1
|
Critical roles of protein disulfide isomerases in balancing proteostasis in the nervous system. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102087. [PMID: 35654139 PMCID: PMC9253707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) constitute a family of oxidoreductases promoting redox protein folding and quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum. PDIs catalyze disulfide bond formation, isomerization, and reduction, operating in concert with molecular chaperones to fold secretory cargoes in addition to directing misfolded proteins to be refolded or degraded. Importantly, PDIs are emerging as key components of the proteostasis network, integrating protein folding status with central surveillance mechanisms to balance proteome stability according to cellular needs. Recent advances in the field driven by the generation of new mouse models, human genetic studies, and omics methodologies, in addition to interventions using small molecules and gene therapy, have revealed the significance of PDIs to the physiology of the nervous system. PDIs are also implicated in diverse pathologies, ranging from neurodevelopmental conditions to neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic injuries. Here, we review the principles of redox protein folding in the ER with a focus on current evidence linking genetic mutations and biochemical alterations to PDIs in the etiology of neurological conditions.
Collapse
|
2
|
Betancor M, Moreno-Martínez L, López-Pérez Ó, Otero A, Hernaiz A, Barrio T, Badiola JJ, Osta R, Bolea R, Martín-Burriel I. Therapeutic Assay with the Non-toxic C-Terminal Fragment of Tetanus Toxin (TTC) in Transgenic Murine Models of Prion Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5312-5326. [PMID: 34283400 PMCID: PMC8497292 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The non-toxic C-terminal fragment of the tetanus toxin (TTC) has been described as a neuroprotective molecule since it binds to Trk receptors and activates Trk-dependent signaling, activating neuronal survival pathways and inhibiting apoptosis. Previous in vivo studies have demonstrated the ability of this molecule to increase mice survival, inhibit apoptosis and regulate autophagy in murine models of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy. Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders in which the main pathogenic event is the conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into an abnormal and misfolded isoform known as PrPSc. These diseases share different pathological features with other neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease. Hitherto, there are no effective therapies to treat prion diseases. Here, we present a pilot study to test the therapeutic potential of TTC to treat prion diseases. C57BL6 wild-type mice and the transgenic mice Tg338, which overexpress PrPC, were intracerebrally inoculated with scrapie prions and then subjected to a treatment consisting of repeated intramuscular injections of TTC. Our results indicate that TTC displays neuroprotective effects in the murine models of prion disease reducing apoptosis, regulating autophagy and therefore increasing neuronal survival, although TTC did not increase survival time in these models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Betancor
- Centro de Encefalopatías Y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Moreno-Martínez
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar López-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia Otero
- Centro de Encefalopatías Y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Adelaida Hernaiz
- Centro de Encefalopatías Y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tomás Barrio
- UMR Institut National de La Recherche Pour L'Agriculture, L'Alimentation Et L'Environment (INRAE)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT) 1225 IHAP (Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes), 31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Juan José Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías Y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosario Osta
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Encefalopatías Y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Martín-Burriel
- Centro de Encefalopatías Y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Otero A, Betancor M, Eraña H, Fernández Borges N, Lucas JJ, Badiola JJ, Castilla J, Bolea R. Prion-Associated Neurodegeneration Causes Both Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Proteasome Impairment in a Murine Model of Spontaneous Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010465. [PMID: 33466523 PMCID: PMC7796520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative disorders that can be spontaneous, familial or acquired by infection. The conversion of the prion protein PrPC to its abnormal and misfolded isoform PrPSc is the main event in the pathogenesis of prion diseases of all origins. In spontaneous prion diseases, the mechanisms that trigger the formation of PrPSc in the central nervous system remain unknown. Several reports have demonstrated that the accumulation of PrPSc can induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and proteasome impairment from the early stages of the prion disease. Both mechanisms lead to an increment of PrP aggregates in the secretory pathway, which could explain the pathogenesis of spontaneous prion diseases. Here, we investigate the role of ER stress and proteasome impairment during prion disorders in a murine model of spontaneous prion disease (TgVole) co-expressing the UbG76V-GFP reporter, which allows measuring the proteasome activity in vivo. Spontaneously prion-affected mice showed a significantly higher accumulation of the PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), the ER chaperone binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP/Grp78), the ER protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and the UbG76V-GFP reporter than age-matched controls in certain brain areas. The upregulation of PERK, BiP, PDI and ubiquitin was detected from the preclinical stage of the disease, indicating that ER stress and proteasome impairment begin at early stages of the spontaneous disease. Strong correlations were found between the deposition of these markers and neuropathological markers of prion disease in both preclinical and clinical mice. Our results suggest that both ER stress and proteasome impairment occur during the pathogenesis of spontaneous prion diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Otero
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza IA2 IIS Aragón, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.O.); (M.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Marina Betancor
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza IA2 IIS Aragón, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.O.); (M.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Hasier Eraña
- ATLAS Molecular Pharma S.L., Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain;
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE) Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; (N.F.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Natalia Fernández Borges
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE) Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; (N.F.B.); (J.C.)
| | - José J. Lucas
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’ (CBMSO) CSIC/UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza IA2 IIS Aragón, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.O.); (M.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Joaquín Castilla
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE) Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; (N.F.B.); (J.C.)
- IKERBasque Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza IA2 IIS Aragón, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.O.); (M.B.); (J.J.B.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Trigo D, Nadais A, da Cruz e Silva OA. Unravelling protein aggregation as an ageing related process or a neuropathological response. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 51:67-77. [PMID: 30763619 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is normally associated with amyloidosis, namely motor neurone, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's or prion diseases. However, recent results have unveiled a concept of gradual increase of protein aggregation associated with the ageing process, apparently not necessarily associated with pathological conditions. Given that protein aggregation is sufficient to activate stress-response and inflammation, impairing protein synthesis and quality control mechanisms, the former is assumed to negatively affect cellular metabolism and behaviour. In this review the state of the art in protein aggregation research is discussed, namely the relationship between pathology and proteostasis. The role of pathology and ageing in overriding protein quality-control mechanisms, and consequently, the effect of these faulty cellular processes on pathological and healthy ageing, are also addressed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Taalab YM, Ibrahim N, Maher A, Hassan M, Mohamed W, Moustafa AA, Salama M, Johar D, Bernstein L. Mechanisms of disordered neurodegenerative function: concepts and facts about the different roles of the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:387-415. [PMID: 29303785 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, prion disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are a dissimilar group of disorders that share a hallmark feature of accumulation of abnormal intraneuronal or extraneuronal misfolded/unfolded protein and are classified as protein misfolding disorders. Cellular and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates multiple signaling cascades of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Consequently, translational and transcriptional alterations in target gene expression occur in response directed toward restoring the ER capacity of proteostasis and reestablishing the cellular homeostasis. Evidences from in vitro and in vivo disease models indicate that disruption of ER homeostasis causes abnormal protein aggregation that leads to synaptic and neuronal dysfunction. However, the exact mechanism by which it contributes to disease progression and pathophysiological changes remains vague. Downstream signaling pathways of UPR are fully integrated, yet with diverse unexpected outcomes in different disease models. Three well-identified ER stress sensors have been implicated in UPR, namely, inositol requiring enzyme 1, protein kinase RNA-activated-like ER kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6. Although it cannot be denied that each of the involved stress sensor initiates a distinct downstream signaling pathway, it becomes increasingly clear that shared pathways are crucial in determining whether or not the UPR will guide the cells toward adaptive prosurvival or proapoptotic responses. We review a body of work on the mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases based on oxidative stress and cell death pathways with emphasis on the role of PERK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen M Taalab
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Mansoura University, Al-Mansoura, 35111, Egypt
| | - Nour Ibrahim
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11591, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Maher
- Zoonotic Disease Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 25200, Egypt
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju-do 32588, South Korea
| | - Wael Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Menoufia University, Al-Menoufia, 25200 Egypt.,Basic Medical Science Department, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kunatan Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology and MARCS Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2751 Australia
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Mansoura University, Al-Mansoura, 35111, Egypt.,Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Al-Mansoura University, Al-Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Dina Johar
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Women for Arts, Sciences and Education, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, 11291, Egypt.,Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology 432 Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada, e-mail:
| | - Larry Bernstein
- Triplex Consulting, 54 Firethorn Lane, Northampton, MA 01060, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
What Is Our Current Understanding of PrP Sc-Associated Neurotoxicity and Its Molecular Underpinnings? Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6040063. [PMID: 29194372 PMCID: PMC5750587 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The prion diseases are a collection of fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative diseases that cause rapid onset dementia and ultimately death. Uniquely, the infectious agent is a misfolded form of the endogenous cellular prion protein, termed PrPSc. Despite the identity of the molecular agent remaining the same, PrPSc can cause a range of diseases with hereditary, spontaneous or iatrogenic aetiologies. However, the link between PrPSc and toxicity is complex, with subclinical cases of prion disease discovered, and prion neurodegeneration without obvious PrPSc deposition. The toxic mechanisms by which PrPSc causes the extensive neuropathology are still poorly understood, although recent advances are beginning to unravel the molecular underpinnings, including oxidative stress, disruption of proteostasis and induction of the unfolded protein response. This review will discuss the diseases caused by PrPSc toxicity, the nature of the toxicity of PrPSc, and our current understanding of the downstream toxic signaling events triggered by the presence of PrPSc.
Collapse
|
7
|
Remondelli P, Renna M. The Endoplasmic Reticulum Unfolded Protein Response in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Its Potential Therapeutic Significance. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:187. [PMID: 28670265 PMCID: PMC5472670 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the cell compartment involved in secretory protein translocation and quality control of secretory protein folding. Different conditions can alter ER function, resulting in the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins within the ER lumen. Such a condition, known as ER stress, elicits an integrated adaptive response known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) that aims to restore proteostasis within the secretory pathway. Conversely, in prolonged cell stress or insufficient adaptive response, UPR signaling causes cell death. ER dysfunctions are involved and contribute to neuronal degeneration in several human diseases, including Alzheimer, Parkinson and Huntington disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The correlations between ER stress and its signal transduction pathway known as the UPR with neuropathological changes are well established. In addition, much evidence suggests that genetic or pharmacological modulation of UPR could represent an effective strategy for minimizing the progressive neuronal loss in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review recent results describing the main cellular mechanisms linking ER stress and UPR to neurodegeneration. Furthermore, we provide an up-to-date panoramic view of the currently pursued strategies for ameliorating the toxic effects of protein unfolding in disease by targeting the ER UPR pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Remondelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Università degli Studi di SalernoSalerno, Italy
| | - Maurizio Renna
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of CambridgeCambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Park KW, Eun Kim G, Morales R, Moda F, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Concha-Marambio L, Lee AS, Hetz C, Soto C. The Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone GRP78/BiP Modulates Prion Propagation in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44723. [PMID: 28333162 PMCID: PMC5363067 DOI: 10.1038/srep44723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders affecting several mammalian species, characterized by the accumulation of the misfolded form of the prion protein, which is followed by the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). GRP78, also called BiP, is a master regulator of the UPR, reducing ER stress levels and apoptosis due to an enhancement of the cellular folding capacity. Here, we studied the role of GRP78 in prion diseases using several in vivo and in vitro approaches. Our results show that a reduction in the expression of this molecular chaperone accelerates prion pathogenesis in vivo. In addition, we observed that prion replication in cell culture was inversely related to the levels of expression of GRP78 and that both proteins interact in the cellular context. Finally, incubation of PrPSc with recombinant GRP78 led to the dose-dependent reduction of protease-resistant PrPScin vitro. Our results uncover a novel role of GRP78 in reducing prion pathogenesis, suggesting that modulating its levels/activity may offer a novel opportunity for designing therapeutic approaches for these diseases. These findings may also have implications for other diseases involving the accumulation of misfolded proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Won Park
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gyoung Eun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rodrigo Morales
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fabio Moda
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Luis Concha-Marambio
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Medicina. Av San Carlos de Apoquindo 2200, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Amy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USA
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Immunology and Infectious diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston MA, USA.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Medicina. Av San Carlos de Apoquindo 2200, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cabral-Miranda F, Hetz C. ER Stress and Neurodegenerative Disease: A Cause or Effect Relationship? Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 414:131-157. [PMID: 28864830 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of protein aggregates has a fundamental role in the patophysiology of distinct neurodegenerative diseases. This phenomenon may have a common origin, where disruption of intracellular mechanisms related to protein homeostasis (here termed proteostasis) control during aging may result in abnormal protein aggregation. The unfolded protein response (UPR) embodies a major element of the proteostasis network triggered by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Chronic ER stress may operate as possible mechanism of neurodegenerative and synaptic dysfunction, and in addition contribute to the abnormal aggregation of key disease-related proteins. In this article we overview the most recent findings suggesting a causal role of ER stress in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Cabral-Miranda
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O.BOX 70086, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O.BOX 70086, Santiago, Chile. .,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mays CE, Soto C. The stress of prion disease. Brain Res 2016; 1648:553-560. [PMID: 27060771 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that include scrapie of sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy of cattle, chronic wasting disease of cervids, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) of humans. The etiology for prion diseases can be infectious, sporadic, or hereditary. However, the common denominator for all types is the formation of a transmissible agent composed of a β-sheet-rich, misfolded version of the host-encoded prion protein (PrPC), known as PrPSc. PrPSc self-replicates through a template-assisted process that converts the α-helical conformation of PrPC into the disease-associated isoform. In parallel with PrPSc accumulation, spongiform change is pathologically observed in the central nervous system, where "holes" appear because of massive neuronal death. Here, we review the cellular pathways triggered in response to PrPSc formation and accumulation. Available data suggest that neuronal dysfunction and death may be caused by what originates as a cellular pro-survival response to chronic PrPSc accumulation. We also discuss what is known about the complex cross-talk between the endoplasmic reticulum stress components and the quality control pathways. Better knowledge about these processes may lead to innovative therapeutic strategies based on manipulating the stress response and its consequences for neurodegeneration. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Mays
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterised by long incubation period, short clinical duration, and transmissibility to susceptible species. Neuronal loss, spongiform changes, gliosis and the accumulation in the brain of the misfolded version of a membrane-bound cellular prion protein (PrP(C)), termed PrP(TSE), are diagnostic markers of these diseases. Compelling evidence links protein misfolding and its accumulation with neurodegenerative changes. Accordingly, several mechanisms of prion-mediated neurotoxicity have been proposed. In this paper, we provide an overview of the recent knowledge on the mechanisms of neuropathogenesis, the neurotoxic PrP species and the possible therapeutic approaches to treat these devastating disorders.
Collapse
|
12
|
Milisav I, Šuput D, Ribarič S. Unfolded Protein Response and Macroautophagy in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Prion Diseases. Molecules 2015; 20:22718-56. [PMID: 26694349 PMCID: PMC6332363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteostasis are integrated biological pathways within cells that control synthesis, folding, trafficking and degradation of proteins. The absence of cell division makes brain proteostasis susceptible to age-related changes and neurodegeneration. Two key processes involved in sustaining normal brain proteostasis are the unfolded protein response and autophagy. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and prion diseases (PrDs) have different clinical manifestations of neurodegeneration, however, all share an accumulation of misfolded pathological proteins associated with perturbations in unfolded protein response and macroautophagy. While both the unfolded protein response and macroautophagy play an important role in the prevention and attenuation of AD and PD progression, only macroautophagy seems to play an important role in the development of PrDs. Macroautophagy and unfolded protein response can be modulated by pharmacological interventions. However, further research is necessary to better understand the regulatory pathways of both processes in health and neurodegeneration to be able to develop new therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Milisav
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija.
| | - Dušan Šuput
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Samo Ribarič
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Torres M, Matamala JM, Duran-Aniotz C, Cornejo VH, Foley A, Hetz C. ER stress signaling and neurodegeneration: At the intersection between Alzheimer's disease and Prion-related disorders. Virus Res 2015; 207:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
14
|
Torres M, Medinas DB, Matamala JM, Woehlbier U, Cornejo VH, Solda T, Andreu C, Rozas P, Matus S, Muñoz N, Vergara C, Cartier L, Soto C, Molinari M, Hetz C. The Protein-disulfide Isomerase ERp57 Regulates the Steady-state Levels of the Prion Protein. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23631-45. [PMID: 26170458 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.635565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the accumulation of a misfolded and protease-resistant form of the prion protein (PrP) is a key event in prion pathogenesis, the cellular factors involved in its folding and quality control are poorly understood. PrP is a glycosylated and disulfide-bonded protein synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER foldase ERp57 (also known as Grp58) is highly expressed in the brain of sporadic and infectious forms of prion-related disorders. ERp57 is a disulfide isomerase involved in the folding of a subset of glycoproteins in the ER as part of the calnexin/calreticulin cycle. Here, we show that levels of ERp57 increase mainly in neurons of Creutzfeldt-Jacob patients. Using gain- and loss-of-function approaches in cell culture, we demonstrate that ERp57 expression controls the maturation and total levels of wild-type PrP and mutant forms associated with human disease. In addition, we found that PrP physically interacts with ERp57, and also with the closest family member PDIA1, but not ERp72. Furthermore, we generated a conditional knock-out mouse for ERp57 in the nervous system and detected a reduction in the steady-state levels of the mono- and nonglycosylated forms of PrP in the brain. In contrast, ERp57 transgenic mice showed increased levels of endogenous PrP. Unexpectedly, ERp57 expression did not affect the susceptibility of cells to ER stress in vitro and in vivo. This study identifies ERp57 as a new modulator of PrP levels and may help with understanding the consequences of ERp57 up-regulation observed in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Torres
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Danilo B Medinas
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - José Manuel Matamala
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 7500691, Chile
| | - Ute Woehlbier
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Víctor Hugo Cornejo
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Tatiana Solda
- the Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona CH6500, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Andreu
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Pablo Rozas
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Soledad Matus
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, CENPAR, Santiago 7630614, Chile
| | - Natalia Muñoz
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, CENPAR, Santiago 7630614, Chile
| | - Carmen Vergara
- the Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 7500691, Chile
| | - Luis Cartier
- the Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 7500691, Chile
| | - Claudio Soto
- the Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- the Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona CH6500, Switzerland, the Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano CH6900, Switzerland, the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Lausanne CH1015, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Hetz
- From the Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Soto C, Satani N. The intricate mechanisms of neurodegeneration in prion diseases. Trends Mol Med 2015; 17:14-24. [PMID: 20889378 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of infectious neurodegenerative diseases with an entirely novel mechanism of transmission, involving a protein-only infectious agent that propagates the disease by transmitting protein conformational changes. The disease results from extensive and progressive brain degeneration. The molecular mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration are not entirely known but involve multiple processes operating simultaneously and synergistically in the brain, including spongiform degeneration, synaptic alterations, brain inflammation, neuronal death and the accumulation of protein aggregates. Here, we review the pathways implicated in prion-induced brain damage and put the pieces together into a possible model of neurodegeneration in prion disorders. A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of brain degeneration is essential to develop a much needed therapy for these devastating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and related Brain disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Herrmann US, Sonati T, Falsig J, Reimann RR, Dametto P, O’Connor T, Li B, Lau A, Hornemann S, Sorce S, Wagner U, Sanoudou D, Aguzzi A. Prion infections and anti-PrP antibodies trigger converging neurotoxic pathways. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004662. [PMID: 25710374 PMCID: PMC4339193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prions induce lethal neurodegeneration and consist of PrPSc, an aggregated conformer of the cellular prion protein PrPC. Antibody-derived ligands to the globular domain of PrPC (collectively termed GDL) are also neurotoxic. Here we show that GDL and prion infections activate the same pathways. Firstly, both GDL and prion infection of cerebellar organotypic cultured slices (COCS) induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accordingly, ROS scavenging, which counteracts GDL toxicity in vitro and in vivo, prolonged the lifespan of prion-infected mice and protected prion-infected COCS from neurodegeneration. Instead, neither glutamate receptor antagonists nor inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum calcium channels abolished neurotoxicity in either model. Secondly, antibodies against the flexible tail (FT) of PrPC reduced neurotoxicity in both GDL-exposed and prion-infected COCS, suggesting that the FT executes toxicity in both paradigms. Thirdly, the PERK pathway of the unfolded protein response was activated in both models. Finally, 80% of transcriptionally downregulated genes overlapped between prion-infected and GDL-treated COCS. We conclude that GDL mimic the interaction of PrPSc with PrPC, thereby triggering the downstream events characteristic of prion infection. Prion diseases are a group of infectious, invariably fatal neurodegenerative diseases. Progress in developing therapeutics is slow, partly because animal models of prion diseases require stringent biosafety and are very slow. We recently found that treatment of cerebellar slices with antibodies targeting the globular domain (GD ligands) of the prion protein (PrP) is neurotoxic. Here we compared this model to prion infection, and describe striking similarities. Both models involved the production of reactive oxygen species, and antioxidants could reverse the toxicity in cerebellar slices and even prolong the survival time of prion-infected mice. Antibodies targeting the flexible tail of PrP that prevent toxicity of GD ligands reduced the toxicity induced by prions. Endoplasmic reticulum stress, which is involved in prion toxicity, is also found in GD-ligand induced neurotoxicity. Finally, changes of gene expression were similar in both models. We conclude that prion infection and GD ligands use converging neurotoxic pathways. Because GD ligands induce toxicity within days rather than months and do not pose biosafety hazards, they may represent a powerful tool for furthering our understanding of prion pathogenesis and also for the discovery of antiprion drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uli S. Herrmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tiziana Sonati
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeppe Falsig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina R. Reimann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Dametto
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tracy O’Connor
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bei Li
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agnes Lau
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Hornemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Sorce
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Uli Wagner
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Despina Sanoudou
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Subcellular distribution of the prion protein in sickness and in health. Virus Res 2015; 207:136-45. [PMID: 25683509 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is an ubiquitously expressed glycoprotein that is most abundant in the central nervous system. It is thought to play a role in many cellular processes, including neuroprotection, but may also contribute to Alzheimer's disease and some cancers. However, it is best known for its central role in the prion diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and scrapie. These protein misfolding diseases can be sporadic, acquired, or genetic and are caused by refolding of endogenous PrP(C) into a beta sheet-rich, pathogenic form, PrP(Sc). Once prions are present in the central nervous system, they increase and spread during a long incubation period that is followed by a relatively short clinical disease phase, ending in death. PrP molecules can be broadly categorized as either 'good' (cellular) PrP(C) or 'bad' (scrapie prion-type) PrP(Sc), but both populations are heterogeneous and different forms of PrP(C) may influence various cellular activities. Both PrP(C) and PrP(Sc) are localized predominantly at the cell surface, with the C-terminus attached to the plasma membrane via a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and both can exist in cleaved forms. PrP(C) also has cytosolic and transmembrane forms, and PrP(Sc) is known to exist in a variety of conformations and aggregation states. Here, we discuss the roles of different PrP isoforms in sickness and in health, and show the subcellular distributions of several forms of PrP that are particularly relevant for PrP(C) to PrP(Sc) conversion and prion-induced pathology in the hippocampus.
Collapse
|
18
|
The power of automated behavioural homecage technologies in characterizing disease progression in laboratory mice: A review. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
19
|
Simon D, Herva ME, Benitez MJ, Garrido JJ, Rojo AI, Cuadrado A, Torres JM, Wandosell F. Dysfunction of the PI3K-Akt-GSK-3 pathway is a common feature in cell culture and in vivo models of prion disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2014; 40:311-26. [PMID: 23741998 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, also called prion diseases, are characterized by the cerebral accumulation of misfolded prion protein (PrP(SC) ) and subsequent neurodegeneration. However, despite considerable research effort, the molecular mechanisms underlying prion-induced neurodegeneration are poorly understood. Here, we explore the hypothesis that prions induce dysfunction of the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3 signalling pathway. METHODS We employed two parallel approaches. Using cell cultures derived from mouse primary neurones and from a human neuronal cell line, we identified common elements that were modified by the neurotoxic fragment of PrP(106-126) . These studies were then complemented by comparative analyses in a mouse model of prion infection. RESULTS The presence of a polymerized fragment of the prion protein (PrP(106-126) ) or of a prion strain altered PI3K-mediated signalling, as evidenced by Akt inhibition and GSK-3 activation. PI3K activation by the addition of insulin or the expression of a constitutively active Akt mutant restored normal levels of Akt and GSK-3 activity. These changes were correlated with a reduction in caspase activity and an increase in neuronal survival. Moreover, we found that activation of caspase 3, Erk and GSK-3 are common features of PrP(106-126) -mediated neurotoxicity in cellular systems and prion infection in the mouse cerebellum, while activation of caspase 12 and JNK was observed in cellular models. CONCLUSIONS Our findings in cell culture and in vivo models of prion disease demonstrate marked alterations to the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3 pathway and suggest that two additional pathways contribute to PrP-induced neurotoxicity as responsible of JNK and caspase 12 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Simon
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa', CSIC-UAM, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Unv. Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hetz C, Mollereau B. Disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014; 15:233-49. [PMID: 24619348 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a homeostatic mechanism by which cells regulate levels of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Although it is well characterized in non-neuronal cells, a proliferation of papers over the past few years has revealed a key role for the UPR in normal neuronal function and as an important driver of neurodegenerative diseases. A complex scenario is emerging in which distinct UPR signalling modules have specific and even opposite effects on neurodegeneration depending on the disease context. Here, we provide an overview of the most recent findings addressing the biological relevance of ER stress in the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Hetz
- 1] Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. [2] Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. [3] Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, Santiago, Chile. [4] Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Bertrand Mollereau
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Cell, CNRS UMR5239, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UMS3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, University of Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Synaptic dysfunction in prion diseases: a trafficking problem? Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:543803. [PMID: 24369467 PMCID: PMC3863542 DOI: 10.1155/2013/543803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction is an important cause of neurological symptoms in prion diseases, a class of clinically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC). Experimental data suggest that accumulation of misfolded PrPC in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) may be crucial in synaptic failure, possibly because of the activation of the translational repression pathway of the unfolded protein response. Here, we report that this pathway is not operative in mouse models of genetic prion disease, consistent with our previous observation that ER stress is not involved. Building on our recent finding that ER retention of mutant PrPC impairs the secretory trafficking of calcium channels essential for synaptic function, we propose a model of pathogenicity in which intracellular retention of misfolded PrPC results in loss of function or gain of toxicity of PrPC-interacting proteins. This neurotoxic modality may also explain the phenotypic heterogeneity of prion diseases.
Collapse
|
22
|
Song Z, Zhao D, Yang L. Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration mediated by dysfunctional subcellular organelles in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2013; 45:452-64. [PMID: 23439666 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies refer to a group of infectious neurodegenerative diseases with an entirely novel mechanism of transmission and pathophysiology including synaptic damage, dendritic atrophy, vacuolization, and microglial activation. Extensive neuronal loss is the main cause of chronic brain deterioration and fatal outcome of prion diseases. As the final outcome of pathological alterations, neuronal death is a prominent feature of all prion diseases. The mechanisms responsible for prion diseases are not well understood. A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of neuronal damage is essential for the development of an effective therapy for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and other neurodegenerative diseases sharing similar features. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated neuronal death, which play crucial roles in the pathogenisis of prion diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Song
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bravo R, Parra V, Gatica D, Rodriguez AE, Torrealba N, Paredes F, Wang ZV, Zorzano A, Hill JA, Jaimovich E, Quest AFG, Lavandero S. Endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response: dynamics and metabolic integration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 301:215-90. [PMID: 23317820 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407704-1.00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a dynamic intracellular organelle with multiple functions essential for cellular homeostasis, development, and stress responsiveness. In response to cellular stress, a well-established signaling cascade, the unfolded protein response (UPR), is activated. This intricate mechanism is an important means of re-establishing cellular homeostasis and alleviating the inciting stress. Now, emerging evidence has demonstrated that the UPR influences cellular metabolism through diverse mechanisms, including calcium and lipid transfer, raising the prospect of involvement of these processes in the pathogenesis of disease, including neurodegeneration, cancer, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Here, we review the distinct functions of the ER and UPR from a metabolic point of view, highlighting their association with prevalent pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bravo
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Andreu CI, Woehlbier U, Torres M, Hetz C. Protein disulfide isomerases in neurodegeneration: from disease mechanisms to biomedical applications. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2826-34. [PMID: 22828277 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) are a family of foldases and chaperones primarily located at the endoplasmic reticulum that catalyze the formation and isomerization of disulfide bonds thereby facilitating protein folding. PDIs also perform important physiological functions in protein quality control, cell death, and cell signaling. Protein misfolding is involved in the etiology of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer, Parkinson, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Prion-related disorders, among others. Accumulating evidence indicate altered expression of PDIs as a prominent and common feature of these neurodegenerative conditions. Here we overview most recent advances in our understanding of the possible functional contribution of PDIs to neurodegeneration, depicting a complex and poorly understood scenario. Possible therapeutic benefits of targeting PDIs in a disease context and their use as biomarkers are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine I Andreu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sustained translational repression by eIF2α-P mediates prion neurodegeneration. Nature 2012; 485:507-11. [PMID: 22622579 DOI: 10.1038/nature11058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to neuronal death in neurodegenerative disease are poorly understood. Many of these disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and prion diseases, are associated with the accumulation of misfolded disease-specific proteins. The unfolded protein response is a protective cellular mechanism triggered by rising levels of misfolded proteins. One arm of this pathway results in the transient shutdown of protein translation, through phosphorylation of the α-subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor, eIF2. Activation of the unfolded protein response and/or increased eIF2α-P levels are seen in patients with Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and prion diseases, but how this links to neurodegeneration is unknown. Here we show that accumulation of prion protein during prion replication causes persistent translational repression of global protein synthesis by eIF2α-P, associated with synaptic failure and neuronal loss in prion-diseased mice. Further, we show that promoting translational recovery in hippocampi of prion-infected mice is neuroprotective. Overexpression of GADD34, a specific eIF2α-P phosphatase, as well as reduction of levels of prion protein by lentivirally mediated RNA interference, reduced eIF2α-P levels. As a result, both approaches restored vital translation rates during prion disease, rescuing synaptic deficits and neuronal loss, thereby significantly increasing survival. In contrast, salubrinal, an inhibitor of eIF2α-P dephosphorylation, increased eIF2α-P levels, exacerbating neurotoxicity and significantly reducing survival in prion-diseased mice. Given the prevalence of protein misfolding and activation of the unfolded protein response in several neurodegenerative diseases, our results suggest that manipulation of common pathways such as translational control, rather than disease-specific approaches, may lead to new therapies preventing synaptic failure and neuronal loss across the spectrum of these disorders.
Collapse
|
26
|
Fullwood MJ, Zhou W, Shenolikar S. Targeting Phosphorylation of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2α to Treat Human Disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 106:75-106. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396456-4.00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
27
|
Torres M, Encina G, Soto C, Hetz C. Abnormal calcium homeostasis and protein folding stress at the ER: A common factor in familial and infectious prion disorders. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 4:258-61. [PMID: 21980554 DOI: 10.4161/cib.4.3.15019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion-related disorders (PrDs) are caused by the accumulation of a misfolded and protease-resistant form of the cellular prion, leading to neuronal dysfunction and massive neuronal loss. In humans, PrDs have distinct etiologies including sporadic, infectious and familial forms, which present common clinical features; however, the possible existence of common neuropathogenic events are not known. Several studies suggest that alterations in protein folding and quality control mechanisms at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are a common factor involved in PrDs. However, the mechanism underlying ER dysfunction in PrDs remains unknown. We have recently reported that alterations in ER calcium homeostasis are common pathological events observed in both infectious and familial PrD models. Perturbation in calcium homeostasis directly correlated with the occurrence of ER stress and higher susceptibility to protein folding stress. We envision a model where alterations in ER function are central and common events underlying prion pathogenesis, leading to general alterations on protein homeostasis networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Torres
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Quaglio E, Restelli E, Garofoli A, Dossena S, De Luigi A, Tagliavacca L, Imperiale D, Migheli A, Salmona M, Sitia R, Forloni G, Chiesa R. Expression of mutant or cytosolic PrP in transgenic mice and cells is not associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress or proteasome dysfunction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19339. [PMID: 21559407 PMCID: PMC3084828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular pathways activated by mutant prion protein (PrP) in genetic prion diseases, ultimately leading to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration, are not known. Several mutant PrPs misfold in the early secretory pathway and reside longer in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) possibly stimulating ER stress-related pathogenic mechanisms. To investigate whether mutant PrP induced maladaptive responses, we checked key elements of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in transgenic mice, primary neurons and transfected cells expressing two different mutant PrPs. Because ER stress favors the formation of untranslocated PrP that might aggregate in the cytosol and impair proteasome function, we also measured the activity of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Molecular, biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses found no increase in the expression of UPR-regulated genes, such as Grp78/Bip, CHOP/GADD153, or ER stress-dependent splicing of the mRNA encoding the X-box-binding protein 1. No alterations in UPS activity were detected in mutant mouse brains and primary neurons using the UbG76V-GFP reporter and a new fluorogenic peptide for monitoring proteasomal proteolytic activity in vivo. Finally, there was no loss of proteasome function in neurons in which endogenous PrP was forced to accumulate in the cytosol by inhibiting cotranslational translocation. These results indicate that neither ER stress, nor perturbation of proteasome activity plays a major pathogenic role in prion diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Quaglio
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Restelli
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Garofoli
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Dossena
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Ada De Luigi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigina Tagliavacca
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Imperiale
- Neurology Unit, Human Prion Diseases Center D.O.M.P., Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Migheli
- Neurology Unit, Human Prion Diseases Center D.O.M.P., Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiesa
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Matus S, Glimcher LH, Hetz C. Protein folding stress in neurodegenerative diseases: a glimpse into the ER. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 23:239-52. [PMID: 21288706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative diseases share common neuropathology, primarily featuring the presence in the brain of abnormal protein inclusions containing specific misfolded proteins. Recent evidence indicates that alteration in organelle function is a common pathological feature of protein misfolding disorders, highlighting perturbations in the homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Signs of ER stress have been detected in most experimental models of neurological disorders and more recently in brain samples from human patients with neurodegenerative disease. To cope with ER stress, cells activate an integrated signaling response termed the unfolded protein response (UPR), which aims to reestablish homeostasis in part through regulation of genes involved in protein folding, quality control and degradation pathways. Here we discuss the particular mechanisms currently proposed to be involved in the generation of protein folding stress in different neurodegenerative conditions and speculate about possible therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Matus
- Center for Molecular Studies of Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Torres M, Castillo K, Armisén R, Stutzin A, Soto C, Hetz C. Prion protein misfolding affects calcium homeostasis and sensitizes cells to endoplasmic reticulum stress. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15658. [PMID: 21209925 PMCID: PMC3012133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion-related disorders (PrDs) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive neuronal impairment as well as the accumulation of an abnormally folded and protease resistant form of the cellular prion protein, termed PrPRES. Altered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is associated with the occurrence of neurodegeneration in sporadic, infectious and familial forms of PrDs. The ER operates as a major intracellular calcium store, playing a crucial role in pathological events related to neuronal dysfunction and death. Here we investigated the possible impact of PrP misfolding on ER calcium homeostasis in infectious and familial models of PrDs. Neuro2A cells chronically infected with scrapie prions showed decreased ER-calcium content that correlated with a stronger upregulation of UPR-inducible chaperones, and a higher sensitivity to ER stress-induced cell death. Overexpression of the calcium pump SERCA stimulated calcium release and increased the neurotoxicity observed after exposure of cells to brain-derived infectious PrPRES. Furthermore, expression of PrP mutants that cause hereditary Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or fatal familial insomnia led to accumulation of PrPRES and their partial retention at the ER, associated with a drastic decrease of ER calcium content and higher susceptibility to ER stress. Finally, similar results were observed when a transmembrane form of PrP was expressed, which is proposed as a neurotoxic intermediate. Our results suggest that alterations in calcium homeostasis and increased susceptibility to ER stress are common pathological features of both infectious and familial PrD models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Torres
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Castillo
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Armisén
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Stutzin
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CH); (CS)
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, Santiago, Chile
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CH); (CS)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nassif M, Matus S, Castillo K, Hetz C. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathogenesis: a journey through the secretory pathway. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1955-89. [PMID: 20560784 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common adult-onset motoneuron degenerative disease characterized by the selective loss of motoneurons in the spinal ventral horn, most brainstem nuclei, and the cerebral cortex. Although approximately 90% of ALS cases are sporadic (sALS), analyses of familial ALS (fALS)-causative genes have generated relevant insight into molecular events involved in the pathology. Here we overview an emerging concept indicating the occurrence of secretory pathway stress in the disease process. These alterations include a failure in the protein folding machinery at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), engagement of the unfolded protein response (UPR), modifications of the Golgi apparatus network, impaired vesicular trafficking, inhibition of protein quality control mechanisms, oxidative damage to ER proteins, and sustained activation of degradative pathways such as autophagy. A common feature predicted for most of these alterations is abnormal protein homeostasis associated with the accumulation of misfolded proteins at the ER, possibly leading to chronic ER stress and neuronal dysfunction. Signs of ER stress are observed even during presymptomatic stages in fALS mouse models, and pharmacological strategies to alleviate protein misfolding slow disease progression. Because the secretory pathway stress occurs in both sALS and several forms of fALS, it may offer a unique common target for possible therapeutic strategies to treat this devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Nassif
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Faculty of Medicine, NEMO Millennium Nucleus, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gunapala KM, Chang D, Hsu CT, Manaye K, Drenan RM, Switzer RC, Steele AD. Striatal pathology underlies prion infection-mediated hyperactivity in mice. Prion 2010; 4:302-15. [PMID: 20948312 DOI: 10.4161/pri.4.4.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although prion diseases are most commonly modeled using the laboratory mouse, the diversity of prion strains, behavioral testing and neuropathological assessments hamper our collective understanding of mouse models of prion disease. Here we compared several commonly used murine strains of prions in C57BL/6J female mice in a detailed home cage behavior detection system and a systematic study of pathological markers and neurotransmitter systems. We observed that mice inoculated with RML or 139A prions develop a severe hyperactivity phenotype in the home cage. A detailed assessment of pathology markers, such as microglial marker IBA1, astroglial marker GFAP and degeneration staining indicate early striatal pathology in mice inoculated with RML or 139A but not in those inoculated with 22L prions. An assessment of neuromodulatory systems including serotonin, dopamine, noradrenalin and acetylcholine showed surprisingly little decline in neuronal cell bodies or their innervations of regions controlling locomotor behavior, except for a small decrease in dopaminergic innervations of the dorsal striatum. These results implicate the dorsal striatum in mediating the major behavioral phenotype of 139A and RML prions. Further, they suggest that measurements of activity may be a sensitive manner in which to diagnose murine prion disease. With respect to neuropathology, our results indicate that pathological stains as opposed to neurotransmitter markers are much more informative and sensitive as markers of prion disease in mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Gunapala
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Stetler RA, Gan Y, Zhang W, Liou AK, Gao Y, Cao G, Chen J. Heat shock proteins: cellular and molecular mechanisms in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 92:184-211. [PMID: 20685377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 05/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that heat shock proteins (HSPs) are critical regulators in normal neural physiological function as well as in cell stress responses. The functions of HSPs represent an enormous and diverse range of cellular activities, far beyond the originally identified roles in protein folding and chaperoning. HSPs are now understood to be involved in processes such as synaptic transmission, autophagy, ER stress response, protein kinase and cell death signaling. In addition, manipulation of HSPs has robust effects on the fate of cells in neurological injury and disease states. The ongoing exploration of multiple HSP superfamilies has underscored the pluripotent nature of HSPs in the cellular context, and has demanded the recent revamping of the nomenclature referring to these families to reflect a re-organization based on structure and function. In keeping with this re-organization, we first discuss the HSP superfamilies in terms of protein structure, regulation, expression and distribution in the brain. We then explore major cellular functions of HSPs that are relevant to neural physiological states, and from there we discuss known and proposed HSP impacts on major neurological disease states. This review article presents a three-part discussion on the array of HSP families relevant to neuronal tissue, their cellular functions, and the exploration of therapeutic targets of these proteins in the context of neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Anne Stetler
- Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Inflammation seems to play a role in the pathogenesis of perinatal brain damage in fetuses/infants born much before term. We raise the possibility that noninflammatory phenomena induce endoplasmic reticulum stress, which, in turn, leads to the unfolded protein response, which is followed by apoptosis-promoting processes and inflammation. Perhaps by these events, noninflammatory stimuli lead to perinatal brain damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bueter
- Perinatal Neuroepidemiology Unit OE 6415, Departments of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang X, Bowers SL, Wang F, Pu XA, Nelson RJ, Ma J. Cytoplasmic prion protein induces forebrain neurotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:555-63. [PMID: 19281844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) is essential for the pathogenesis of prion disease. PrP has been detected in the cytosol of neurons and transgenic mice expressing PrP in the cytosol (cyPrP) under a pan-neuronal promoter developed rapid cerebellar granule neuron degeneration. Yet, it remains unclear whether cyPrP is capable to cause toxicity in other neuronal populations. Here, we report that transgenic mice expressing cyPrP in the forebrain neurons developed behavioral abnormalities including clasping and hyperactivity. These mice had reduced thickness in cortex and developed astrogliosis in hippocampal and cortical regions. Moreover, cyPrP in these mice was recognized by the A11 anti-oligomer antibody and was associated with the hydrophobic lipid core of membranes, indicating that cyPrP oligomer caused membrane perturbation contributes to cyPrP neurotoxicity. Together, our results clearly revealed that cyPrP is able to cause toxicity in different neuronal populations, supporting a role of cyPrP in PrP-mediated neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhe Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Heat shock factor 1 regulates lifespan as distinct from disease onset in prion disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:13626-31. [PMID: 18757733 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806319105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal, transmissible, neurodegenerative diseases caused by the misfolding of the prion protein (PrP). At present, the molecular pathways underlying prion-mediated neurotoxicity are largely unknown. We hypothesized that the transcriptional regulator of the stress response, heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), would play an important role in prion disease. Uninoculated HSF1 knockout (KO) mice used in our study do not show signs of neurodegeneration as assessed by survival, motor performance, or histopathology. When inoculated with Rocky Mountain Laboratory (RML) prions HSF1 KO mice had a dramatically shortened lifespan, succumbing to disease approximately 20% faster than controls. Surprisingly, both the onset of home-cage behavioral symptoms and pathological alterations occurred at a similar time in HSF1 KO and control mice. The accumulation of proteinase K (PK)-resistant PrP also occurred with similar kinetics and prion infectivity accrued at an equal or slower rate. Thus, HSF1 provides an important protective function that is specifically manifest after the onset of behavioral symptoms of prion disease.
Collapse
|