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Zafarullah M, Tang HT, Durbin-Johnson B, Fourie E, Hessl D, Rivera SM, Tassone F. FMR1 locus isoforms: potential biomarker candidates in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Sci Rep 2020; 10:11099. [PMID: 32632326 PMCID: PMC7338407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement and cognition in male and female carriers of a premutation allele of 55–200 CGG repeats in the Fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene. It is currently unknown if and when an individual carrier of a premutation allele will develop FXTAS, as clinical assessment fails to identify carriers at risk before significant neurological symptoms are evident. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the alternative splicing landscape at the FMR1 locus in conjunction with brain measures in male individuals with a premutation allele enrolled in a very first longitudinal study, compared to age-matched healthy male controls, with the purpose of identifying biomarkers for early diagnosis, disease prediction and, a progression of FXTAS. Our findings indicate that increased expression of FMR1 mRNA isoforms, including Iso4/4b, Iso10/10b, as well as of the ASFMR1 mRNAs Iso131bp, are present in premutation carriers as compared to non-carrier healthy controls. More specifically, we observed a higher expression of Iso4/4b and Iso10/10b, which encode for truncated proteins, only in those premutation carriers who developed symptoms of FXTAS over time as compared to non-carrier healthy controls, suggesting a potential role in the development of the disorder. In addition, we found a significant association of these molecular changes with various measurements of brain morphology, including the middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP), superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP), pons, and midbrain, indicating their potential contribution to the pathogenesis of FXTAS. Interestingly, the high expression levels of Iso4/4b observed both at visit 1 and visit 2 and found to be associated with a decrease in mean MCP width only in those individuals who developed FXTAS over time, suggests their role as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of FXTAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Zafarullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA
| | - Hiu-Tung Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Emily Fourie
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David Hessl
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA
| | - Susan M Rivera
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA. .,MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA.
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Mukherjee A, Morales-Scheihing D, Salvadores N, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Gonzalez C, Taylor-Presse K, Mendez N, Shahnawaz M, Gaber AO, Sabek OM, Fraga DW, Soto C. Induction of IAPP amyloid deposition and associated diabetic abnormalities by a prion-like mechanism. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2591-2610. [PMID: 28765400 PMCID: PMC5584114 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, Mukherjee et al. show that the pathologic and clinical alterations of type 2 diabetes can be induced in vitro and in vivo by prion-like transmission of IAPP misfolded aggregates, supporting an important role for IAPP aggregation in the disease. Although a large proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) accumulate misfolded aggregates composed of the islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), its role in the disease is unknown. Here, we show that pancreatic IAPP aggregates can promote the misfolding and aggregation of endogenous IAPP in islet cultures obtained from transgenic mouse or healthy human pancreas. Islet homogenates immunodepleted with anti-IAPP–specific antibodies were not able to induce IAPP aggregation. Importantly, intraperitoneal inoculation of pancreatic homogenates containing IAPP aggregates into transgenic mice expressing human IAPP dramatically accelerates IAPP amyloid deposition, which was accompanied by clinical abnormalities typical of T2D, including hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and a substantial reduction on β cell number and mass. Finally, induction of IAPP deposition and diabetic abnormalities were also induced in vivo by administration of IAPP aggregates prepared in vitro using pure, synthetic IAPP. Our findings suggest that some of the pathologic and clinical alterations of T2D might be transmissible through a similar mechanism by which prions propagate in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisek Mukherjee
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neurology, John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Diego Morales-Scheihing
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neurology, John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Salvadores
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neurology, John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX.,Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neurology, John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Cesar Gonzalez
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neurology, John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Kathleen Taylor-Presse
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neurology, John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Nicolas Mendez
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neurology, John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Mohammad Shahnawaz
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neurology, John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - A Osama Gaber
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Omaima M Sabek
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Daniel W Fraga
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Neurology, John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX .,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
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Eraña H, Venegas V, Moreno J, Castilla J. Prion-like disorders and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies: An overview of the mechanistic features that are shared by the various disease-related misfolded proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:1125-1136. [PMID: 27590581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases or Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders affecting several mammalian species. Its causative agent, disease-associated prion protein (PrPd), is a self-propagating β-sheet rich aberrant conformation of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) with neurotoxic and aggregation-prone properties, capable of inducing misfolding of PrPC molecules. PrPd is the major constituent of prions and, most importantly, is the first known example of a protein with infectious attributes. It has been suggested that similar molecular mechanisms could be shared by other proteins implicated in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or systemic amyloidoses. Accordingly, several terms have been proposed to collectively group all these disorders. Through the stringent evaluation of those aspects that characterise TSE-causing prions, in particular propagation and spread, strain variability or transmissibility, we will discuss whether terms such as "prion", "prion-like", "prionoid" or "propagon" can be used when referring to the aetiological agents of the above other disorders. Moreover, it will also be discussed whether the term "infectious", which defines a prion essential trait, is currently misused when referring to the other misfolded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasier Eraña
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Vanesa Venegas
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreno
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Joaquín Castilla
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160, Derio, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48011, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Proteome-wide characterization of signalling interactions in the hippocampal CA4/DG subfield of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11138. [PMID: 26059363 PMCID: PMC4462342 DOI: 10.1038/srep11138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia; however, mechanisms and biomarkers remain unclear. Here, we examined hippocampal CA4 and dentate gyrus subfields, which are less studied in the context of AD pathology, in post-mortem AD and control tissue to identify possible biomarkers. We performed mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis combined with label-free quantification for identification of differentially expressed proteins. We identified 4,328 proteins, of which 113 showed more than 2-fold higher or lower expression in AD hippocampi than in control tissues. Five proteins were identified as putative AD biomarkers (MDH2, PCLO, TRRAP, YWHAZ, and MUC19 isoform 5) and were cross-validated by immunoblotting, selected reaction monitoring, and MALDI imaging. We also used a bioinformatics approach to examine upstream signalling interactions of the 113 regulated proteins. Five upstream signalling (IGF1, BDNF, ZAP70, MYC, and cyclosporin A) factors showed novel interactions in AD hippocampi. Taken together, these results demonstrate a novel platform that may provide new strategies for the early detection of AD and thus its diagnosis.
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Fernández-Borges N, Eraña H, Venegas V, Elezgarai SR, Harrathi C, Castilla J. Animal models for prion-like diseases. Virus Res 2015; 207:5-24. [PMID: 25907990 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases or Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders affecting several mammalian species being Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD) the most representative in human beings, scrapie in ovine, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in bovine and Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in cervids. As stated by the "protein-only hypothesis", the causal agent of TSEs is a self-propagating aberrant form of the prion protein (PrP) that through a misfolding event acquires a β-sheet rich conformation known as PrP(Sc) (from scrapie). This isoform is neurotoxic, aggregation prone and induces misfolding of native cellular PrP. Compelling evidence indicates that disease-specific protein misfolding in amyloid deposits could be shared by other disorders showing aberrant protein aggregates such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and systemic Amyloid A amyloidosis (AA amyloidosis). Evidences of shared mechanisms of the proteins related to each disease with prions will be reviewed through the available in vivo models. Taking prion research as reference, typical prion-like features such as seeding and propagation ability, neurotoxic species causing disease, infectivity, transmission barrier and strain evidences will be analyzed for other protein-related diseases. Thus, prion-like features of amyloid β peptide and tau present in AD, α-synuclein in PD, SOD-1, TDP-43 and others in ALS and serum α-amyloid (SAA) in systemic AA amyloidosis will be reviewed through models available for each disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hasier Eraña
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Vanesa Venegas
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Saioa R Elezgarai
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Chafik Harrathi
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Castilla
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Kraus A, Groveman BR, Caughey B. Prions and the potential transmissibility of protein misfolding diseases. Annu Rev Microbiol 2013; 67:543-64. [PMID: 23808331 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prions, or infectious proteins, represent a major frontier in the study of infectious agents. The prions responsible for mammalian transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are due primarily to infectious self-propagation of misfolded prion proteins. TSE prion structures remain ill-defined, other than being highly structured, self-propagating, and often fibrillar protein multimers with the capacity to seed, or template, the conversion of their normal monomeric precursors into a pathogenic form. Purified TSE prions usually take the form of amyloid fibrils, which are self-seeding ultrastructures common to many serious protein misfolding diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's and Lou Gehrig's (amytrophic lateral sclerosis). Indeed, recent reports have now provided evidence of prion-like propagation of several misfolded proteins from cell to cell, if not from tissue to tissue or individual to individual. These findings raise concerns that various protein misfolding diseases might have spreading, prion-like etiologies that contribute to pathogenesis or prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Kraus
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840;
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