pivotal role in the crossroad between infection-stimulated inflammation and CVDs.
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Møllerløkken A, Gaustad SE, Havnes MB, Gutvik CR, Hjelde A, Wisløff U, Brubakk AO. Venous gas embolism as a predictive tool for improving CNS decompression safety. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:401-9. [PMID: 21594696 PMCID: PMC3258401 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A key process in the pathophysiological steps leading to decompression sickness (DCS) is the formation of inert gas bubbles. The adverse effects of decompression are still not fully understood, but it seems reasonable to suggest that the formation of venous gas emboli (VGE) and their effects on the endothelium may be the central mechanism leading to central nervous system (CNS) damage. Hence, VGE might also have impact on the long-term health effects of diving. In the present review, we highlight the findings from our laboratory related to the hypothesis that VGE formation is the main mechanism behind serious decompression injuries. In recent studies, we have determined the impact of VGE on endothelial function in both laboratory animals and in humans. We observed that the damage to the endothelium due to VGE was dose dependent, and that the amount of VGE can be affected both by aerobic exercise and exogenous nitric oxide (NO) intervention prior to a dive. We observed that NO reduced VGE during decompression, and pharmacological blocking of NO production increased VGE formation following a dive. The importance of micro-nuclei for the formation of VGE and how it can be possible to manipulate the formation of VGE are discussed together with the effects of VGE on the organism. In the last part of the review we introduce our thoughts for the future, and how the enigma of DCS should be approached.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Møllerløkken
- Baromedical and Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Medisinsk teknisk forskningssenter, Olav Kyrres gt 9, 7489, Trondheim, Norway.
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Rautou PE, Vion AC, Amabile N, Chironi G, Simon A, Tedgui A, Boulanger CM. Microparticles, Vascular Function, and Atherothrombosis. Circ Res 2011; 109:593-606. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.233163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-shed submicron microparticles (MPs) are released after cell activation or apoptosis. High levels of MPs circulate in the blood of patients with atherothrombotic diseases, where they could serve as a useful biomarker of vascular injury and a potential predictor of cardiovascular mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events. Atherosclerotic lesions also accumulate large numbers of MPs of leukocyte, smooth muscle cell, endothelial, and erythrocyte origin. A large body of evidence supports the role of MPs at different steps of atherosclerosis development, progression, and complications. Circulating MPs impair the atheroprotective function of the vascular endothelium, at least partly, by decreased nitric oxide synthesis. Plaque MPs favor local inflammation by augmenting the expression of adhesion molecule, such as intercellular adhesion molecule -1 at the surface of endothelial cell, and monocyte recruitment within the lesion. In addition, plaque MPs stimulate angiogenesis, a key event in the transition from stable to unstable lesions. MPs also may promote local cell apoptosis, leading to the release and accumulation of new MPs, and thus creating a vicious circle. Furthermore, highly thrombogenic plaque MPs could increase thrombus formation at the time of rupture, together with circulating MPs released in this context by activated platelets and leukocytes. Finally, MPs also could participate in repairing the consequences of arterial occlusion and tissue ischemia by promoting postischemic neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- From the INSERM (P.E.R., A.C.V., N.A., G.C., A.S., A.T., C.M.B.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center PARCC, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (P.E.R., A.C.V., N.A., G.C., A.S., A.T., C.M.B.), UMR-S970, Paris, France; Service de Cardiologie (N.A.), Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France; Centre de Médecine Préventive Cardiovasculaire (G.C., A.S.), AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Clémence Vion
- From the INSERM (P.E.R., A.C.V., N.A., G.C., A.S., A.T., C.M.B.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center PARCC, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (P.E.R., A.C.V., N.A., G.C., A.S., A.T., C.M.B.), UMR-S970, Paris, France; Service de Cardiologie (N.A.), Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France; Centre de Médecine Préventive Cardiovasculaire (G.C., A.S.), AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Amabile
- From the INSERM (P.E.R., A.C.V., N.A., G.C., A.S., A.T., C.M.B.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center PARCC, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (P.E.R., A.C.V., N.A., G.C., A.S., A.T., C.M.B.), UMR-S970, Paris, France; Service de Cardiologie (N.A.), Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France; Centre de Médecine Préventive Cardiovasculaire (G.C., A.S.), AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Chironi
- From the INSERM (P.E.R., A.C.V., N.A., G.C., A.S., A.T., C.M.B.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center PARCC, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (P.E.R., A.C.V., N.A., G.C., A.S., A.T., C.M.B.), UMR-S970, Paris, France; Service de Cardiologie (N.A.), Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France; Centre de Médecine Préventive Cardiovasculaire (G.C., A.S.), AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Alain Simon
- From the INSERM (P.E.R., A.C.V., N.A., G.C., A.S., A.T., C.M.B.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center PARCC, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (P.E.R., A.C.V., N.A., G.C., A.S., A.T., C.M.B.), UMR-S970, Paris, France; Service de Cardiologie (N.A.), Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France; Centre de Médecine Préventive Cardiovasculaire (G.C., A.S.), AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Alain Tedgui
- From the INSERM (P.E.R., A.C.V., N.A., G.C., A.S., A.T., C.M.B.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center PARCC, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (P.E.R., A.C.V., N.A., G.C., A.S., A.T., C.M.B.), UMR-S970, Paris, France; Service de Cardiologie (N.A.), Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France; Centre de Médecine Préventive Cardiovasculaire (G.C., A.S.), AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Chantal M. Boulanger
- From the INSERM (P.E.R., A.C.V., N.A., G.C., A.S., A.T., C.M.B.), U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center PARCC, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (P.E.R., A.C.V., N.A., G.C., A.S., A.T., C.M.B.), UMR-S970, Paris, France; Service de Cardiologie (N.A.), Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France; Centre de Médecine Préventive Cardiovasculaire (G.C., A.S.), AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
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Sowers KM, Hayden MR. Calcific uremic arteriolopathy: pathophysiology, reactive oxygen species and therapeutic approaches. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2010. [PMID: 20716935 PMCID: PMC2952095 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.3.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA)/calciphylaxis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease requiring renal replacement. Once thought to be rare, it is being increasingly recognized and reported on a global scale. The uremic milieu predisposes to multiple metabolic toxicities including increased levels of reactive oxygen species and inflammation. Increased oxidative stress and inflammation promote this arteriolopathy by adversely affecting endothelial function resulting in a prothrombotic milieu and significant remodeling effects on vascular smooth muscle cells. These arteriolar pathological effects include intimal hyperplasia, inflammation, endovascular fibrosis and vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis and differentiation into bone forming osteoblast-like cells resulting in medial calcification. Systemic factors promoting this vascular condition include elevated calcium, parathyroid hormone and hyperphosphatemia with consequent increases in the calcium × phosphate product. The uremic milieu contributes to a marked increased in upstream reactive oxygen species—oxidative stress and subsequent downstream increased inflammation, in part, via activation of the nuclear transcription factor NFκB and associated downstream cytokine pathways. Consitutive anti-calcification proteins such as Fetuin-A and matrix GLA proteins and their signaling pathways may be decreased, which further contributes to medial vascular calcification. The resulting clinical entity is painful, debilitating and contributes to the excess morbidity and mortality associated with chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease. These same histopathologic conditions also occur in patients without uremia and therefore, the term calcific obliterative arteriolopathy could be utilized in these conditions.
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Sowers KM, Hayden MR. Calcific Uremic Arteriolopathy: Pathophysiology, Reactive Oxygen Species and Therapeutic Approaches. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2010; 3:109-21. [DOI: 10.4161/oxim.3.2.11354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA)/calciphylaxis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease requiring renal replacement. Once thought to be rare, it is being increasingly recognized and reported on a global scale. The uremic milieu predisposes to multiple metabolic toxicities including increased levels of reactive oxygen species and inflammation. Increased oxidative stress and inflammation promote this arteriolopathy by adversely affecting endothelial function resulting in a prothrombotic milieu and significant remodeling effects on vascular smooth muscle cells. These arteriolar pathological effects include intimal hyperplasia, inflammation, endovascular fibrosis and vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis and differentiation into bone forming osteoblast-like cells resulting in medial calcification. Systemic factors promoting this vascular condition include elevated calcium, parathyroid hormone and hyperphosphatemia with consequent increases in the calcium × phosphate product. The uremic milieu contributes to a marked increased in upstream reactive oxygen species—oxidative stress and subsequent downstream increased inflammation, in part, via activation of the nuclear transcription factor NFκB and associated downstream cytokine pathways. Consitutive anti-calcification proteins such as Fetuin-A and matrix GLA proteins and their signaling pathways may be decreased, which further contributes to medial vascular calcification. The resulting clinical entity is painful, debilitating and contributes to the excess morbidity and mortality associated with chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease. These same histopathologic conditions also occur in patients without uremia and therefore, the term calcific obliterative arteriolopathy could be utilized in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt M. Sowers
- University of Maryland, Division of Nephrology, Columbia, MI, USA
- University of Maryland, Division of Physiology, Columbia, MI, USA
| | - Melvin R. Hayden
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia, MI, USA
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Columbia, MI, USA
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MI, USA
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