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Braakman I, High S, Kadler K, Sitia R, Tokatlidis K, Woodman P. Neil J. Bulleid (1960-2023), a virtuoso of protein folding and redox biology. EMBO J 2023; 42:e115046. [PMID: 37530578 PMCID: PMC10476169 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023115046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen High
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Karl Kadler
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | | | - Kostas Tokatlidis
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Philip Woodman
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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Amagai Y, Yamada M, Kowada T, Watanabe T, Du Y, Liu R, Naramoto S, Watanabe S, Kyozuka J, Anelli T, Tempio T, Sitia R, Mizukami S, Inaba K. Author Correction: Zinc homeostasis governed by Golgi-resident ZnT family members regulates ERp44-mediated proteostasis at the ER-Golgi interface. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3466. [PMID: 37308532 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Amagai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Momo Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kowada
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tomomi Watanabe
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yuyin Du
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Naramoto
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tiziana Anelli
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Vita-Salute University, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Tempio
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Vita-Salute University, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Vita-Salute University, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Shin Mizukami
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Inaba
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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3
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Amagai Y, Yamada M, Kowada T, Watanabe T, Du Y, Liu R, Naramoto S, Watanabe S, Kyozuka J, Anelli T, Tempio T, Sitia R, Mizukami S, Inaba K. Zinc homeostasis governed by Golgi-resident ZnT family members regulates ERp44-mediated proteostasis at the ER-Golgi interface. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2683. [PMID: 37160917 PMCID: PMC10170084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many secretory enzymes acquire essential zinc ions (Zn2+) in the Golgi complex. ERp44, a chaperone operating in the early secretory pathway, also binds Zn2+ to regulate its client binding and release for the control of protein traffic and homeostasis. Notably, three membrane transporter complexes, ZnT4, ZnT5/ZnT6 and ZnT7, import Zn2+ into the Golgi lumen in exchange with protons. To identify their specific roles, we here perform quantitative Zn2+ imaging using super-resolution microscopy and Zn2+-probes targeted in specific Golgi subregions. Systematic ZnT-knockdowns reveal that ZnT4, ZnT5/ZnT6 and ZnT7 regulate labile Zn2+ concentration at the distal, medial, and proximal Golgi, respectively, consistent with their localization. Time-course imaging of cells undergoing synchronized secretory protein traffic and functional assays demonstrates that ZnT-mediated Zn2+ fluxes tune the localization, trafficking, and client-retrieval activity of ERp44. Altogether, this study provides deep mechanistic insights into how ZnTs control Zn2+ homeostasis and ERp44-mediated proteostasis along the early secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Amagai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Momo Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kowada
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tomomi Watanabe
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yuyin Du
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Naramoto
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tiziana Anelli
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Vita-Salute University, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Tempio
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Vita-Salute University, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Vita-Salute University, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Shin Mizukami
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Inaba
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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4
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Bassot A, Chen J, Takahashi-Yamashiro K, Yap MC, Gibhardt CS, Le GNT, Hario S, Nasu Y, Moore J, Gutiérrez T, Mina L, Mast H, Moses A, Bhat R, Ballanyi K, Lemieux H, Sitia R, Zito E, Bogeski I, Campbell RE, Simmen T. The endoplasmic reticulum kinase PERK interacts with the oxidoreductase ERO1 to metabolically adapt mitochondria. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111899. [PMID: 36586409 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis requires molecular regulators that tailor mitochondrial bioenergetics to the needs of protein folding. For instance, calnexin maintains mitochondria metabolism and mitochondria-ER contacts (MERCs) through reactive oxygen species (ROS) from NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4). However, induction of ER stress requires a quick molecular rewiring of mitochondria to adapt to new energy needs. This machinery is not characterized. We now show that the oxidoreductase ERO1⍺ covalently interacts with protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) upon treatment with tunicamycin. The PERK-ERO1⍺ interaction requires the C-terminal active site of ERO1⍺ and cysteine 216 of PERK. Moreover, we show that the PERK-ERO1⍺ complex promotes oxidization of MERC proteins and controls mitochondrial dynamics. Using proteinaceous probes, we determined that these functions improve ER-mitochondria Ca2+ flux to maintain bioenergetics in both organelles, while limiting oxidative stress. Therefore, the PERK-ERO1⍺ complex is a key molecular machinery that allows quick metabolic adaptation to ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Bassot
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Junsheng Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | - Megan C Yap
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christine Silvia Gibhardt
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Giang N T Le
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Saaya Hario
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nasu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jack Moore
- Alberta Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Alberta, 4096 Katz Research Building, Edmonton AB T6G2E1, Canada
| | - Tomas Gutiérrez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lucas Mina
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Heather Mast
- Faculty Saint-Jean, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada
| | - Audric Moses
- Department of Pediatrics, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada
| | - Rakesh Bhat
- Precision Biolaboratories, St. Albert, AB T8N 5A7, Canada
| | - Klaus Ballanyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada
| | - Hélène Lemieux
- Faculty Saint-Jean, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Università Vita-Salute IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Ester Zito
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milano, Italy; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino PU, Italy
| | - Ivan Bogeski
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert E Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Thomas Simmen
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada.
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5
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Pittari D, Dalla Torre M, Borini E, Hummel B, Sawarkar R, Semino C, van Anken E, Panina-Bordignon P, Sitia R, Anelli T. CREB3L1 and CREB3L2 control Golgi remodelling during decidualization of endometrial stromal cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:986997. [PMID: 36313580 PMCID: PMC9608648 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.986997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon progesterone stimulation, Endometrial Stromal Cells (EnSCs) undergo a differentiation program into secretory cells (decidualization) to release in abundance factors crucial for embryo implantation. We previously demonstrated that decidualization requires massive reshaping of the secretory pathway and, in particular, of the Golgi complex. To decipher the underlying mechanisms, we performed a time-course transcriptomic analysis of in vitro decidualizing EnSC. Pathway analysis shows that Gene Ontology terms associated with vesicular trafficking and early secretory pathway compartments are the most represented among those enriched for upregulated genes. Among these, we identified a cluster of co-regulated genes that share CREB3L1 and CREB3L2 binding elements in their promoter regions. Indeed, both CREB3L1 and CREB3L2 transcription factors are up-regulated during decidualization. Simultaneous downregulation of CREB3L1 and CREB3L2 impairs Golgi enlargement, and causes dramatic changes in decidualizing EnSC, including Golgi fragmentation, collagen accumulation in dilated Endoplasmic Reticulum cisternae, and overall decreased protein secretion. Thus, both CREB3L1 and CREB3L2 are required for Golgi reshaping and efficient protein secretion, and, as such, for successful decidualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Pittari
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Dalla Torre
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Borini
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Hummel
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ritwick Sawarkar
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Medical Research Council (MRC), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Semino
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Eelco van Anken
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Panina-Bordignon
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Anelli
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Sorrentino I, Galli M, Medraño-Fernandez I, Sitia R. Transfer of H 2O 2 from Mitochondria to the endoplasmic reticulum via Aquaporin-11. Redox Biol 2022; 55:102410. [PMID: 35863264 PMCID: PMC9304643 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Some aquaporins (AQPs) can transport H2O2 across membranes, allowing redox signals to proceed in and between cells. Unlike other peroxiporins, human AQP11 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident that can conduit H2O2 to the cytosol. Here, we show that silencing Ero1α, an ER flavoenzyme that generates abundant H2O2 during oxidative folding, causes a paradoxical increase in luminal H2O2 levels. The simultaneous AQP11 downregulation prevents this increase, implying that H2O2 reaches the ER from an external source(s). Pharmacological inhibition of the electron transport chain reveals that Ero1α downregulation activates superoxide production by complex III. In the intermembrane space, superoxide dismutase 1 generates H2O2 that enters the ER channeled by AQP11. Meanwhile, the number of ER-mitochondria contact sites increases as well, irrespective of AQP11 expression. Taken together, our findings identify a novel interorganellar redox response that is activated upon Ero1α downregulation and transfers H2O2 from mitochondria to the ER via AQP11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Sorrentino
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Galli
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Białystok, 15222, Białystok, Poland
| | - Iria Medraño-Fernandez
- Department of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, University Carlos III of Madrid, 28911, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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7
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Palazzo FC, Sitia R, Tempio T. Selective Secretion of KDEL-Bearing Proteins: Mechanisms and Functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:967875. [PMID: 35912099 PMCID: PMC9326092 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.967875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, cells must continuously exchange messages with the right meaning, intensity, and duration. Most of these messages are delivered through cognate interactions between membrane and secretory proteins. Their conformational maturation is assisted by a vast array of chaperones and enzymes, ensuring the fidelity of intercellular communication. These folding assistants reside in the early secretory compartment (ESC), a functional unit that encompasses endoplasmic reticulum (ER), intermediate compartment and cis-Golgi. Most soluble ESC residents have C-terminal KDEL-like motifs that prevent their transport beyond the Golgi. However, some accumulate in the ER, while others in downstream stations, implying different recycling rates. Moreover, it is now clear that cells can actively secrete certain ESC residents but not others. This essay discusses the physiology of their differential intracellular distribution, and the mechanisms that may ensure selectivity of release.
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Giannone C, Chelazzi MR, Orsi A, Anelli T, Nguyen T, Buchner J, Sitia R. Biogenesis of secretory immunoglobulin M requires intermediate non-native disulfide bonds and engagement of the protein disulfide isomerase ERp44. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108518. [PMID: 34957576 PMCID: PMC8804937 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies of the immunoglobulin M (IgM) class represent the frontline of humoral immune responses. They are secreted as planar polymers in which flanking µ2 L2 "monomeric" subunits are linked by two disulfide bonds, one formed by the penultimate cysteine (C575) in the tailpiece of secretory µ chains (µs tp) and the second by C414 in the Cµ3. The latter bond is not present in membrane IgM. Here, we show that C575 forms a non-native, intra-subunit disulfide bond as a key step in the biogenesis of secretory IgM. The abundance of this unexpected intermediate correlates with the onset and extent of polymerization. The rearrangement of the C-terminal tails into a native quaternary structure is guaranteed by the engagement of protein disulfide isomerase ERp44, which attacks the non-native C575 bonds. The resulting conformational changes promote polymerization and formation of C414 disulfide linkages. This unusual assembly pathway allows secretory polymers to form without the risk of disturbing the role of membrane IgM as part of the B cell antigen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giannone
- Division of Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversità Vita‐Salute IRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanoItaly,Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Maria Rita Chelazzi
- Division of Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversità Vita‐Salute IRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanoItaly,Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Andrea Orsi
- Division of Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversità Vita‐Salute IRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanoItaly,Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Tiziana Anelli
- Division of Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversità Vita‐Salute IRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanoItaly,Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Tuan Nguyen
- Department ChemistryTechnical University MunichGarchingGermany
| | | | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversità Vita‐Salute IRCCS Ospedale San RaffaeleMilanoItaly,Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
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9
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Anelli T, Dalla Torre M, Borini E, Mangini E, Ulisse A, Semino C, Sitia R, Panina-Bordignon P. Profound architectural and functional readjustments of the secretory pathway in decidualization of endometrial stromal cells. Traffic 2021; 23:4-20. [PMID: 34651407 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Certain cell types must expand their exocytic pathway to guarantee efficiency and fidelity of protein secretion. A spectacular case is offered by decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells (EnSCs). In the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle, progesterone stimulation induces proliferating EnSCs to differentiate into professional secretors releasing proteins essential for efficient blastocyst implantation. Here, we describe the architectural rearrangements of the secretory pathway of a human EnSC line (TERT-immortalized human endometrial stromal cells (T-HESC)). As in primary cells, decidualization entails proliferation arrest and the coordinated expansion of the entire secretory pathway without detectable activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways. Decidualization proceeds also in the absence of ascorbic acid, an essential cofactor for collagen biogenesis, despite also the secretion of some proteins whose folding does not depend on vitamin C is impaired. However, even in these conditions, no overt UPR induction can be detected. Morphometric analyses reveal that the exocytic pathway does not increase relatively to the volume of the cell. Thus, differently from other cell types, abundant production is guaranteed by a coordinated increase of the cell size following arrest of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Anelli
- Faculty of Medicine, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Dalla Torre
- Faculty of Medicine, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Borini
- Faculty of Medicine, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mangini
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Adele Ulisse
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Semino
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Faculty of Medicine, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Panina-Bordignon
- Faculty of Medicine, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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10
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van Anken E, Bakunts A, Hu CCA, Janssens S, Sitia R. Molecular Evaluation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Homeostasis Meets Humoral Immunity. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:529-541. [PMID: 33685797 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of about one third of the human proteome, including membrane receptors and secreted proteins, occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Conditions that perturb ER homeostasis activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). An 'optimistic' UPR output aims at restoring homeostasis by reinforcement of machineries that guarantee efficiency and fidelity of protein biogenesis in the ER. Yet, once the UPR 'deems' that ER homeostatic readjustment fails, it transitions to a 'pessimistic' output, which, depending on the cell type, will result in apoptosis. In this article, we discuss emerging concepts on how the UPR 'evaluates' ER stress, how the UPR is repurposed, in particular in B cells, and how UPR-driven counter-selection of cells undergoing homeostatic failure serves organismal homeostasis and humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco van Anken
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Anush Bakunts
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sophie Janssens
- Laboratory for Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, and Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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11
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Cornelius J, Cavarretta I, Pozzi E, Lavorgna G, Locatelli I, Tempio T, Montorsi F, Mattei A, Sitia R, Salonia A, Anelli T. Endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase 1 alpha modulates prostate cancer hallmarks. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:1110-1120. [PMID: 33850746 PMCID: PMC8039598 DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapies available for late stage prostate cancer (PCa) patients are limited and mostly palliative. The necessary development of unexplored therapeutic options relies on a deeper knowledge of molecular mechanisms leading to cancer progression. Redox signals are known to modulate the intensity and duration of oncogenic circuits; cues originating from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and downstream exocytic organelles are relevant in secretory tumors, including PCa. Ero 1α is a master regulator of redox homeostasis and oxidative folding. Methods We assessed Ero 1α mRNA expression by bioinformatic analysis of three public datasets and protein expression levels in PCa cell lines representing different degrees of tumor progression and different human prostate specimens. Transient Ero 1α knockdown was achieved by RNA interference (siRNA). Consequences of Ero 1α downregulation were monitored by PCa proliferation, migration and invasion properties. Results Ero 1α mRNA and protein levels are upregulated in PCa cell lines compared to non-tumorigenic cells (P=0.0273). Ero 1α expression increases with the grade of malignancy, reaching the highest level in the androgen resistant PC3. In patients’ samples from 3 datasets, Ero 1α mRNA expression correlates with pathological Gleason scores. Ero 1α knockdown inhibits proliferation (P=0.0081), migration (P=0.0085) and invasion (P=0.0007) of PC3 cells and alters the levels of integrin β1 (P=0.0024). Conclusions Results indicate that Ero 1α levels correlate with PCa aggressiveness; Ero 1α silencing inhibits key steps over the PCa metastatic process. Therefore, Ero 1α has the potential to be exploited as a novel biomarker and a therapeutic target in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Cornelius
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Department of Urology, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Cavarretta
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pozzi
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lavorgna
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Locatelli
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Tempio
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Agostino Mattei
- Department of Urology, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Sitia
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Salonia
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Anelli
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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12
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13
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Sicari D, Chatziioannou A, Koutsandreas T, Sitia R, Chevet E. Role of the early secretory pathway in SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:151984. [PMID: 32725137 PMCID: PMC7480111 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to other RNA viruses, SARS-CoV-2 must (1) enter a target/host cell, (2) reprogram it to ensure its replication, (3) exit the host cell, and (4) repeat this cycle for exponential growth. During the exit step, the virus hijacks the sophisticated machineries that host cells employ to correctly fold, assemble, and transport proteins along the exocytic pathway. Therefore, secretory pathway-mediated assemblage and excretion of infective particles represent appealing targets to reduce the efficacy of virus biogenesis, if not to block it completely. Here, we analyze and discuss the contribution of the molecular machines operating in the early secretory pathway in the biogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and their relevance for potential antiviral targeting. The fact that these molecular machines are conserved throughout evolution, together with the redundancy and tissue specificity of their components, provides opportunities in the search for unique proteins essential for SARS-CoV-2 biology that could also be targeted with therapeutic objectives. Finally, we provide an overview of recent evidence implicating proteins of the early secretory pathway as potential antiviral targets with effective therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Sicari
- Inserm U1242, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Aristotelis Chatziioannou
- e-NIOS Applications PC, Kallithea-Athens, Greece.,Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Koutsandreas
- e-NIOS Applications PC, Kallithea-Athens, Greece.,Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Eric Chevet
- Inserm U1242, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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14
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Armengaud J, Delaunay-Moisan A, Thuret JY, van Anken E, Acosta-Alvear D, Aragón T, Arias C, Blondel M, Braakman I, Collet JF, Courcol R, Danchin A, Deleuze JF, Lavigne JP, Lucas S, Michiels T, Moore ERB, Nixon-Abell J, Rossello-Mora R, Shi ZL, Siccardi AG, Sitia R, Tillett D, Timmis KN, Toledano MB, van der Sluijs P, Vicenzi E. The importance of naturally attenuated SARS-CoV-2in the fight against COVID-19. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1997-2000. [PMID: 32342578 PMCID: PMC7267670 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The current SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic is wreaking havoc throughout the world and has rapidly become a global health emergency. A central question concerning COVID‐19 is why some individuals become sick and others not. Many have pointed already at variation in risk factors between individuals. However, the variable outcome of SARS‐CoV‐2 infections may, at least in part, be due also to differences between the viral subspecies with which individuals are infected. A more pertinent question is how we are to overcome the current pandemic. A vaccine against SARS‐CoV‐2 would offer significant relief, although vaccine developers have warned that design, testing and production of vaccines may take a year if not longer. Vaccines are based on a handful of different designs (i), but the earliest vaccines were based on the live, attenuated virus. As has been the case for other viruses during earlier pandemics, SARS‐CoV‐2 will mutate and may naturally attenuate over time (ii). What makes the current pandemic unique is that, thanks to state‐of‐the‐art nucleic acid sequencing technologies, we can follow in detail how SARS‐CoV‐2 evolves while it spreads. We argue that knowledge of naturally emerging attenuated SARS‐CoV‐2 variants across the globe should be of key interest in our fight against the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Armengaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, 30200, France
| | - Agnès Delaunay-Moisan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Jean-Yves Thuret
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Eelco van Anken
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Diego Acosta-Alvear
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Tomás Aragón
- Center for Applied Medical Research, Department of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, University of Navarra, 55 Pio XII Street, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
| | - Carolina Arias
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Marc Blondel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1078, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, Brest, F-29200, France.,Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, Brest, F-29200, France.,Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, Brest, F-29200, France.,CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, Brest, F-29200, France
| | - Ineke Braakman
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Science, Science for Life, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-François Collet
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,WELBIO, Wallonia, Belgium
| | - René Courcol
- Expertise France, 73 Avenue de Vaugirard, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Antoine Danchin
- Stellate Therapeutics/Kodikos, Institut Cochin, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, 91057, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- U1047, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Sophie Lucas
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,WELBIO, Wallonia, Belgium
| | - Thomas Michiels
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Edward R B Moore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE-41346, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, SE-41346, Sweden
| | - Jonathon Nixon-Abell
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ramon Rossello-Mora
- Marine Microbiology Group, Department of Animal and Bacterial Diversity, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Balearic Islands, 07190, Spain
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Antonio G Siccardi
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Daniel Tillett
- Nucleics Pty Ltd, 29 John Street, Woollahra, New South Wales, 2025, Australia
| | - Kenneth N Timmis
- Institute of Microbiology, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michel B Toledano
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Peter van der Sluijs
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Science, Science for Life, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, 20132, Italy
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15
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Abstract
Members of the interleukin (IL)-1 family are key determinants of inflammation. Despite their role as intercellular mediators, most lack the leader peptide typically required for protein secretion. This lack is a characteristic of dozens of other proteins that are actively and selectively secreted from living cells independently of the classical endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi exocytic route. These proteins, termed leaderless secretory proteins (LLSPs), comprise proteins directly or indirectly involved in inflammation, including cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18, growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), redox enzymes such as thioredoxin, and proteins most expressed in the brain, some of which participate in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Despite much effort, motifs that promote LLSP secretion remain to be identified. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms and pathophysiological significance of the unconventional secretory pathways that cells use to release LLSPs. We place special emphasis on redox regulation and inflammation, with a focus on IL-1β, which is secreted after processing of its biologically inactive precursor pro-IL-1β in the cytosol. Although LLSP externalization remains poorly understood, some possible mechanisms have emerged. For example, a common feature of LLSP pathways is that they become more active in response to stress and that they involve several distinct excretion mechanisms, including direct plasma membrane translocation, lysosome exocytosis, exosome formation, membrane vesiculation, autophagy, and pyroptosis. Further investigations of unconventional secretory pathways for LLSP secretion may shed light on their evolution and could help advance therapeutic avenues for managing pathological conditions, such as diseases arising from inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele/Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Rubartelli
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele/Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy .,Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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16
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Carmona M, de Cubas L, Bautista E, Moral-Blanch M, Medraño-Fernández I, Sitia R, Boronat S, Ayté J, Hidalgo E. Monitoring cytosolic H 2O 2 fluctuations arising from altered plasma membrane gradients or from mitochondrial activity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4526. [PMID: 31586057 PMCID: PMC6778086 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically encoded probes monitoring H2O2 fluctuations in living organisms are key to decipher redox signaling events. Here we use a new probe, roGFP2-Tpx1.C169S, to monitor pre-toxic fluctuations of peroxides in fission yeast, where the concentrations linked to signaling or to toxicity have been established. This probe is able to detect nanomolar fluctuations of intracellular H2O2 caused by extracellular peroxides; expression of human aquaporin 8 channels H2O2 entry into fission yeast decreasing membrane gradients. The probe also detects H2O2 bursts from mitochondria after addition of electron transport chain inhibitors, the extent of probe oxidation being proportional to the mitochondrial activity. The oxidation of this probe is an indicator of steady-state levels of H2O2 in different genetic backgrounds. Metabolic reprogramming during growth in low-glucose media causes probe reduction due to the activation of antioxidant cascades. We demonstrate how peroxiredoxin-based probes can be used to monitor physiological H2O2 fluctuations. Reliable methods of measuring intracellular H2O2 fluctuations are necessary to advance redox biology. Here the authors design a H2O2 sensor based on the fission yeast peroxiredoxin Tpx1 to sense nanomolar fluctuations of intracellular H2O2 in response to genetic and environmental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Carmona
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura de Cubas
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eric Bautista
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Moral-Blanch
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iria Medraño-Fernández
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Boronat
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ayté
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Hidalgo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Colucci M, Carsetti R, Rosado MM, Cascioli S, Bruschi M, Candiano G, Corpetti G, Giardino L, Serafinelli J, Giannone C, Ghiggeri GM, Rastaldi MP, Sitia R, Emma F, Vivarelli M. Atypical IgM on T cells predict relapse and steroid dependence in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 2019; 96:971-982. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Yim SH, Everley RA, Schildberg FA, Lee SG, Orsi A, Barbati ZR, Karatepe K, Fomenko DE, Tsuji PA, Luo HR, Gygi SP, Sitia R, Sharpe AH, Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN. Role of Selenof as a Gatekeeper of Secreted Disulfide-Rich Glycoproteins. Cell Rep 2019; 23:1387-1398. [PMID: 29719252 PMCID: PMC9183203 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenof (15-kDa selenoprotein; Sep15) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident thioredoxin-like oxidoreductase that occurs in a complex with UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase. We found that Selenof deficiency in mice leads to elevated levels of non-functional circulating plasma immunoglobulins and increased secretion of IgM during in vitro splenic B cell differentiation. However, Selenof knockout animals show neither enhanced bacterial killing capacity nor antigen-induced systemic IgM activity, suggesting that excess immunoglobulins are not functional. In addition, ER-to-Golgi transport of a target glycoprotein was delayed in Selenof knockout embryonic fibroblasts, and proteomic analyses revealed that Selenof deficiency is primarily associated with antigen presentation and ER-to-Golgi transport. Together, the data suggest that Selenof functions as a gatekeeper of immunoglobulins and, likely, other client proteins that exit the ER, thereby supporting redox quality control of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Yim
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert A Everley
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frank A Schildberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sang-Goo Lee
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrea Orsi
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Zachary R Barbati
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kutay Karatepe
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dmitry E Fomenko
- Redox Biology Center and Computational Science Initiative, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Petra A Tsuji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - Hongbo R Luo
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dolph L Hatfield
- Molecular Biology of Selenium Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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19
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Bestetti S, Galli M, Sorrentino I, Pinton P, Rimessi A, Sitia R, Medraño-Fernandez I. Human aquaporin-11 guarantees efficient transport of H 2O 2 across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101326. [PMID: 31546170 PMCID: PMC6812059 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an essential second intracellular messenger. To reach its targets in the cytosol, H2O2 must cross a membrane, a feat that requires aquaporins (AQP) endowed with ‘peroxiporin’ activity (AQP3, AQP8, AQP9). Here, we exploit different organelle-targeted H2O2-sensitive probes to show that also AQP11 efficiently conduits H2O2. Unlike other peroxiporins, AQP11 is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), accumulating partly in mitochondrial-associated ER membranes (MAM). Its downregulation severely perturbs the flux of H2O2 through the ER, but not through the mitochondrial or plasma membranes. These properties make AQP11 a potential regulator of ER redox homeostasis and signaling. AQP11 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident peroxiporin. AQP11 allows H2O2 fluxes across the ER membrane. Its levels impact ER redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bestetti
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Galli
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Sorrentino
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Iria Medraño-Fernandez
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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20
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Vitale M, Bakunts A, Orsi A, Lari F, Tadè L, Danieli A, Rato C, Valetti C, Sitia R, Raimondi A, Christianson JC, van Anken E. Inadequate BiP availability defines endoplasmic reticulum stress. eLife 2019; 8:41168. [PMID: 30869076 PMCID: PMC6417858 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
How endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leads to cytotoxicity is ill-defined. Previously we showed that HeLa cells readjust homeostasis upon proteostatically driven ER stress, triggered by inducible bulk expression of secretory immunoglobulin M heavy chain (μs) thanks to the unfolded protein response (UPR; Bakunts et al., 2017). Here we show that conditions that prevent that an excess of the ER resident chaperone (and UPR target gene) BiP over µs is restored lead to µs-driven proteotoxicity, i.e. abrogation of HRD1-mediated ER-associated degradation (ERAD), or of the UPR, in particular the ATF6α branch. Such conditions are tolerated instead upon removal of the BiP-sequestering first constant domain (CH1) from µs. Thus, our data define proteostatic ER stress to be a specific consequence of inadequate BiP availability, which both the UPR and ERAD redeem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Vitale
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anush Bakunts
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Orsi
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Lari
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Tadè
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Danieli
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Rato
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Valetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Raimondi
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - John C Christianson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eelco van Anken
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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21
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Semino C, Carta S, Gattorno M, Sitia R, Rubartelli A. Progressive waves of IL-1β release by primary human monocytes via sequential activation of vesicular and gasdermin D-mediated secretory pathways. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1088. [PMID: 30352992 PMCID: PMC6199333 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IL-1β is an essential cytokine, but its release needs to be strictly controlled to avoid severe inflammatory manifestations. Lacking a signal sequence, IL-1β does not follow the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi route. Several pathways have been proposed to mediate its release. One involves the translocation of pro-IL-1β into intracellular vesicles of lysosomal origin that eventually fuse with the plasma membrane. Another exploits pores formed on the plasma membrane upon proteolytic cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD). Here we investigated how primary monocytes-the main source of IL-1β in humans-control IL-1β release in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli of increasing intensity and found that two different routes are induced depending on the strength of activation. Triggering of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by LPS induces slow IL-1β release through LAMP2A+ vesicles. In contrast, the simultaneous stimulation of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR7/8 drives high levels of ROS, GSDMD cleavage and faster IL-1β secretion. Drugs blocking ROS production prevent GSDMD cleavage supporting a role of oxidative stress in GSDMD-mediated secretion. Singly stimulated monocytes undergo apoptosis, whereas triple stimulation triggers pyroptosis, which might amplify inflammation. In both cases, however, IL-1β secretion precedes cell death. Inhibition of caspases 4/5 prevents GSDMD cleavage and pore-mediated secretion, but not vesicular release. The two pathways also display other distinct pharmacologic sensitivities that reflect the underlying mechanisms. Remarkably, single TLR4 stimulation is sufficient to activate massive, GSDMD-mediated IL-1β secretion in monocytes from patients affected by Cryopyrin Associated Periodic Syndrome (CAPS), an autoinflammatory disease linked to NLRP3 mutations. The exaggerated sensitivity to activation correlates with high basal ROS levels in CAPS monocytes. In conclusion, the vesicular pathway limits IL-1β release upon low pathogen load while stronger stimulation or concomitant cell stress induce instead uncontrolled secretion via GSDMD leading to detrimental inflammatory manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Semino
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele/Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Carta
- Cell Biology Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Gattorno
- Clinica Pediatrica e Reumatologia, "G. Gaslini" Scientific Institute, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele/Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Rubartelli
- Cell Biology Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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22
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Bestetti S, Medraño-Fernandez I, Galli M, Ghitti M, Bienert GP, Musco G, Orsi A, Rubartelli A, Sitia R. A persulfidation-based mechanism controls aquaporin-8 conductance. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaar5770. [PMID: 29732408 PMCID: PMC5931763 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar5770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Upon engagement of tyrosine kinase receptors, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidases release H2O2 in the extracellular space. We reported previously that aquaporin-8 (AQP8) transports H2O2 across the plasma membrane and is reversibly gated during cell stress, modulating signal strength and duration. We show that AQP8 gating is mediated by persulfidation of cysteine 53 (C53). Treatment with H2S is sufficient to block H2O2 entry in unstressed cells. Silencing cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) prevents closure, suggesting that this enzyme is the main source of H2S. Molecular modeling indicates that C53 persulfidation displaces a nearby histidine located in the narrowest part of the channel. We propose that H2O2 molecules transported through AQP8 sulfenylate C53, making it susceptible to H2S produced by CBS. This mechanism tunes H2O2 transport and may control signaling and limit oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bestetti
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Iria Medraño-Fernandez
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Corresponding author. (R.S.); (I.M.-F.)
| | - Mauro Galli
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Ghitti
- Biomolecular Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gerd P. Bienert
- Metalloid Transport Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Giovanna Musco
- Biomolecular Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Orsi
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Rubartelli
- Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU) San Martino-IST, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Corresponding author. (R.S.); (I.M.-F.)
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23
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Sitia R, Rubartelli A. The unconventional secretion of IL-1β: Handling a dangerous weapon to optimize inflammatory responses. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 83:12-21. [PMID: 29571971 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) is a major mediator of inflammation, with a causative role in many diseases. Unlike most other cytokines, however, it lacks a secretory signal sequence, raising intriguing mechanistic, functional and evolutionary questions. Despite decades of strenuous efforts in many laboratories, how IL-1β is secreted is still a matter of intense debate. Here, we summarize the different mechanisms and pathways that have been proposed for IL-1β secretion. At least two of them, namely the endolysosomal vesicle-based and gasdermin D-dependent pathways (types III and I in the recent Rabouille's classification of unconventional protein secretion), can be triggered in monocytes, the main source of IL-1β in humans, according to the type and strength of the pro-inflammatory stimuli. As during the escalation of human conflicts, monocytes deploy secretory mechanisms of increasing efficiency and dangerousness, shifting from the specific and controlled type III pathway to the much faster release of type I. Thus, the different mechanisms are activated depending on the severity of the conditions, from the self-limiting type III pathways in response of low pathogen load or small trauma, to the uncontrolled responses that underlie autoinflammatory disorders and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sitia
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Rubartelli
- Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
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24
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Bakunts A, Orsi A, Vitale M, Cattaneo A, Lari F, Tadè L, Sitia R, Raimondi A, Bachi A, van Anken E. Ratiometric sensing of BiP-client versus BiP levels by the unfolded protein response determines its signaling amplitude. eLife 2017; 6:27518. [PMID: 29251598 PMCID: PMC5792092 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Insufficient folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore homeostasis. Yet, how the UPR achieves ER homeostatic readjustment is poorly investigated, as in most studies the ER stress that is elicited cannot be overcome. Here we show that a proteostatic insult, provoked by persistent expression of the secretory heavy chain of immunoglobulin M (µs), is well-tolerated in HeLa cells. Upon µs expression, its levels temporarily eclipse those of the ER chaperone BiP, leading to acute, full-geared UPR activation. Once BiP is in excess again, the UPR transitions to chronic, submaximal activation, indicating that the UPR senses ER stress in a ratiometric fashion. In this process, the ER expands about three-fold and becomes dominated by BiP. As the UPR is essential for successful ER homeostatic readjustment in the HeLa-µs model, it provides an ideal system for dissecting the intricacies of how the UPR evaluates and alleviates ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anush Bakunts
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Orsi
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Vitale
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Federica Lari
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Tadè
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Raimondi
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Bachi
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Eelco van Anken
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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25
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Yoboue ED, Rimessi A, Anelli T, Pinton P, Sitia R. Regulation of Calcium Fluxes by GPX8, a Type-II Transmembrane Peroxidase Enriched at the Mitochondria-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:583-595. [PMID: 28129698 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) are enzymes that are present in almost all organisms with the primary function of limiting peroxide accumulation. In mammals, two of the eight members (GPX7 and GPX8) reside in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). A peculiar feature of GPX8 is the concomitant presence of a conserved N-terminal transmembrane domain (TMD) and a C-terminal KDEL-like motif for ER localization. AIMS Investigating whether and how GPX8 impacts Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling. RESULTS We show that GPX8 is enriched in mitochondria-associated membranes and regulates Ca2+ storage and fluxes. Its levels correlate with [Ca2+]ER, and cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ fluxes. GPX7, which lacks a TMD, does not share these properties. Deleting or replacing the GPX8 TMD with an unrelated N-terminal membrane integration sequence abolishes all effects on Ca2+ fluxes, whereas appending the GPX8 TMD to GPX7 transfers the Ca2+-regulating properties. Innovation and Conclusion: The notion that the TMD of GPX8, in addition to its enzymatic activity, is essential for regulating Ca2+ dynamics reveals a novel level of integration between redox-related proteins and Ca2+ signaling/homeostasis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 583-595.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Djaha Yoboue
- 1 Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- 2 Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tiziana Anelli
- 1 Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Milan, Italy .,3 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- 2 Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- 1 Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Milan, Italy .,3 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
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26
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Abstract
Thiol groups can undergo numerous modifications, making cysteine a unique molecular switch. Cysteine plays structural and regulatory roles as part of proteins or glutathione, contributing to maintain redox homeostasis and regulate signaling within and amongst cells. Not surprisingly therefore, cysteines are associated with many hereditary and acquired diseases. Mutations in the primary protein sequence (gain or loss of a cysteine) are most frequent in membrane and secretory proteins, correlating with the key roles of disulfide bonds. On the contrary, in the cytosol and nucleus, aberrant post-translational oxidative modifications of thiol groups, reflecting redox changes in the surrounding environment, are a more frequent cause of dysregulation of protein function. This essay highlights the regulatory functions performed by protein cysteine residues and provides a framework for understanding how mutation and/or (in)activation of this key amino acid can cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Fra
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of BresciaBrescia, Italy
| | - Edgar D Yoboue
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilan, Italy.,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilan, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilan, Italy.,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilan, Italy
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27
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Carta S, Semino C, Sitia R, Rubartelli A. Dysregulated IL-1β Secretion in Autoinflammatory Diseases: A Matter of Stress? Front Immunol 2017; 8:345. [PMID: 28421072 PMCID: PMC5378711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious and sterile inflammation is induced by activation of innate immune cells. Triggering of toll-like receptors by pathogen-associated molecular pattern or damage-associated molecular pattern (PAMP or DAMP) molecules generates reactive oxygen species that in turn induce production and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β. Recent evidence indicates that cell stress due to common events, like starvation, enhanced metabolic demand, cold or heat, not only potentiates inflammation but may also directly trigger it in the absence of PAMPs or DAMPs. Stress-mediated inflammation is also a common feature of many hereditary disorders, due to the proteotoxic effects of mutant proteins. We propose that harmful mutant proteins can induce dysregulated IL-1β production and inflammation through different pathways depending on the cell type involved. When expressed in professional inflammatory cells, stress induced by the mutant protein activates in a cell-autonomous way the onset of inflammation and mediates its aberrant development, resulting in the explosive responses that hallmark autoinflammatory diseases. When expressed in non-immune cells, the mutant protein may cause the release of transcellular stress signals that trigger and propagate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Carta
- Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Claudia Semino
- Unit of Protein Transport and Secretion, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Unit of Protein Transport and Secretion, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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28
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Medraño-Fernandez I, Bestetti S, Bertolotti M, Bienert GP, Bottino C, Laforenza U, Rubartelli A, Sitia R. Stress Regulates Aquaporin-8 Permeability to Impact Cell Growth and Survival. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:1031-44. [PMID: 26972385 PMCID: PMC4931348 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aquaporin-8 (AQP8) allows the bidirectional transport of water and hydrogen peroxide across biological membranes. Depending on its concentration, H2O2 exerts opposite roles, amplifying growth factor signaling in physiological conditions, but causing severe cell damage when in excess. Thus, H2O2 permeability is likely to be tightly controlled in living cells. AIMS In this study, we investigated whether and how the transport of H2O2 through plasma membrane AQP8 is regulated, particularly during cell stress. RESULTS We show that diverse cellular stress conditions, including heat, hypoxia, and ER stress, reversibly inhibit the permeability of AQP8 to H2O2 and water. Preventing the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) during stress counteracts AQP8 blockade. Once inhibition is established, AQP8-dependent transport can be rescued by reducing agents. Neither H2O2 nor water transport is impaired in stressed cells expressing a mutant AQP8, in which cysteine 53 had been replaced by serine. Cells expressing this mutant are more resistant to stress-, drug-, and radiation-induced growth arrest and death. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION The control of AQP8-mediated H2O2 transport provides a novel mechanism to regulate cell signaling and survival during stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 1031-1044.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Medraño-Fernandez
- 1 Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele/Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele , Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Bestetti
- 1 Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele/Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele , Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Bertolotti
- 1 Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele/Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele , Milan, Italy
| | - Gerd P Bienert
- 2 Metalloid Transport Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research , Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Cinzia Bottino
- 3 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia , Pavia, Italy
| | - Umberto Laforenza
- 3 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia , Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Rubartelli
- 4 Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST , Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- 1 Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele/Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele , Milan, Italy
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29
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Bertolotti M, Farinelli G, Galli M, Aiuti A, Sitia R. AQP8 transports NOX2-generated H2O2 across the plasma membrane to promote signaling in B cells. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:1071-1079. [PMID: 27256569 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2ab0116-045r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
H2O2 acts as a second messenger in key signaling circuits, transiently modulating tyrosine phosphatases and kinases. We investigated its origin, membrane transport, and functional role during B cell activation and differentiation. Our data identified NADPH-oxidase 2 as the main source of H2O2 and aquaporin 8 as a transport facilitator across the plasma membrane. On aquaporin 8 silencing, inducible B lymphoma cells responded poorly to TLR and BCR stimulation. Their differentiation was severely impaired, as demonstrated by retarded onset of IgM polymerization, low amounts of IgM secretion, and prolonged BCR expression on the cell surface. A silencing-resistant aquaporin 8 rescued responsiveness, confirming that the import of H2O2 across the membrane is essential for B cell activation. The addition of exogenous catalase to primary B splenocytes severely impaired the tyrosine phosphorylation induced by BCR cross-linking, as did the absence of NOX2 in a murine model of chronic granulomatous disease. Importantly, re-expression of gp91phox through gene therapy restored the specific B cell signaling deficiency in NOX2-/- cells. Thus, efficient induction of B cell activation and differentiation requires intact H2O2 fluxes across the plasma membrane for signal amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Bertolotti
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giada Farinelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Galli
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; and.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; .,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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30
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Appenzeller-Herzog C, Bánhegyi G, Bogeski I, Davies KJA, Delaunay-Moisan A, Forman HJ, Görlach A, Kietzmann T, Laurindo F, Margittai E, Meyer AJ, Riemer J, Rützler M, Simmen T, Sitia R, Toledano MB, Touw IP. Transit of H2O2 across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane is not sluggish. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 94:157-60. [PMID: 26928585 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular metabolism provides various sources of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in different organelles and compartments. The suitability of H2O2 as an intracellular signaling molecule therefore also depends on its ability to pass cellular membranes. The propensity of the membranous boundary of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to let pass H2O2 has been discussed controversially. In this essay, we challenge the recent proposal that the ER membrane constitutes a simple barrier for H2O2 diffusion and support earlier data showing that (i) ample H2O2 permeability of the ER membrane is a prerequisite for signal transduction, (ii) aquaporin channels are crucially involved in the facilitation of H2O2 permeation, and (iii) a proper experimental framework not prone to artifacts is necessary to further unravel the role of H2O2 permeation in signal transduction and organelle biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabor Bánhegyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1428, Hungary
| | - Ivan Bogeski
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center; and Division of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Division of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Agnès Delaunay-Moisan
- Laboratoire Stress Oxydant et Cancers, CEA-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center; and Division of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Agnes Görlach
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich at the TU Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90210 Oulu, Finland
| | - Francisco Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, CEP 05403-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eva Margittai
- Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1428, Hungary
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Riemer
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Rützler
- Institute for Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Simmen
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G2H7
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Protein Transport and Secretion Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS, Ospedale San Raffaele/Universita' Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Michel B Toledano
- Laboratoire Stress Oxydant et Cancers, CEA-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Ivo P Touw
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Hematology, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ronzoni R, Berardelli R, Medicina D, Sitia R, Gooptu B, Fra AM. Aberrant disulphide bonding contributes to the ER retention of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency variants. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:642-50. [PMID: 26647313 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) can cause the protein to polymerise and be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hepatocytes. The ensuing systemic AAT deficiency leads to pulmonary emphysema, while intracellular polymers are toxic and cause chronic liver disease. The severity of this process varies considerably between individuals, suggesting the involvement of mechanistic co-factors and potential for therapeutically beneficial interventions. We show in Hepa1.6 cells that the mildly polymerogenic I (Arg39Cys) AAT mutant forms aberrant inter- and intra-molecular disulphide bonds involving the acquired Cys39 and the only cysteine residue in the wild-type (M) sequence (Cys232). Substitution of Cys39 to serine partially restores secretion, showing that disulphide bonding contributes to the intracellular retention of I AAT. Covalent homodimers mediated by inter-Cys232 bonding alone are also observed in cells expressing the common Z and other polymerising AAT variants where conformational behaviour is abnormal, but not in those expressing M AAT. Prevention of such disulphide linkage through the introduction of the Cys232Ser mutation or by treatment of cells with reducing agents increases Z AAT secretion. Our results reveal that disulphide interactions enhance intracellular accumulation of AAT mutants and implicate the oxidative ER state as a pathogenic co-factor. Redox modulation, e.g. by anti-oxidant strategies, may therefore be beneficial in AAT deficiency-associated liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Ronzoni
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Romina Berardelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Bibek Gooptu
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology/Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK and Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College, London, UK
| | - Anna Maria Fra
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy,
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Abstract
Professional secretory cells produce and release abundant proteins. Particularly in case of mutations and/or insufficient chaperoning, these can aggregate and become toxic within or amongst cells. Immunoglobulins (Ig) are no exception. In the extracellular space, certain Ig-L chains form fibrils causing systemic amyloidosis. On the other hand, Ig variants lacking the first constant domain condense in dilated cisternae of the early secretory compartment, called Russell Bodies (RB), frequently observed in plasma cell dyscrasias, autoimmune diseases and chronic infections. RB biogenesis can be recapitulated in lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells by expressing mutant Ig-μ, providing powerful models to investigate the pathophysiology of endoplasmic reticulum storage disorders. Here we analyze the aggregation propensity and the biochemical features of the intra- and extra-cellular Ig deposits in human cells, revealing β-aggregated features for RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Mossuto
- Unit of Protein Transport and Secretion, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Diletta Ami
- 1] Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca [2] Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Tiziana Anelli
- 1] Unit of Protein Transport and Secretion, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy [2] Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Fagioli
- Unit of Protein Transport and Secretion, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Maria Doglia
- 1] Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca [2] Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- 1] Unit of Protein Transport and Secretion, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy [2] Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Anelli T, Sannino S, Sitia R. Proteostasis and "redoxtasis" in the secretory pathway: Tales of tails from ERp44 and immunoglobulins. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:323-30. [PMID: 25744412 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, some cells are given the task of secreting huge quantities of proteins. To comply with their duty, they generally equip themselves with a highly developed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and downstream organelles in the secretory pathway. These professional secretors face paramount proteostatic challenges in that they need to couple efficiency and fidelity in their secretory processes. On one hand, stringent quality control (QC) mechanisms operate from the ER onward to check the integrity of the secretome. On the other, the pressure to secrete can be overwhelming, as for instance on antibody-producing cells during infection. Maintaining homeostasis is particularly hard when the products to be released contain disulfide bonds, because oxidative folding entails production of reactive oxygen species. How are redox homeostasis ("redoxtasis") and proteostasis maintained despite the massive fluxes of cargo proteins traversing the pathway? Here we describe recent findings on how ERp44, a multifunctional chaperone of the secretory pathway, can modulate these processes integrating protein QC, redoxtasis, and calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Anelli
- Divisions of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Sannino
- Divisions of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Divisions of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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Colucci M, Stöckmann H, Butera A, Masotti A, Baldassarre A, Giorda E, Petrini S, Rudd PM, Sitia R, Emma F, Vivarelli M. Sialylation of N-linked glycans influences the immunomodulatory effects of IgM on T cells. J Immunol 2014; 194:151-7. [PMID: 25422509 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human serum IgM Abs are composed of heavily glycosylated polymers with five glycosylation sites on the μ (heavy) chain and one glycosylation site on the J chain. In contrast to IgG glycans, which are vital for a number of biological functions, virtually nothing is known about structure-function relationships of IgM glycans. Natural IgM is the earliest Ig produced and recognizes multiple Ags with low affinity, whereas immune IgM is induced by Ag exposure and is characterized by a higher Ag specificity. Natural anti-lymphocyte IgM is present in the serum of healthy individuals and increases in inflammatory conditions. It is able to inhibit T cell activation, but the underlying molecular mechanism is not understood. In this study, to our knowledge, we show for the first time that sialylated N-linked glycans induce the internalization of IgM by T cells, which in turn causes severe inhibition of T cell responses. The absence of sialic acid residues abolishes these inhibitory activities, showing a key role of sialylated N-glycans in inducing the IgM-mediated immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Colucci
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Scientific Institute, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Henning Stöckmann
- GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alessia Butera
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Scientific Institute, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Masotti
- Gene Expression-Microarrays Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Scientific Institute, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Baldassarre
- Gene Expression-Microarrays Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Scientific Institute, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Ezio Giorda
- Research Center, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Scientific Institute, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Center, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Scientific Institute, 00165 Rome, Italy; and
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Emma
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Scientific Institute, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Vivarelli
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-Scientific Institute, 00165 Rome, Italy;
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Mossuto MF, Sannino S, Mazza D, Fagioli C, Vitale M, Yoboue ED, Sitia R, Anelli T. A dynamic study of protein secretion and aggregation in the secretory pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108496. [PMID: 25279560 PMCID: PMC4184786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise coordination of protein biogenesis, traffic and homeostasis within the early secretory compartment (ESC) is key for cell physiology. As a consequence, disturbances in these processes underlie many genetic and chronic diseases. Dynamic imaging methods are needed to follow the fate of cargo proteins and their interactions with resident enzymes and folding assistants. Here we applied the Halotag labelling system to study the behavior of proteins with different fates and roles in ESC: a chaperone, an ERAD substrate and an aggregation-prone molecule. Exploiting the Halo property of binding covalently ligands labelled with different fluorochromes, we developed and performed non-radioactive pulse and chase assays to follow sequential waves of proteins in ESC, discriminating between young and old molecules at the single cell level. In this way, we could monitor secretion and degradation of ER proteins in living cells. We can also follow the biogenesis, growth, accumulation and movements of protein aggregates in the ESC. Our data show that protein deposits within ESC grow by sequential apposition of molecules up to a given size, after which novel seeds are detected. The possibility of using ligands with distinct optical and physical properties offers a novel possibility to dynamically follow the fate of proteins in the ESC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Sannino
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, IT
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, IT
| | - Davide Mazza
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, IT
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, IT
| | - Claudio Fagioli
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, IT
| | - Milena Vitale
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, IT
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, IT
| | - Edgar Djaha Yoboue
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, IT
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, IT
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, IT
| | - Tiziana Anelli
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, IT
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, IT
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Sannino S, Anelli T, Cortini M, Masui S, Degano M, Fagioli C, Inaba K, Sitia R. Progressive quality control of secretory proteins in the early secretory compartment by ERp44. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4260-9. [PMID: 25097228 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.153239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ERp44 is a pH-regulated chaperone of the secretory pathway. In the acidic milieu of the Golgi, its C-terminal tail changes conformation, simultaneously exposing the substrate-binding site for cargo capture and the RDEL motif for ER retrieval through interactions with cognate receptors. Protonation of cysteine 29 in the active site allows tail movements in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that conserved histidine residues in the C-terminal tail also regulate ERp44 in vivo. Mutants lacking these histidine residues retain substrates more efficiently. Surprisingly, they are also O-glycosylated and partially secreted. Co-expression of client proteins prevents secretion of the histidine mutants, forcing tail opening and RDEL accessibility. Client-induced RDEL exposure allows retrieval of proteins from distinct stations along the secretory pathway, as indicated by the changes in O-glycosylation patterns upon overexpression of different partners. The ensuing gradients might help to optimize folding and assembly of different cargoes. Endogenous ERp44 is O-glycosylated and secreted by human primary endometrial cells, suggesting possible pathophysiological roles of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sannino
- Divisions of Genetics and Cell Biology and Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy Department of Bioscience, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Anelli
- Divisions of Genetics and Cell Biology and Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Cortini
- Divisions of Genetics and Cell Biology and Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Shoji Masui
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Massimo Degano
- Divisions of Genetics and Cell Biology and Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Fagioli
- Divisions of Genetics and Cell Biology and Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Kenji Inaba
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Divisions of Genetics and Cell Biology and Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
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van Anken E, Orsi A, Sitia R. A RIDDle solved: why an intact IRE1α/XBP-1 signaling relay is key for humoral immune responses. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:641-5. [PMID: 24497153 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
As they commit to plasma cell differentiation, B lymphocytes must swiftly gear up to produce and secrete huge amounts of antibodies. To develop their secretory capacity, B cells exploit a signaling pathway that is employed by all eukaryotic cells in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. An article by Benhamron et al. in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, [Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44: 867-876] sheds new light on why an intact IRE1/XBP-1 signaling relay is central to orchestrate the full-blown expansion of the secretory machinery needed for massive antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco van Anken
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute & Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Medraño-Fernandez I, Fagioli C, Mezghrani A, Otsu M, Sitia R. Different redox sensitivity of endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation clients suggests a novel role for disulphide bonds in secretory proteins. Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 92:113-8. [PMID: 24697695 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2013-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To maintain proteostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), terminally misfolded secretory proteins must be recognized, partially unfolded, and dislocated to the cytosol for proteasomal destruction, in a complex process called ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Dislocation implies reduction of inter-chain disulphide bonds. When in its reduced form, protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) can act not only as a reductase but also as an unfoldase, preparing substrates for dislocation. PDI oxidation by Ero1 favours substrate release and transport across the ER membrane. Here we addressed the redox dependency of ERAD and found that DTT stimulates the dislocation of proteins with DTT-resistant disulphide bonds (i.e., orphan Ig-μ chains) but stabilizes a ribophorin mutant (Ri332) devoid of them. DTT promotes the association of Ri332, but not of Ig-µ, with PDI. This discrepancy may suggest that disulphide bonds in cargo proteins can be utilized to oxidize PDI, hence facilitating substrate detachment and degradation also in the absence of Ero1. Accordingly, Ero1 silencing retards Ri332 degradation, but has little if any effect on Ig-µ. Thus, some disulphides can increase the stability and simultaneously favour quality control of secretory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Medraño-Fernandez
- a Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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Wang L, Zhang L, Niu Y, Sitia R, Wang CC. Glutathione peroxidase 7 utilizes hydrogen peroxide generated by Ero1α to promote oxidative protein folding. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:545-56. [PMID: 23919619 PMCID: PMC3901321 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Ero1 flavoproteins catalyze oxidative folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), consuming oxygen and generating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The ER-localized glutathione peroxidase 7 (GPx7) shows protein disulfide isomerase (PDI)-dependent peroxidase activity in vitro. Our work aims at identifying the physiological role of GPx7 in the Ero1α/PDI oxidative folding pathway and at dissecting the reaction mechanisms of GPx7. RESULTS Our data show that GPx7 can utilize Ero1α-produced H2O2 to accelerate oxidative folding of substrates both in vitro and in vivo. H2O2 oxidizes Cys57 of GPx7 to sulfenic acid, which can be resolved by Cys86 to form an intramolecular disulfide bond. Both the disulfide form and sulfenic acid form of GPx7 can oxidize PDI for catalyzing oxidative folding. GPx7 prefers to interact with the a domain of PDI, and intramolecular cooperation between the two redox-active sites of PDI increases the activity of the Ero1α/GPx7/PDI triad. INNOVATION Our in vitro and in vivo evidence provides mechanistic insights into how cells consume potentially harmful H2O2 while optimizing oxidative protein folding via the Ero1α/GPx7/PDI triad. Cys57 can promote PDI oxidation in two ways, and Cys86 emerges as a novel noncanonical resolving cysteine. CONCLUSION GPx7 promotes oxidative protein folding, directly utilizing Ero1α-generated H2O2 in the early secretory compartment. Thus, the Ero1α/GPx7/PDI triad generates two disulfide bonds and two H2O molecules at the expense of a single O2 molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- 1 National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Benasciutti E, Mariani E, Oliva L, Scolari M, Perilli E, Barras E, Milan E, Orfanelli U, Fazzalari NL, Campana L, Capobianco A, Otten L, Particelli F, Acha-Orbea H, Baruffaldi F, Faccio R, Sitia R, Reith W, Cenci S. MHC class II transactivator is an in vivo regulator of osteoclast differentiation and bone homeostasis co-opted from adaptive immunity. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:290-303. [PMID: 24038328 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The molecular networks controlling bone homeostasis are not fully understood. The common evolution of bone and adaptive immunity encourages the investigation of shared regulatory circuits. MHC Class II Transactivator (CIITA) is a master transcriptional co-activator believed to be exclusively dedicated for antigen presentation. CIITA is expressed in osteoclast precursors, and its expression is accentuated in osteoporotic mice. We thus asked whether CIITA plays a role in bone biology. To this aim, we fully characterized the bone phenotype of two mouse models of CIITA overexpression, respectively systemic and restricted to the monocyte-osteoclast lineage. Both CIITA-overexpressing mouse models revealed severe spontaneous osteoporosis, as assessed by micro-computed tomography and histomorphometry, associated with increased osteoclast numbers and enhanced in vivo bone resorption, whereas osteoblast numbers and in vivo bone-forming activity were unaffected. To understand the underlying cellular and molecular bases, we investigated ex vivo the differentiation of mutant bone marrow monocytes into osteoclasts and immune effectors, as well as osteoclastogenic signaling pathways. CIITA-overexpressing monocytes differentiated normally into effector macrophages or dendritic cells but showed enhanced osteoclastogenesis, whereas CIITA ablation suppressed osteoclast differentiation. Increased c-fms and receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) signaling underlay enhanced osteoclast differentiation from CIITA-overexpressing precursors. Moreover, by extending selected phenotypic and cellular analyses to additional genetic mouse models, namely MHC Class II deficient mice and a transgenic mouse line lacking a specific CIITA promoter and re-expressing CIITA in the thymus, we excluded MHC Class II expression and T cells from contributing to the observed skeletal phenotype. Altogether, our study provides compelling genetic evidence that CIITA, the molecular switch of antigen presentation, plays a novel, unexpected function in skeletal homeostasis, independent of MHC Class II expression and T cells, by exerting a selective and intrinsic control of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Benasciutti
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology and BoNetwork, DiBiT, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
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Bertolotti M, Bestetti S, García-Manteiga JM, Medraño-Fernandez I, Dal Mas A, Malosio ML, Sitia R. Tyrosine kinase signal modulation: a matter of H2O2 membrane permeability? Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1447-51. [PMID: 23541115 PMCID: PMC3797449 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract H2O2 produced by extracellular NADPH oxidases regulates tyrosine kinase signaling inhibiting phosphatases. How does it cross the membrane to reach its cytosolic targets? Silencing aquaporin-8 (AQP8), but not AQP3 or AQP4, inhibited H2O2 entry into HeLa cells. Re-expression of AQP8 with silencing-resistant vectors rescued H2O2 transport, whereas a C173A-AQP8 mutant failed to do so. Lowering AQP8 levels affected H2O2 entry into the endoplasmic reticulum, but not into mitochondria. AQP8 silencing also inhibited the H2O2 spikes and phosphorylation of downstream proteins induced by epidermal growth factor. These observations lead to the hypothesis that H2O2 does not freely diffuse across the plasma membrane and AQP8 and other H2O2 transporters are potential targets for manipulating key signaling pathways in cancer and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Bertolotti
- 1 Divisions of Genetics & Cell Biology and Metabolism, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, OSR & Fondazione Centro San Raffaele , Milano, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Bertolotti
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Bestetti
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione Centro San Raffaele, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Iria Medrano-Fernandez
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Kakihana T, Araki K, Vavassori S, Iemura SI, Cortini M, Fagioli C, Natsume T, Sitia R, Nagata K. Dynamic regulation of Ero1α and peroxiredoxin 4 localization in the secretory pathway. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:29586-94. [PMID: 23979138 PMCID: PMC3795256 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.467845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early secretory compartment (ESC), a network of chaperones and enzymes assists oxidative folding of nascent proteins. Ero1 flavoproteins oxidize protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), generating H2O2 as a byproduct. Peroxiredoxin 4 (Prx4) can utilize luminal H2O2 to oxidize PDI, thus favoring oxidative folding while limiting oxidative stress. Interestingly, neither ER oxidase contains known ER retention signal(s), raising the question of how cells prevent their secretion. Here we show that the two proteins share similar intracellular localization mechanisms. Their secretion is prevented by sequential interactions with PDI and ERp44, two resident proteins of the ESC-bearing KDEL-like motifs. PDI binds preferentially Ero1α, whereas ERp44 equally retains Ero1α and Prx4. The different binding properties of Ero1α and Prx4 increase the robustness of ER redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Kakihana
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
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Benham AM, van Lith M, Sitia R, Braakman I. Ero1-PDI interactions, the response to redox flux and the implications for disulfide bond formation in the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20110403. [PMID: 23530257 PMCID: PMC3638393 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein folding machinery of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ensures that proteins entering the eukaryotic secretory pathway acquire appropriate post-translational modifications and reach a stably folded state. An important component of this protein folding process is the supply of disulfide bonds. These are introduced into client proteins by ER resident oxidoreductases, including ER oxidoreductin 1 (Ero1). Ero1 is usually considered to function in a linear pathway, by ‘donating’ a disulfide bond to protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and receiving electrons that are passed on to the terminal electron acceptor molecular oxygen. PDI engages with a range of clients as the direct catalyst of disulfide bond formation, isomerization or reduction. In this paper, we will consider the interactions of Ero1 with PDI family proteins and chaperones, highlighting the effect that redox flux has on Ero1 partnerships. In addition, we will discuss whether higher order protein complexes play a role in Ero1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Benham
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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Campanella A, Santambrogio P, Fontana F, Frenquelli M, Cenci S, Marcatti M, Sitia R, Tonon G, Camaschella C. Iron increases the susceptibility of multiple myeloma cells to bortezomib. Haematologica 2012; 98:971-9. [PMID: 23242599 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.074872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a malignant still incurable plasma cell disorder. Pharmacological treatment based on proteasome inhibition has improved patient outcome; however, bortezomib-resistance remains a major clinical problem. Inhibition of proteasome functionality affects cellular iron homeostasis and iron is a potent inducer of reactive oxygen species and cell death, unless safely stored in ferritin. We explored the potential role of iron in bortezomib-resistance. We analyzed iron proteins, oxidative status and cell viability in 7 multiple myeloma cell lines and in plasma cells from 5 patients. Cells were treated with increasing bortezomib concentrations with or without iron supplementation. We reduced ferritin levels by both shRNA technology and by drug-induced iron starvation. Multiple myeloma cell lines are characterized by distinct ferritin levels, which directly correlate with bortezomib resistance. We observed that iron supplementation upon bortezomib promotes protein oxidation and cell death, and that iron toxicity inversely correlates with basal ferritin levels. Bortezomib prevents ferritin upregulation in response to iron, thus limiting the ability to buffer reactive oxygen species. Consequently, reduction of basal ferritin levels increases both bortezomib sensitivity and iron toxicity. In patients' cells, we confirmed that bortezomib prevents ferritin increase, that iron supplementation upon bortezomib increases cell death and that ferritin reduction overcomes bortezomib resistance. Bortezomib affects iron homeostasis, sensitizing cells to oxidative damage. Modulation of iron status is a strategy worth exploring to improve the efficacy of proteasome inhibition therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Campanella
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Cenci S, Oliva L, Cerruti F, Milan E, Bianchi G, Raule M, Mezghrani A, Pasqualetto E, Sitia R, Cascio P. Pivotal Advance: Protein synthesis modulates responsiveness of differentiating and malignant plasma cells to proteasome inhibitors. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:921-31. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1011497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Margittai É, Löw P, Stiller I, Greco A, Garcia-Manteiga JM, Pengo N, Benedetti A, Sitia R, Bánhegyi G. Production of H₂O₂ in the endoplasmic reticulum promotes in vivo disulfide bond formation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:1088-99. [PMID: 22369093 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Oxidative protein folding in the luminal compartment of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is thought to be accompanied by the generation of H₂O₂, as side-product of disulfide bond formation. We aimed to examine the role of H₂O₂ produced in the lumen, which on one hand can lead to redox imbalance and hence can contribute to ER stress caused by overproduction of secretory proteins; on the other hand, as an excellent electron acceptor, H₂O₂ might serve as an additional pro-oxidant in physiological oxidative folding. RESULTS Stimulation of H₂O₂ production in the hepatic ER resulted in a decrease in microsomal GSH and protein-thiol contents and in a redox shift of certain luminal oxidoreductases in mice. The oxidative effect, accompanied by moderate signs of ER stress and reversible dilation of ER cisternae, was prevented by concomitant reducing treatment. The imbalance also affected the redox state of pyridine nucleotides in the ER. Antibody producing cells artificially engineered with powerful luminal H₂O₂ eliminating system showed diminished secretion of mature antibody polymers, while incomplete antibody monomers/dimers were accumulated and/or secreted. INNOVATION Evidence are provided by using in vivo models that hydrogen peroxide can promote disulfide bond formation in the ER. CONCLUSION The results indicate that local H₂O₂ production promotes, while quenching of H₂O₂ impairs disulfide formation. The contribution of H₂O₂ to disulfide bond formation previously observed in vitro can be also shown in cellular and in vivo systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Margittai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE On the one hand, redox emerges as a key mechanism in regulating intra- and intercellular signaling and homeostatic systems. On the other hand, cells of the B lineage provide powerful systems to unravel the intra- and intercellular mechanisms that coordinate the processes of development and terminal differentiation. RECENT ADVANCES This essay summarizes a few paradigmatic examples of redox regulation and signal modulation that emerged from, or were confirmed by, studies on the development, differentiation and function of B cells. CRITICAL ISSUES While a role for intra- and intercellular redox signaling has been firmly established for differentiating B cells, many fundamental questions remain open, including the cellular sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the spatial and temporal constraints of ROS signaling, and the functional role of the antioxidant response. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Given their robustness and biotechnological and clinical interest, cells of the B lineage continue to be fruitful goldmines from which redox biologists can dig novel mechanistic knowledge of general relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Bertolotti
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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Anelli T, Bergamelli L, Margittai E, Rimessi A, Fagioli C, Malgaroli A, Pinton P, Ripamonti M, Rizzuto R, Sitia R. Ero1α regulates Ca(2+) fluxes at the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria interface (MAM). Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:1077-87. [PMID: 21854214 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in many functions, including protein folding, redox homeostasis, and Ca(2+) storage and signaling. To perform these multiple tasks, the ER is composed of distinct, specialized subregions, amongst which mitochondrial-associated ER membranes (MAM) emerge as key signaling hubs. How these multiple functions are integrated with one another in living cells remains unclear. RESULTS Here we show that Ero1α, a key controller of oxidative folding and ER redox homeostasis, is enriched in MAM and regulates Ca(2+) fluxes. Downregulation of Ero1α by RNA interference inhibits mitochondrial Ca(2+) fluxes and modifies the activity of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporters. The overexpression of redox active Ero1α increases passive Ca(2+) efflux from the ER, lowering [Ca(2+)](ER) and mitochondrial Ca(2+) fluxes in response to IP3 agonists. INNOVATION The unexpected observation that Ca(2+) fluxes are affected by either increasing or decreasing the levels of Ero1α reveals a pivotal role for this oxidase in the early secretory compartment and implies a strict control of its amounts. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results indicate that the levels, subcellular localization, and activity of Ero1α coordinately regulate Ca(2+) and redox homeostasis and signaling in the early secretory compartment.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the port of entry into the secretory pathway, is a complex organelle that performs many fundamental functions, including protein synthesis and quality control, Ca(2+) storage and signaling. Redox homeostasis is of paramount importance for allowing the efficient folding of secretory proteins, most of which contain essential disulfide bonds. RECENT ADVANCES revealed that an intricate protein network sustains the processes of disulfide bond formation and reshuffling in the ER. Remarkably, H(2)O(2), which is a known by-product of Ero1 flavoproteins in cells, is utilized by peroxiredoxin-4 and glutathione peroxidases-7 and -8, which reside in the mammalian secretory compartment and further fuel oxidative protein folding while limiting oxidative damage. CRITICAL ISSUES that remain to be addressed are the sources, diffusibility and signaling role(s) of H(2)O(2) in and between organelles and cells, how the emerging redundancy in the systems is coupled to precise regulation, and how the distinct pathways operating in the early secretory compartment are integrated with one another. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A further dissection of the pathways that integrate folding, redox homeostasis, and signaling in the early secretory pathway may allow to manipulate protein homeostasis and survival-death decisions in degenerative diseases or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Kakihana
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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