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Orrú CD, Groveman BR, Hughson AG, Barrio T, Isiofia K, Race B, Ferreira NC, Gambetti P, Schneider DA, Masujin K, Miyazawa K, Ghetti B, Zanusso G, Caughey B. Sensitive detection of pathological seeds of α-synuclein, tau and prion protein on solid surfaces. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012175. [PMID: 38640117 PMCID: PMC11062561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Prions or prion-like aggregates such as those composed of PrP, α-synuclein, and tau are key features of proteinopathies such as prion, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, respectively. Their presence on solid surfaces may be biohazardous under some circumstances. PrP prions bound to solids are detectable by ultrasensitive real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assays if the solids can be immersed in assay wells or the prions transferred to pads. Here we show that prion-like seeds can remain detectable on steel wires for at least a year, or even after enzymatic cleaning and sterilization. We also show that contamination of larger objects with pathological seeds of α-synuclein, tau, and PrP can be detected by simply assaying a sampling medium that has been transiently applied to the surface. Human α-synuclein seeds in dementia with Lewy bodies brain tissue were detected by α-synuclein RT-QuIC after drying of tissue dilutions with concentrations as low as 10-6 onto stainless steel. Tau RT-QuIC detected tau seeding activity on steel exposed to Alzheimer's disease brain tissue diluted as much as a billion fold. Prion RT-QuIC assays detected seeding activity on plates exposed to brain dilutions as extreme as 10-5-10-8 from prion-affected humans, sheep, cattle and cervids. Sampling medium collected from surgical instruments used in necropsies of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease-infected transgenic mice was positive down to 10-6 dilution. Sensitivity for prion detection was not sacrificed by omitting the recombinant PrP substrate from the sampling medium during its application to a surface and subsequent storage as long as the substrate was added prior to performing the assay reaction. Our findings demonstrate practical prototypic surface RT-QuIC protocols for the highly sensitive detection of pathologic seeds of α-synuclein, tau, and PrP on solid objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D. Orrú
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity (LNII), Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Bradley R. Groveman
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity (LNII), Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Andrew G. Hughson
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity (LNII), Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Tomás Barrio
- UMR INRAE ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Kachi Isiofia
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity (LNII), Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Brent Race
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity (LNII), Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Natalia C. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity (LNII), Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Pierluigi Gambetti
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David A. Schneider
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kentaro Masujin
- National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Miyazawa
- National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity (LNII), Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
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Williams K, Foliaki ST, Race B, Smith A, Thomas T, Groveman BR, Haigh CL. Neural cell engraftment therapy for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease restores neuroelectrophysiological parameters in a cerebral organoid model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:348. [PMID: 38049877 PMCID: PMC10696693 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), the most common human prion disease, is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with currently no treatment options. Stem cell therapy for neurodegenerative diseases is emerging as a possible treatment option. However, while there are a few clinical trials for other neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, prion disease cell therapy research has so far been confined to animal models. METHODS Here, we use a novel approach to study cell therapies in sCJD using a human cerebral organoid model. Cerebral organoids can be infected with sCJD prions allowing us to assess how neural precursor cell (NPC) therapy impacts the progression of sCJD. After 90 days of sCJD or mock infection, organoids were either seeded with NPCs or left unseeded and monitored for cellular composition changes, prion infection parameters and neuroelectrophysiological function at 180 days post-infection. RESULTS Our results showed NPCs integrated into organoids leading to an increase in neuronal markers and changes in cell signaling irrespective of sCJD infection. Although a small, but significant, decrease in protease-resistant PrP deposition was observed in the CJD-infected organoids that received the NPCs, other disease-associated parameters showed minimal changes. However, the NPCs had a beneficial impact on organoid function following infection. sCJD infection caused reduction in neuronal spike rate and mean burst spike rate, indicative of reduced action potentials. NPC seeding restored these electrophysiological parameters to the uninfected control level. CONCLUSIONS Together with the previous animal studies, our results support that cell therapy may have some functional benefit for the treatment of human prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Williams
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4Th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Simote T Foliaki
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4Th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Brent Race
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4Th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Anna Smith
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4Th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Tina Thomas
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4Th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4Th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4Th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
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Groveman BR, Schwarz B, Bohrnsen E, Foliaki ST, Carroll JA, Wood AR, Bosio CM, Haigh CL. A PrP EGFR signaling axis controls neural stem cell senescence through modulating cellular energy pathways. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105319. [PMID: 37802314 PMCID: PMC10641666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mis-folding of the prion protein (PrP) is known to cause neurodegenerative disease; however, the native function of this protein remains poorly defined. PrP has been linked with many cellular functions, including cellular proliferation and senescence. It is also known to influence epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, a pathway that is itself linked with both cell growth and senescence. Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) persist at low levels in the brain throughout life and retain the ability to proliferate and differentiate into new neural lineage cells. KO of PrP has previously been shown to reduce NSC proliferative capacity. We used PrP KO and WT NSCs from adult mouse brain to examine the influence of PrP on cellular senescence, EGFR signaling, and the downstream cellular processes. PrP KO NSCs showed decreased cell proliferation and increased senescence in in vitro cultures. Expression of EGFR was decreased in PrP KO NSCs compared with WT NSCs and additional supplementation of EGF was sufficient to reduce senescence. RNA-seq analysis confirmed that significant changes were occurring at the mRNA level within the EGFR signaling pathway and these were associated with reduced expression of mitochondrial components and correspondingly reduced mitochondrial function. Metabolomic analysis of cellular energy pathways showed that blockages were occurring at critical sites for production of energy and biomass, including catabolism of pyruvate. We conclude that, in the absence of PrP, NSC growth pathways are downregulated as a consequence of insufficient energy and growth intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Benjamin Schwarz
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Eric Bohrnsen
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Simote T Foliaki
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - James A Carroll
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Aleksandar R Wood
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Catharine M Bosio
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA.
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Baune C, Groveman BR, Hughson AG, Thomas T, Twardoski B, Priola S, Chesebro B, Race B. Efficacy of Wex-cide 128 disinfectant against multiple prion strains. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290325. [PMID: 37616303 PMCID: PMC10449212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible, fatal neurologic diseases that include Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in humans, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle and scrapie in sheep. Prions are extremely difficult to inactivate and established methods to reduce prion infectivity are often dangerous, caustic, expensive, or impractical. Identifying viable and safe methods for treating prion contaminated materials is important for hospitals, research facilities, biologists, hunters, and meat-processors. For three decades, some prion researchers have used a phenolic product called Environ LpH (eLpH) to inactivate prions. ELpH has been discontinued, but a similar product, Wex-cide 128, containing the similar phenolic chemicals as eLpH is now available. In the current study, we directly compared the anti-prion efficacy of eLpH and Wex-cide 128 against prions from four different species (hamster 263K, cervid CWD, mouse 22L and human CJD). Decontamination was performed on either prion infected brain homogenates or prion contaminated steel wires and mouse bioassay was used to quantify the remaining prion infectivity. Our data show that both eLpH and Wex-cide 128 removed 4.0-5.5 logs of prion infectivity from 22L, CWD and 263K prion homogenates, but only about 1.25-1.50 logs of prion infectivity from human sporadic CJD. Wex-cide 128 is a viable substitute for inactivation of most prions from most species, but the resistance of CJD to phenolic inactivation is a concern and emphasizes the fact that inactivation methods should be confirmed for each target prion strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Baune
- The Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Bradley R. Groveman
- The Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Andrew G. Hughson
- The Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Tina Thomas
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Barry Twardoski
- Office of Operations Management, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Suzette Priola
- The Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Bruce Chesebro
- The Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Brent Race
- The Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
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Vascellari S, Orrù CD, Groveman BR, Parveen S, Fenu G, Pisano G, Piga G, Serra G, Oppo V, Murgia D, Perra A, Angius F, Hughson AG, Haigh CL, Manzin A, Cossu G, Caughey B. α-Synuclein seeding activity in duodenum biopsies from Parkinson's disease patients. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011456. [PMID: 37390080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal deposition of α-synuclein is a key feature and biomarker of Parkinson's disease. α-Synuclein aggregates can propagate themselves by a prion-like seeding-based mechanism within and between tissues and are hypothesized to move between the intestine and brain. α-Synuclein RT-QuIC seed amplification assays have detected Parkinson's-associated α-synuclein in multiple biospecimens including post-mortem colon samples. Here we show intra vitam detection of seeds in duodenum biopsies from 22/23 Parkinson's patients, but not in 6 healthy controls by RT-QuICR. In contrast, no tau seeding activity was detected in any of the biopsies. Our seed amplifications provide evidence that the upper intestine contains a form(s) of α-synuclein with self-propagating activity. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for PD in this biopsy panel were 95.7% and 100% respectively. End-point dilution analysis indicated up to 106 SD50 seeding units per mg of tissue with positivity in two contemporaneous biopsies from individual patients suggesting widespread distribution within the superior and descending parts of duodenum. Our detection of α-synuclein seeding activity in duodenum biopsies of Parkinson's disease patients suggests not only that such analyses may be useful in ante-mortem diagnosis, but also that the duodenum may be a source or a destination for pathological, self-propagating α-synuclein assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Vascellari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Christina D Orrù
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity (LNII), Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institute of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, United States
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity (LNII), Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institute of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, United States
| | - Sabiha Parveen
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity (LNII), Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institute of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, United States
| | - Giuseppe Fenu
- S. C. Neurology and Stroke Unit, AOBrotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giada Pisano
- S. C. Neurology and Stroke Unit, AOBrotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Piga
- S. C. Neurology and Stroke Unit, AOBrotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giulia Serra
- S. C. Neurology and Stroke Unit, AOBrotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valentina Oppo
- S. C. Neurology and Stroke Unit, AOBrotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniela Murgia
- S. C. Neurology and Stroke Unit, AOBrotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Perra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Angius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrew G Hughson
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity (LNII), Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institute of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, United States
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity (LNII), Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institute of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, United States
| | - Aldo Manzin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cossu
- S. C. Neurology and Stroke Unit, AOBrotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity (LNII), Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institute of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, United States
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6
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Mok TH, Nihat A, Majbour N, Sequeira D, Holm-Mercer L, Coysh T, Darwent L, Batchelor M, Groveman BR, Orr CD, Hughson AG, Heslegrave A, Laban R, Veleva E, Paterson RW, Keshavan A, Schott JM, Swift IJ, Heller C, Rohrer JD, Gerhard A, Butler C, Rowe JB, Masellis M, Chapman M, Lunn MP, Bieschke J, Jackson GS, Zetterberg H, Caughey B, Rudge P, Collinge J, Mead S. Seed amplification and neurodegeneration marker trajectories in individuals at risk of prion disease. Brain 2023; 146:2570-2583. [PMID: 36975162 PMCID: PMC10232278 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human prion diseases are remarkable for long incubation times followed typically by rapid clinical decline. Seed amplification assays and neurodegeneration biofluid biomarkers are remarkably useful in the clinical phase, but their potential to predict clinical onset in healthy people remains unclear. This is relevant not only to the design of preventive strategies in those at-risk of prion diseases, but more broadly, because prion-like mechanisms are thought to underpin many neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we report the accrual of a longitudinal biofluid resource in patients, controls and healthy people at risk of prion diseases, to which ultrasensitive techniques such as real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and single molecule array (Simoa) digital immunoassays were applied for preclinical biomarker discovery. We studied 648 CSF and plasma samples, including 16 people who had samples taken when healthy but later developed inherited prion disease (IPD) ('converters'; range from 9.9 prior to, and 7.4 years after onset). Symptomatic IPD CSF samples were screened by RT-QuIC assay variations, before testing the entire collection of at-risk samples using the most sensitive assay. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light (NfL), tau and UCH-L1 levels were measured in plasma and CSF. Second generation (IQ-CSF) RT-QuIC proved 100% sensitive and specific for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), iatrogenic and familial CJD phenotypes, and subsequently detected seeding activity in four presymptomatic CSF samples from three E200K carriers; one converted in under 2 months while two remain asymptomatic after at least 3 years' follow-up. A bespoke HuPrP P102L RT-QuIC showed partial sensitivity for P102L disease. No compatible RT-QuIC assay was discovered for classical 6-OPRI, A117V and D178N, and these at-risk samples tested negative with bank vole RT-QuIC. Plasma GFAP and NfL, and CSF NfL levels emerged as proximity markers of neurodegeneration in the typically slow IPDs (e.g. P102L), with significant differences in mean values segregating healthy control from IPD carriers (within 2 years to onset) and symptomatic IPD cohorts; plasma GFAP appears to change before NfL, and before clinical conversion. In conclusion, we show distinct biomarker trajectories in fast and slow IPDs. Specifically, we identify several years of presymptomatic seeding positivity in E200K, a new proximity marker (plasma GFAP) and sequential neurodegenerative marker evolution (plasma GFAP followed by NfL) in slow IPDs. We suggest a new preclinical staging system featuring clinical, seeding and neurodegeneration aspects, for validation with larger prion at-risk cohorts, and with potential application to other neurodegenerative proteopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze How Mok
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
- NHS National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Akin Nihat
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
- NHS National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Nour Majbour
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Danielle Sequeira
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
- NHS National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Leah Holm-Mercer
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
- NHS National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas Coysh
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
- NHS National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Lee Darwent
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Mark Batchelor
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Christina D Orr
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Andrew G Hughson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rhiannon Laban
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Elena Veleva
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ross W Paterson
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Ashvini Keshavan
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Imogen J Swift
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Carolin Heller
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Medicine Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Medicine Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christopher Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Miles Chapman
- Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Michael P Lunn
- Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jan Bieschke
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Graham S Jackson
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-43180 Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792-2420, USA
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Peter Rudge
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
- NHS National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John Collinge
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
- NHS National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit at University College London, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London W1W 7FF, UK
- NHS National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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7
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Foliaki ST, Wood A, Williams K, Smith A, Walters RO, Baune C, Groveman BR, Haigh CL. Temporary alteration of neuronal network communication is a protective response to redox imbalance that requires GPI-anchored prion protein. Redox Biol 2023; 63:102733. [PMID: 37172395 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPC) protects neurons against oxidative stress damage. This role is lost upon its misfolding into insoluble prions in prion diseases, and correlated with cytoskeletal breakdown and neurophysiological deficits. Here we used mouse neuronal models to assess how PrPC protects the neuronal cytoskeleton, and its role in network communication, from oxidative stress damage. Oxidative stress was induced extrinsically by potassium superoxide (KO2) or intrinsically by Mito-Paraquat (MtPQ), targeting the mitochondria. In mouse neural lineage cells, KO2 was damaging to the cytoskeleton, with cells lacking PrPC (PrP-/-) damaged more than wild-type (WT) cells. In hippocampal slices, KO2 acutely inhibited neuronal communication in WT controls without damaging the cytoskeleton. This inhibition was not observed in PrP-/- slices. Neuronal communication and the cytoskeleton of PrP-/- slices became progressively disrupted and degenerated post-recovery, whereas the dysfunction in WT slices recovered in 5 days. This suggests that the acute inhibition of neuronal activity in WT slices in response to KO2 was a neuroprotective role of PrPC, which PrP-/- slices lacked. Heterozygous expression of PrPC was sufficient for this neuroprotection. Further, hippocampal slices from mice expressing PrPC without its GPI anchor (PrPGPI-/-) displayed acute inhibition of neuronal activity by KO2. However, they failed to restore normal activity and cytoskeletal formation post-recovery. This suggests that PrPC facilitates the depressive response to KO2 and its GPI anchoring is required to restore KO2-induced damages. Immuno spin-trapping showed increased radicals formed on the filamentous actin of PrP-/- and PrPGPI-/- slices, but not WT and PrP+/- slices, post-recovery suggesting ongoing dysregulation of redox balance in the slices lacking GPI-anchored PrPC. The MtPQ treatment of hippocampal slices temporarily inhibited neuronal communication independent of PrPC expression. Overall, GPI-anchored PrPC alters synapses and neurotransmission to protect and repair the neuronal cytoskeleton, and neuronal communication, from extrinsically induced oxidative stress damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simote T Foliaki
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
| | - Aleksandar Wood
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Katie Williams
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Anna Smith
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Ryan O Walters
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Chase Baune
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
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8
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Groveman BR, Race B, Foliaki ST, Williams K, Hughson AG, Baune C, Zanusso G, Haigh CL. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease infected human cerebral organoids retain the original human brain subtype features following transmission to humanized transgenic mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:28. [PMID: 36788566 PMCID: PMC9930245 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral organoids (COs) are three-dimensional self-organizing cultures of cerebral brain tissue differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells. We have recently shown that COs are susceptible to infection with different subtypes of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) prions, which in humans cause different manifestations of the disease. The ability to study live human brain tissue infected with different CJD subtypes opens a wide array of possibilities from differentiating mechanisms of cell death and identifying neuronal selective vulnerabilities to testing therapeutics. However, the question remained as to whether the prions generated in the CO model truly represent those in the infecting inoculum. Mouse models expressing human prion protein are commonly used to characterize human prion disease as they reproduce many of the molecular and clinical phenotypes associated with CJD subtypes. We therefore inoculated these mice with COs that had been infected with two CJD subtypes (MV1 and MV2) to see if the original subtype characteristics (referred to as strains once transmitted into a model organism) of the infecting prions were maintained in the COs when compared with the original human brain inocula. We found that disease characteristics caused by the molecular subtype of the disease associated prion protein were similar in mice inoculated with either CO derived material or human brain material, demonstrating that the disease associated prions generated in COs shared strain characteristics with those in humans. As the first and only in vitro model of human neurodegenerative disease that can faithfully reproduce different subtypes of prion disease, these findings support the use of the CO model for investigating human prion diseases and their subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R. Groveman
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA
| | - Brent Race
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA
| | - Simote T. Foliaki
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA
| | - Katie Williams
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA
| | - Andrew G. Hughson
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA
| | - Chase Baune
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- grid.5611.30000 0004 1763 1124Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cathryn L. Haigh
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA
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9
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Foliaki ST, Smith A, Schwarz B, Bohrnsen E, Bosio CM, Williams K, Orrú CD, Lachenauer H, Groveman BR, Haigh CL. Altered energy metabolism in Fatal Familial Insomnia cerebral organoids is associated with astrogliosis and neuronal dysfunction. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010565. [PMID: 36656833 PMCID: PMC9851538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is a rare neurodegenerative disease caused by a dominantly inherited single amino acid substitution (D178N) within the prion protein (PrP). No in vitro human brain tissue model for this disease has previously been available. Consequently, how this mutation exerts its damaging effect on brain cells is still unknown. Using CRISPR-Cas9 engineered induced pluripotent stem cells, we made D178N cerebral organoids and compared these with isotype control organoids. We found that, in the absence of other hallmarks of FFI, the D178N organoids exhibited astrogliosis with cellular oxidative stress. Abnormal post-translational processing of PrP was evident but no tissue deposition or propagation of mis-folded PrP isoforms were observed. Neuronal electrophysiological function was compromised and levels of neurotransmitters, particularly acetylcholine and GABA, altered. Underlying these dysfunctions were changes in cellular energy homeostasis, with substantially increased glycolytic and Krebs cycle intermediates, and greater mitochondrial activity. This increased energy demand in D178N organoids was associated with increased mitophagy and depletion of lipid droplets, in turn resulting in shifts of cellular lipid composition. Using a double mutation (178NN) we could confirm that most changes were caused by the presence of the mutation rather than interaction with PrP molecules lacking the mutation. Our data strongly suggests that shifting biosynthetic intermediates and oxidative stress, caused by an imbalance of energy supply and demand, results in astrogliosis with compromised neuronal activity in FFI organoids. They further support that many of the disease associated changes are due to a corruption of PrP function and do not require propagation of PrP mis-folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simote T. Foliaki
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Anna Smith
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Schwarz
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Eric Bohrnsen
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Catharine M. Bosio
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Katie Williams
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Christina D. Orrú
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Hailey Lachenauer
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Bradley R. Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Cathryn L. Haigh
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America,* E-mail:
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10
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Hall S, Orrù CD, Serrano GE, Galasko D, Hughson AG, Groveman BR, Adler CH, Beach TG, Caughey B, Hansson O. Performance of αSynuclein RT-QuIC in relation to neuropathological staging of Lewy body disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:90. [PMID: 35733234 PMCID: PMC9219141 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a need for diagnostic markers in Lewy body disorders (LBD). α-synuclein (αSyn) RT-QuIC has emerged as a promising assay to detect misfolded αSyn in clinically or neuropathologically established patients with various synucleinopathies. In this study, αSyn RT-QuIC was used to analyze lumbar CSF in a clinical cohort from the Swedish BioFINDER study and postmortem ventricular CSF in a neuropathological cohort from the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders/Brain and Body Donation Program (AZSAND/BBDP). The BioFINDER cohort included 64 PD/PDD, 15 MSA, 15 PSP, 47 controls and two controls who later converted to PD/DLB. The neuropathological cohort included 101 cases with different brain disorders, including LBD and controls. In the BioFINDER cohort αSyn RT-QuIC identified LBD (i.e. PD, PDD and converters) vs. controls with a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 83%. The two controls that converted to LBD were αSyn RT-QuIC positive. Within the AZSAND/BBDP cohort, αSyn RT-QuIC identified neuropathologically verified "standard LBD" (i.e. PD, PD with AD and DLB; n = 25) vs. no LB pathology (n = 53) with high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (94%). Only 57% were αSyn RT-QuIC positive in the subgroup with "non-standard" LBD (i.e., AD with Lewy Bodies not meeting criteria for DLB or PD, and incidental LBD, n = 23). Furthermore, αSyn RT-QuIC reliably identified cases with LB pathology in the cortex (97% sensitivity) vs. cases with no LBs or LBs present only in the olfactory bulb (93% specificity). However, the sensitivity was low, only 50%, for cases with LB pathology restricted to the brainstem or amygdala, not affecting the allocortex or neocortex. In conclusion, αSyn RT-QuIC of CSF samples is highly sensitive and specific for identifying cases with clinicopathologically-defined Lewy body disorders and shows a lower sensitivity for non-standard LBD or asymptomatic LBD or in cases with modest LB pathology not affecting the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hall
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Christina D Orrù
- LPVD, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrew G Hughson
- LPVD, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | - Charles H Adler
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Byron Caughey
- LPVD, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
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11
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Russo MJ, Orru CD, Concha-Marambio L, Giaisi S, Groveman BR, Farris CM, Holguin B, Hughson AG, LaFontant DE, Caspell-Garcia C, Cofey CS, Mollon J, Hutten SJ, Merchant K, Heym RG, Soto C, Caughey B, Kang UJ. Correction to: High diagnostic performance of independent alpha-synuclein seed amplification assays for detection of early Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:190. [PMID: 34836545 PMCID: PMC8620217 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Russo MJ, Orru CD, Concha-Marambio L, Giaisi S, Groveman BR, Farris CM, Holguin B, Hughson AG, LaFontant DE, Caspell-Garcia C, Coffey CS, Mollon J, Hutten SJ, Merchant K, Heym RG, Soto C, Caughey B, Kang UJ. High diagnostic performance of independent alpha-synuclein seed amplification assays for detection of early Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:179. [PMID: 34742348 PMCID: PMC8572469 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein seed amplification assays (αSyn-SAAs) are promising diagnostic tools for Parkinson's disease (PD) and related synucleinopathies. They enable detection of seeding-competent alpha-synuclein aggregates in living patients and have shown high diagnostic accuracy in several PD and other synucleinopathy patient cohorts. However, there has been confusion about αSyn-SAAs for their methodology, nomenclature, and relative accuracies when performed by various laboratories. We compared αSyn-SAA results obtained from three independent laboratories to evaluate reproducibility across methodological variations. We utilized the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) cohort, with DATSCAN data available for comparison, since clinical diagnosis of early de novo PD is critical for neuroprotective trials, which often use dopamine transporter imaging to enrich their cohorts. Blinded cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples for a randomly selected subset of PPMI subjects (30 PD, 30 HC, and 20 SWEDD), from both baseline and year 3 collections for the PD and HC groups (140 total CSF samples) were analyzed in parallel by each lab according to their own established and optimized αSyn-SAA protocols. The αSyn-SAA results were remarkably similar across laboratories, displaying high diagnostic performance (sensitivity ranging from 86 to 96% and specificity from 93 to 100%). The assays were also concordant for samples with results that differed from clinical diagnosis, including 2 PD patients determined to be clinically inconsistent with PD at later time points. All three assays also detected 2 SWEDD subjects as αSyn-SAA positive who later developed PD with abnormal DAT-SPECT. These multi-laboratory results confirm the reproducibility and value of αSyn-SAA as diagnostic tools, illustrate reproducibility of the assay in expert hands, and suggest that αSyn-SAA has potential to provide earlier diagnosis with comparable or superior accuracy to existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco J. Russo
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson’s & Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, The Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Christina D. Orru
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | | | - Simone Giaisi
- grid.467162.00000 0004 4662 2788AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Bradley R. Groveman
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | | | - Bret Holguin
- grid.504117.6R&D Unit, Amprion Inc., San Diego, CA USA
| | - Andrew G. Hughson
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - David-Erick LaFontant
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Chelsea Caspell-Garcia
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Christopher S. Coffey
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Jennifer Mollon
- grid.467162.00000 0004 4662 2788AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Samantha J. Hutten
- grid.430781.90000 0004 5907 0388Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, New York, NY USA
| | - Kalpana Merchant
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Roland G. Heym
- grid.467162.00000 0004 4662 2788AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Claudio Soto
- grid.504117.6R&D Unit, Amprion Inc., San Diego, CA USA ,grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, TX USA
| | - Byron Caughey
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT USA
| | - Un Jung Kang
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson’s & Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, The Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
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13
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Foliaki ST, Race B, Williams K, Baune C, Groveman BR, Haigh CL. Reduced SOD2 expression does not influence prion disease course or pathology in mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259597. [PMID: 34735539 PMCID: PMC8568125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are progressive, neurodegenerative diseases affecting humans and animals. Also known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, for the hallmark spongiform change seen in the brain, these diseases manifest increased oxidative damage early in disease and changes in antioxidant enzymes in terminal brain tissue. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) is an antioxidant enzyme that is critical for life. SOD2 knock-out mice can only be kept alive for several weeks post-birth and only with antioxidant therapy. However, this results in the development of a spongiform encephalopathy. Consequently, we hypothesized that reduced levels of SOD2 may accelerate prion disease progression and play a critical role in the formation of spongiform change. Using SOD2 heterozygous knock-out and litter mate wild-type controls, we examined neuronal long-term potentiation, disease duration, pathology, and degree of spongiform change in mice infected with three strains of mouse adapted scrapie. No influence of the reduced SOD2 expression was observed in any parameter measured for any strain. We conclude that changes relating to SOD2 during prion disease are most likely secondary to the disease processes causing toxicity and do not influence the development of spongiform pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simote T. Foliaki
- Prion Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Brent Race
- Veterinary Biology Unit, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Katie Williams
- Prion Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Chase Baune
- Veterinary Biology Unit, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Bradley R. Groveman
- Prion Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Cathryn L. Haigh
- Prion Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Foliaki ST, Schwarz B, Groveman BR, Walters RO, Ferreira NC, Orrù CD, Smith A, Wood A, Schmit OM, Freitag P, Yuan J, Zou W, Bosio CM, Carroll JA, Haigh CL. Neuronal excitatory-to-inhibitory balance is altered in cerebral organoid models of genetic neurological diseases. Mol Brain 2021; 14:156. [PMID: 34635127 PMCID: PMC8507222 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuro-physiological properties of individuals with genetic pre-disposition to neurological disorders are largely unknown. Here we aimed to explore these properties using cerebral organoids (COs) derived from fibroblasts of individuals with confirmed genetic mutations including PRNPE200K, trisomy 21 (T21), and LRRK2G2019S, which are associated with Creutzfeldt Jakob disease, Down Syndrome, and Parkinson's disease. We utilized no known disease/healthy COs (HC) as normal function controls. At 3-4 and 6-10 months post-differentiation, COs with mutations showed no evidence of disease-related pathology. Electrophysiology assessment showed that all COs exhibited mature neuronal firing at 6-10 months old. At this age, we observed significant changes in the electrophysiology of the COs with disease-associated mutations (dCOs) as compared with the HC, including reduced neuronal network communication, slowing neuronal oscillations, and increased coupling of delta and theta phases to the amplitudes of gamma oscillations. Such changes were linked with the detection of hypersynchronous events like spike-and-wave discharges. These dysfunctions were associated with altered production and release of neurotransmitters, compromised activity of excitatory ionotropic receptors including receptors of kainate, AMPA, and NMDA, and changed levels and function of excitatory glutamatergic synapses and inhibitory GABAergic synapses. Neuronal properties that modulate GABAergic inhibition including the activity of Na-K-Cl cotransport 1 (NKCC1) in Cl- homeostasis and the levels of synaptic and extra-synaptic localization of GABA receptors (GABARs) were altered in the T21 COs only. The neurosteroid allopregnanolone, a positive modulator of GABARs, was downregulated in all the dCOs. Treatment with this neurosteroid significantly improved the neuronal communication in the dCOs, possibly through improving the GABAergic inhibition. Overall, without the manifestation of any disease-related pathology, the genetic mutations PRNPE200K, T21, and LRRK2G2019S significantly altered the neuronal network communication in dCOs by disrupting the excitatory-to-inhibitory balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simote T Foliaki
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Benjamin Schwarz
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Ryan O Walters
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Natalia C Ferreira
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Christina D Orrù
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Anna Smith
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Aleksandar Wood
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Olivia M Schmit
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Phoebe Freitag
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Jue Yuan
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Wenquan Zou
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Catharine M Bosio
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - James A Carroll
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
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Groveman BR, Smith A, Williams K, Haigh CL. Cerebral organoids as a new model for prion disease. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009747. [PMID: 34288977 PMCID: PMC8294539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R. Groveman
- Prion Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Anna Smith
- Prion Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Katie Williams
- Prion Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Cathryn L. Haigh
- Prion Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Orrù CD, Ma TC, Hughson AG, Groveman BR, Srivastava A, Galasko D, Angers R, Downey P, Crawford K, Hutten SJ, Kang UJ, Caughey B. A rapid α-synuclein seed assay of Parkinson's disease CSF panel shows high diagnostic accuracy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:374-384. [PMID: 33373501 PMCID: PMC7886040 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assays that specifically measure α-synuclein seeding activity in biological fluids could revolutionize the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Recent improvements in α-synuclein real-time quaking-induced conversion assays of cerebrospinal fluid have dramatically reduced reaction times from 5-13 days down to 1-2 days. OBJECTIVE To test our improved assay against a panel of cerebrospinal fluid specimens from patients with Parkinson's disease and healthy controls from the MJ Fox Foundation/NINDS BioFIND collection. METHODS Specimens collected from healthy controls and patients with clinically typical moderate-to-advanced Parkinson's disease were tested without prior knowledge of disease status. Correlative analyses between assay parameters and clinical measures were performed by an independent investigator. RESULTS BioFIND samples gave positive signals in 105/108 (97%) Parkinson's disease cases versus 11/85 (13%) healthy controls. Receiver operating characteristic analyses of diagnosis of cases versus healthy controls gave areas under the curve of 95%. Beyond binary positive/negative determinations, only weak correlations were observed between various assay response parameters and Parkinson's disease clinical measures or other cerebrospinal fluid analytes. Of note, REM sleep behavioral disorder questionnaire scores correlated with the reaction times needed to reach 50% maximum fluorescence. Maximum fluorescence was inversely correlated with Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor scores, which was driven by the patients without REM sleep behavioral disorder. CONCLUSIONS Our improved α-synuclein seed amplification assay dramatically reduces the time needed to diagnose Parkinson's disease while maintaining the high-performance standards associated with previous α-synuclein seed assays, supporting the clinical utility of this assay for Parkinson's disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D. Orrù
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral DiseasesRocky Mountain LaboratoriesNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNIHHamiltonMontana
| | - Thong C. Ma
- Department of NeurologyNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew York
| | - Andrew G. Hughson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral DiseasesRocky Mountain LaboratoriesNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNIHHamiltonMontana
| | - Bradley R. Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral DiseasesRocky Mountain LaboratoriesNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNIHHamiltonMontana
| | - Ankit Srivastava
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral DiseasesRocky Mountain LaboratoriesNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNIHHamiltonMontana
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California‐San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
| | | | | | - Karen Crawford
- Laboratory of Neuro ImagingMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics InstituteKeck School of Medicine of USCUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | | | - Un Jung Kang
- Department of NeurologyNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew York
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral DiseasesRocky Mountain LaboratoriesNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNIHHamiltonMontana
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Orrú CD, Groveman BR, Foutz A, Bongianni M, Cardone F, McKenzie N, Culeux A, Poleggi A, Grznarova K, Perra D, Fiorini M, Liu X, Ladogana A, Sbriccoli M, Hughson AG, Haïk S, Green AJ, Geschwind MD, Pocchiari M, Safar JG, Zanusso G, Caughey B. Ring trial of 2nd generation RT-QuIC diagnostic tests for sporadic CJD. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:2262-2271. [PMID: 33185334 PMCID: PMC7664259 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Real‐time quaking‐induced conversion (RT‐QuIC) assays detect prion‐seeding activity in a variety of human biospecimens, including cerebrospinal fluid and olfactory mucosa swabs. The assay has shown high diagnostic accuracy in patients with prion disorders. Recently, advances in these tests have led to markedly improved diagnostic sensitivity and reduced assay times. Accordingly, an algorithm has been proposed that entails the use of RT‐QuIC analysis of both sample types to diagnose sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease with nearly 100% accuracy. Here we present a multi‐center evaluation (ring trial) of the reproducibility of these improved “second generation” RT‐QuIC assays as applied to these diagnostic specimens. Methods Cerebrospinal fluid samples were analyzed from subjects with sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob (n = 55) or other neurological diseases (n = 45) at multiple clinical centers. Olfactory mucosa brushings collected by multiple otolaryngologists were obtained from nine sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease cases and 19 controls. These sample sets were initially tested blindly by RT‐QuIC by a coordinating laboratory, recoded, and then sent to five additional testing laboratories for blinded ring trial testing. Results Unblinding of the results by a third party indicated 98‐100% concordance between the results obtained by the testing of these cerebrospinal fluid and nasal brushings at the six laboratories. Interpretation This second‐generation RT‐QuIC assay is highly transferrable, reproducible, and therefore robust for the diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D. Orrú
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral DiseasesRocky Mountain LaboratoriesNational Institute for Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthHamiltonMontanaUSA
| | - Bradley R. Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral DiseasesRocky Mountain LaboratoriesNational Institute for Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthHamiltonMontanaUSA
| | - Aaron Foutz
- Departments of Pathology and NeurologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Matilde Bongianni
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Franco Cardone
- Department of NeuroscienceIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Neil McKenzie
- National CJD Research and Surveillance UnitCentre for Clinical Brain SciencesSchool of Clinical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Audrey Culeux
- Sorbonne UniversitéINSERMCNRSUMR 7225Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreICMParisFrance
| | - Anna Poleggi
- Department of NeuroscienceIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Katarina Grznarova
- Sorbonne UniversitéINSERMCNRSUMR 7225Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreICMParisFrance
| | - Daniela Perra
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Michele Fiorini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Departments of Pathology and NeurologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Anna Ladogana
- Department of NeuroscienceIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Marco Sbriccoli
- Department of NeuroscienceIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Andrew G. Hughson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral DiseasesRocky Mountain LaboratoriesNational Institute for Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthHamiltonMontanaUSA
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- Sorbonne UniversitéINSERMCNRSUMR 7225Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreICMParisFrance
| | - Alison J. Green
- National CJD Research and Surveillance UnitCentre for Clinical Brain SciencesSchool of Clinical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging CenterUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Jiri G. Safar
- Departments of Pathology and NeurologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral DiseasesRocky Mountain LaboratoriesNational Institute for Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthHamiltonMontanaUSA
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Groveman BR, Orrù CD, Hughson AG, Raymond LD, Zanusso G, Ghetti B, Campbell KJ, Safar J, Galasko D, Caughey B. Correction to: Rapid and ultra-sensitive quantitation of disease-associated α-synuclein seeds in brain and cerebrospinal fluid by αSyn RT-QuIC. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:180. [PMID: 33153488 PMCID: PMC7643273 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Raymond GJ, Race B, Orrú CD, Raymond LD, Bongianni M, Fiorini M, Groveman BR, Ferrari S, Sacchetto L, Hughson AG, Monaco S, Pocchiari M, Zanusso G, Caughey B. Transmission of CJD from nasal brushings but not spinal fluid or RT-QuIC product. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:932-944. [PMID: 32538552 PMCID: PMC7318090 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The detection of prion seeding activity in CSF and olfactory mucosal brushings using real‐time quaking‐induced conversion assays allows highly accurate clinical diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. To gauge transmission risks associated with these biospecimens and their testing, we have bioassayed prion infectivity levels in patients’ brain tissue, nasal brushings, and CSF, and assessed the pathogenicity of amplified products of real‐time quaking‐induced conversion assays seeded with Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease prions. Methods We obtained olfactory mucosal brushings and CSF from patients with a final diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease subtype MM1 (n = 3). Samples were inoculated intracerebrally into Tg66 transgenic mice that overexpress the homologous human 129M prion protein. The mice were evaluated for clinical, neuropathological, and biochemical evidence of prion infection. Results Patients’ brain tissue at 102 to 105 fold dilutions affected 47/48 Tg66 mice. In contrast, maximum acutely tolerable doses of insoluble pellets from their olfactory mucosa brushings caused evidence of prion disease in only 4/28 inoculated mice, and no effects were seen with 10‐fold dilutions. No clinical prion disease was observed in mice inoculated with antemortem CSF samples or prion‐seeded real‐time quaking‐induced conversion assay products. Interpretation Pellets from patients’ olfactory mucosa brushings had ≥10,000‐fold lower infectivity per unit volume than brain tissue, while CSF lacked detectable infectivity. Nonetheless, the results suggest that appropriate precautions may be warranted in surgical interventions involving the olfactory areas. The lack of pathogenic infectivity in the real‐time quaking‐induced conversion assay products provides evidence that the assay does not replicate biohazardous prions in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Raymond
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Brent Race
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Christina D Orrú
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Lynne D Raymond
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Matilde Bongianni
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Fiorini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Sergio Ferrari
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Sacchetto
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrew G Hughson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Salvatore Monaco
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
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Carroll JA, Groveman BR, Williams K, Moore R, Race B, Haigh CL. Prion protein N1 cleavage peptides stimulate microglial interaction with surrounding cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6654. [PMID: 32313035 PMCID: PMC7171115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia act as the protective immune cell of the brain. By surveying the tissue to identify and rectify problems, they function to maintain the health of brain cells. The prion protein N-terminal cleavage fragment, N1, has demonstrated neuroprotective activities in vitro and in vivo. This study aimed to elucidate whether N1 could modulate microglial function and, if so, determine the consequences for the surrounding tissue. Using a mixed neuronal lineage and microglia co-culture system, we showed that N1 stimulation changed overall morphology and metabolism, suggesting enhanced cellular viability. Furthermore, N1 induced an increase in Cxcl10 secretion in the co-cultures. Recombinant Cxcl10, administered exogenously, mediated the changes in the mixed neuronal lineage culture morphology and metabolism in the absence of microglia, but no effect of Cxcl10 was observed on microglia cultured on their own. Direct cell-to-cell contact was required for N1 to influence microglia in the co-cultures, and this was linked with restructuring of microglial membrane composition to include a higher GM1 content at interaction sites with surrounding cells. Our findings show that N1 can play a regulatory role in microglial function in the context of an inter-connected network of cells by changing both cellular interaction sites and cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Carroll
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - B R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - K Williams
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - R Moore
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - B Race
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - C L Haigh
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Ryan Walters
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
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Winkler CW, Woods TA, Groveman BR, Carmody AB, Speranza EE, Martens CA, Best SM, Haigh CL, Peterson KE. Neuronal maturation reduces the type I IFN response to orthobunyavirus infection and leads to increased apoptosis of human neurons. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:229. [PMID: 31739796 PMCID: PMC6862864 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND La Crosse virus (LACV) is the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the USA. LACV encephalitis can result in learning and memory deficits, which may be due to infection and apoptosis of neurons in the brain. Despite neurons being the primary cell infected in the brain by LACV, little is known about neuronal responses to infection. METHODS Human cerebral organoids (COs), which contain a spectrum of developing neurons, were used to examine neuronal responses to LACV. Plaque assay and quantitative reverse transcription (qRT) PCR were used to determine the susceptibility of COs to LACV infection. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and single-cell transcriptomics were used to determine specific neuronal subpopulation responses to the virus. RESULTS Overall, LACV readily infected COs causing reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis. However, it was determined that neurons at different stages of development had distinct responses to LACV. Both neural progenitors and committed neurons were infected with LACV, however, committed neurons underwent apoptosis at a higher rate. Transcriptomic analysis showed that committed neurons expressed fewer interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) and genes involved IFN signaling in response to infection compared to neural progenitors. Furthermore, induction of interferon signaling in LACV-infected COs by application of recombinant IFN enhanced cell viability. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that neuronal maturation increases the susceptibility of neurons to LACV-induced apoptosis. This susceptibility is likely due, at least in part, to mature neurons being less responsive to virus-induced IFN as evidenced by their poor ISG response to LACV. Furthermore, exogenous administration of recombinant IFN to LACV COs rescued cellular viability suggesting that increased IFN signaling is overall protective in this complex neural tissue. Together these findings indicate that induction of IFN signaling in developing neurons is an important deciding factor in virus-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Emily E Speranza
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Craig A Martens
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
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Groveman BR, Foliaki ST, Orru CD, Zanusso G, Carroll JA, Race B, Haigh CL. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prion infection of human cerebral organoids. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:90. [PMID: 31196223 PMCID: PMC6567389 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For the transmissible, neurogenerative family of prion diseases, few human models of infection exist and none represent structured neuronal tissue. Human cerebral organoids are self-organizing, three-dimensional brain tissues that can be grown from induced pluripotent stem cells. Organoids can model aspects of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease and Down's Syndrome, reproducing tau hyperphosphorylation and amyloid plaque pathology. To determine whether organoids could be used to reproduce human prion infection and pathogenesis, we inoculated organoids with two sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease prion subtypes. Organoids showed uptake, followed by clearance, of the infectious inoculum. Subsequent re-emergence of prion self-seeding activity indicated de novo propagation. Organoid health assays, prion titer, prion protein electrophoretic mobility and immunohistochemistry demonstrated inoculum-specific differences. Our study shows, for the first time, that cerebral organoids can model aspects of human prion disease and thus offer a powerful system for investigating different human prion subtype pathologies and testing putative therapeutics.
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Saijo E, Groveman BR, Kraus A, Metrick M, Orrù CD, Hughson AG, Caughey B. Ultrasensitive RT-QuIC Seed Amplification Assays for Disease-Associated Tau, α-Synuclein, and Prion Aggregates. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1873:19-37. [PMID: 30341601 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8820-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal assembly of tau, α-synuclein (αSyn), or prion protein into oligomers and multimers underpins the molecular pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Such pathological aggregates can often grow by seeded polymerization mechanisms. We and others have taken advantage of these mechanisms to amplify seeding activities in vitro and devise ultrasensitive, specific and quantitative assays for these etiological biomarkers. Real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assays are performed in multiwell plates with fluorescent readouts, facilitating efficient throughput. Prion RT-QuIC assays on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples are being widely used for antemortem diagnosis of human prion diseases. Recently, we have also described a tau RT-QuIC prototype that has been optimized for Pick disease (with predominant 3R tau pathology) that detects 3R tau seeds in postmortem CSF, and brain tissue dilutions as extreme as a billion-fold. αSyn RT-QuIC prototypes have also been developed, providing ~92% diagnostic sensitivity and 100% specificity for Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies using antemortem CSF. Here we provide detailed protocols for our 3R tau and αSyn RT-QuIC assays and refer the reader to published up-to-date protocols for prion RT-QuIC assays (Orru et al. Methods Mol Biol 1658:185-203, 2017; Schmitz et al. Nat Protoc 11:2233-2242, 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Saijo
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | - Allison Kraus
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Byron Caughey
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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Orrú CD, Yuan J, Appleby BS, Li B, Li Y, Winner D, Wang Z, Zhan YA, Rodgers M, Rarick J, Wyza RE, Joshi T, Wang GX, Cohen ML, Zhang S, Groveman BR, Petersen RB, Ironside JW, Quiñones-Mateu ME, Safar JG, Kong Q, Caughey B, Zou WQ. Prion seeding activity and infectivity in skin samples from patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/417/eaam7785. [PMID: 29167394 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam7785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), the most common human prion disease, is transmissible through iatrogenic routes due to abundant infectious prions [misfolded forms of the prion protein (PrPSc)] in the central nervous system (CNS). Some epidemiological studies have associated sCJD risk with non-CNS surgeries. We explored the potential prion seeding activity and infectivity of skin from sCJD patients. Autopsy or biopsy skin samples from 38 patients [21 sCJD, 2 variant CJD (vCJD), and 15 non-CJD] were analyzed by Western blotting and real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) for PrPSc Skin samples from two patients were further examined for prion infectivity by bioassay using two lines of humanized transgenic mice. Western blotting revealed dermal PrPSc in one of five deceased sCJD patients and one of two vCJD patients. However, the more sensitive RT-QuIC assay detected prion seeding activity in skin from all 23 CJD decedents but not in skin from any non-CJD control individuals (with other neurological conditions or other diseases) during blinded testing. Although sCJD patient skin contained ~103- to 105-fold lower prion seeding activity than did sCJD patient brain tissue, all 12 mice from two transgenic mouse lines inoculated with sCJD skin homogenates from two sCJD patients succumbed to prion disease within 564 days after inoculation. Our study demonstrates that the skin of sCJD patients contains both prion seeding activity and infectivity, which raises concerns about the potential for iatrogenic sCJD transmission via skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Orrú
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Jue Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Brian S Appleby
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Baiya Li
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dane Winner
- University Hospital Translational Laboratory, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zerui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-An Zhan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mark Rodgers
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jason Rarick
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Robert E Wyza
- Human Tissue Procurement Facility, Comprehensive Cancer Center Tissue Resources Core, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Tripti Joshi
- Human Tissue Procurement Facility, Comprehensive Cancer Center Tissue Resources Core, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gong-Xian Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mark L Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Shulin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Robert B Petersen
- Foundation Sciences, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - James W Ironside
- National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Miguel E Quiñones-Mateu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,University Hospital Translational Laboratory, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jiri G Safar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
| | - Wen-Quan Zou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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26
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Wang W, Duclot F, Groveman BR, Carrier N, Qiao H, Fang XQ, Wang H, Xin W, Jiang XH, Salter MW, Ding XS, Kabbaj M, Yu XM. Hippocampal protein kinase D1 is necessary for DHPG-induced learning and memory impairments in rats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195095. [PMID: 29614089 PMCID: PMC5882104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of learning and memory impairments remains a challenge. Recent investigations have shown that the activation of group I mGluRs (mGluR1 and mGluR5) in cultured hippocampal neurons by application of (S)-3,5-Dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) causes the regulated internalization of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), which subsequently activates protein kinase D1 (PKD1). Through phosphorylating the C-terminals of the NMDAR GluN2 subunits, PKD1 down-regulates the activity of remaining (non-internalized) surface NMDARs. The knockdown of PKD1 does not affect the DHPG-induced inhibition of AMPA receptor-mediated miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents (mEPSCs) but prevents the DHPG-induced inhibition of NMDAR-mediated mEPSCs in vitro. Thus, we investigated the in vivo effects of bilateral infusions of DHPG into the hippocampal CA1 area of rats in the Morris water maze (MWM) and the novel object discrimination (NOD) tests. Methods A total of 300 adult male Sprague Dawley rats (250–280 g) were used for behavioral tests. One hundred ninety four were used in MWM test and the other 106 rats in the NOD test. Following one week of habituation to the vivarium, rats were bilaterally implanted under deep anesthesia with cannulas aimed at the CA1 area of the hippocampus (CA1 coordinates in mm from Bregma: AP -3.14; lateral +/-2; DV -3.0). Through implanted cannulas artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF), the group1 mGluR antagonist 6-Methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP), the dynamin-dependent internalization inhibitor Dynasore, or the PKD1 inhibitor CID755673 were infused into the bilateral hippocampal CA1 areas (2 μL per side, over 5 min). The effects of these infusions and the effects of PKD1 knockdown were examined in MWM or NOD test. Results DHPG infusion increased the latency to reach the platform in the MWM test and reduced the preference for the novel object in the NOD task. We found that the DHPG effects were dose-dependent and could be maintained for up to 2 days. Notably, these effects could be prevented by pre-infusion of the group1 mGluR antagonist MPEP, the dynamin-dependent internalization inhibitor Dynasore, the PKD1 inhibitor CID755673, or by PKD1 knockdown in the hippocampal CA1 area. Conclusion Altogether, these findings provide direct evidence that PKD1-mediated signaling may play a critical role in the induction of learning and memory impairments by DHPG infusion into the hippocampal CA1 area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- BenQ Affiliated Hospital and Neurological Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Florian Duclot
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Bradley R. Groveman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nicole Carrier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Haifa Qiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Qian Fang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Edinburg, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Wenkuan Xin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Michael W. Salter
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xin-Sheng Ding
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- BenQ Affiliated Hospital and Neurological Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XD); (MK); (XMY)
| | - Mohamed Kabbaj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XD); (MK); (XMY)
| | - Xian-Min Yu
- BenQ Affiliated Hospital and Neurological Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XD); (MK); (XMY)
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Collins SJ, Tumpach C, Groveman BR, Drew SC, Haigh CL. Prion protein cleavage fragments regulate adult neural stem cell quiescence through redox modulation of mitochondrial fission and SOD2 expression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3231-3249. [PMID: 29574582 PMCID: PMC6063333 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis continues in the post-developmental brain throughout life. The ability to stimulate the production of new neurones requires both quiescent and actively proliferating pools of neural stem cells (NSCs). Actively proliferating NSCs ensure that neurogenic demand can be met, whilst the quiescent pool makes certain NSC reserves do not become depleted. The processes preserving the NSC quiescent pool are only just beginning to be defined. Herein, we identify a switch between NSC proliferation and quiescence through changing intracellular redox signalling. We show that N-terminal post-translational cleavage products of the prion protein (PrP) induce a quiescent state, halting NSC cellular growth, migration, and neurite outgrowth. Quiescence is initiated by the PrP cleavage products through reducing intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. First, inhibition of redox signalling results in increased mitochondrial fission, which rapidly signals quiescence. Thereafter, quiescence is maintained through downstream increases in the expression and activity of superoxide dismutase-2 that reduces mitochondrial superoxide. We further observe that PrP is predominantly cleaved in quiescent NSCs indicating a homeostatic role for this cascade. Our findings provide new insight into the regulation of NSC quiescence, which potentially could influence brain health throughout adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Collins
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Carolin Tumpach
- Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, 59840, USA
| | - Simon C Drew
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, 59840, USA.
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28
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Groveman BR, Orrù CD, Hughson AG, Raymond LD, Zanusso G, Ghetti B, Campbell KJ, Safar J, Galasko D, Caughey B. Rapid and ultra-sensitive quantitation of disease-associated α-synuclein seeds in brain and cerebrospinal fluid by αSyn RT-QuIC. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:7. [PMID: 29422107 PMCID: PMC5806364 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of synucleinopathies such as Parkinson disease and dementia with Lewy bodies would be aided by the availability of assays for the pathogenic disease-associated forms of α-synuclein (αSynD) that are sufficiently sensitive, specific, and practical for analysis of accessible diagnostic specimens. Two recent αSynD seed amplification tests have provided the first prototypes for ultrasensitive and specific detection of αSynD in patients' cerebrospinal fluid. These prototypic assays require 5-13 days to perform. Here, we describe an improved α-synuclein real time quaking-induced conversion (αSyn RT-QuIC) assay that has similar sensitivity and specificity to the prior assays, but can be performed in 1-2 days with quantitation. Blinded analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from 29 synucleinopathy cases [12 Parkinson's and 17 dementia with Lewy bodies] and 31 non-synucleinopathy controls, including 16 Alzheimer's cases, yielded 93% diagnostic sensitivity and 100% specificity for this test so far. End-point dilution analyses allowed quantitation of relative amounts of αSynD seeding activity in cerebrospinal fluid samples, and detection in as little as 0.2 μL. These results confirm that αSynD seeding activity is present in cerebrospinal fluid. We also demonstrate that it can be rapidly detected, and quantitated, even in early symptomatic stages of synucleinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Christina D Orrù
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Andrew G Hughson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Lynne D Raymond
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Katrina J Campbell
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jiri Safar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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29
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Caughey B, Orru CD, Groveman BR, Hughson AG, Manca M, Raymond LD, Raymond GJ, Race B, Saijo E, Kraus A. Amplified Detection of Prions and Other Amyloids by RT-QuIC in Diagnostics and the Evaluation of Therapeutics and Disinfectants. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2017; 150:375-388. [PMID: 28838670 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among the most sensitive, specific and practical of methods for detecting prions are the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assays. These assays exploit the fundamental self-propagating activity of prions to amplify the presence of prion seeds by as much as a trillion-fold. The reactions can detect most of the known mammalian prion diseases, often with sensitivities greater than those of animal bioassays. RT-QuIC assays are performed in multiwell plates with fluorescence detection and have now reached the sensitivity and practicality required for routine prion disease diagnostics. Some key strains of prions within particular host species, e.g., humans, cattle, and sheep, can be discriminated by comparison of RT-QuIC responses with different recombinant prion protein substrates. The most thoroughly validated diagnostic application of RT-QuIC is in the diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) using cerebrospinal fluid. Diagnostic sensitivities as high as 96% can be achieved in less than 24h with specificities of 98%-100%. The ability, if needed, to also test nasal swab samples can increase the RT-QuIC sensitivity for sCJD to virtually 100%. In addition to diagnostic applications, RT-QuIC has also been used in the testing of prion disinfectants and potential therapeutics. Mechanistically related assays are also now being developed for other protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States.
| | - Christina D Orru
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Andrew G Hughson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Matteo Manca
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Lynne D Raymond
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Gregory J Raymond
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Brent Race
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Eri Saijo
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Allison Kraus
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
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Bongianni M, Orrù C, Groveman BR, Sacchetto L, Fiorini M, Tonoli G, Triva G, Capaldi S, Testi S, Ferrari S, Cagnin A, Ladogana A, Poleggi A, Colaizzo E, Tiple D, Vaianella L, Castriciano S, Marchioni D, Hughson AG, Imperiale D, Cattaruzza T, Fabrizi GM, Pocchiari M, Monaco S, Caughey B, Zanusso G. Diagnosis of Human Prion Disease Using Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion Testing of Olfactory Mucosa and Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74:155-162. [PMID: 27942718 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.4614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Early and accurate in vivo diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is necessary for quickly distinguishing treatable from untreatable rapidly progressive dementias and for future therapeutic trials. This early diagnosis is becoming possible using the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) seeding assay, which detects minute amounts of the disease-specific pathologic prion protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or olfactory mucosa (OM) samples. Objective To develop an algorithm for accurate and early diagnosis of CJD by using the RT-QuIC assay on CSF samples, OM samples, or both. Design, Setting, and Participants In this case-control study, samples of CSF and OM were collected from 86 patients with a clinical diagnosis of probable (n = 51), possible (n = 24), or suspected (n = 11) CJD and 104 negative control samples (54 CSF and 50 OM). The CSF and OM samples were analyzed using conventional RT-QuIC. The CSF samples underwent further testing using improved RT-QuIC conditions. In addition, the diagnostic performance of a novel, easy-to-use, gentle flocked swab for sampling of OM was evaluated. Data were collected from January 1 to June 30, 2015. Main Outcome and Measures Correlations between RT-QuIC results and the final diagnosis of recruited patients. Results Among the 86 patients (37 men [43%] and 49 women [57%]; mean [SD] age, 65.7 [11.5] years) included for analysis, all 61 patients with sporadic CJD had positive RT-QuIC findings using OM or CSF samples or both for an overall RT-QuIC diagnostic sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 93%-100%). All patients with a final diagnosis of non-prion disease (71 CSF and 67 OM samples) had negative RT-QuIC findings for 100% specificity (95% CI, 94%-100%). Of 8 symptomatic patients with various mutations causing CJD or Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome, 6 had positive and 2 had negative RT-QuIC findings for a sensitivity of 75% (95% CI, 36%-96%). Conclusions and Relevance A proposed diagnostic algorithm for sporadic CJD combines CSF and OM RT-QuIC testing to provide virtually 100% diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in the clinical phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Bongianni
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Christina Orrù
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Luca Sacchetto
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology, and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Fiorini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tonoli
- Struttura Complessa di Otorinolaringoiatria, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, Rovigo, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Capaldi
- Biocrystallography Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Testi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Sergio Ferrari
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Annachiara Cagnin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy8Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Anna Ladogana
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Poleggi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Colaizzo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Dorina Tiple
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luana Vaianella
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Marchioni
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology, and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrew G Hughson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | | | | | - Gian Maria Fabrizi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pocchiari
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Monaco
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
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31
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Groveman BR, Orrú CD, Hughson AG, Bongianni M, Fiorini M, Imperiale D, Ladogana A, Pocchiari M, Zanusso G, Caughey B. Extended and direct evaluation of RT-QuIC assays for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease diagnosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 4:139-144. [PMID: 28168213 PMCID: PMC5288466 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) testing of human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is highly sensitive and specific in discriminating sporadic CJD patients from those without prion disease. Here, using CSF samples from 113 CJD and 64 non-prion disease patients, we provide the first direct and concurrent comparison of our improved RT-QuIC assay to our previous assay, which is similar to those commonly used internationally for CJD diagnosis. This extended comparison demonstrated a ~21% increase in diagnostic sensitivity, a 2-day reduction in average detection time, and 100% specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Christina D Orrú
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Andrew G Hughson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Matilde Bongianni
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Fiorini
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Anna Ladogana
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pocchiari
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
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Schmitz M, Cramm M, Llorens F, Müller-Cramm D, Collins S, Atarashi R, Satoh K, Orrù CD, Groveman BR, Zafar S, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Caughey B, Zerr I. The real-time quaking-induced conversion assay for detection of human prion disease and study of other protein misfolding diseases. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:2233-2242. [PMID: 27735933 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development and adaption of in vitro misfolded protein amplification systems has been a major innovation in the detection of abnormally folded prion protein scrapie (PrPSc) in human brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. Herein, we describe a fast and efficient protein amplification technique, real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC), for the detection of a PrPSc seed in human brain and CSF. In contrast to other in vitro misfolded protein amplification assays-such as protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA)-which are based on sonication, the RT-QuIC technique is based on prion seed-induced misfolding and aggregation of recombinant prion protein substrate, accelerated by alternating cycles of shaking and rest in fluorescence plate readers. A single RT-QuIC assay typically analyzes up to 32 samples in triplicate, using a 96-well-plate format. From sample preparation to analysis of results, the protocol takes ∼87 h to complete. In addition to diagnostics, this technique has substantial generic analytical applications, including drug screening, prion strain discrimination, biohazard screening (e.g., to reduce transmission risk related to prion diseases) and the study of protein misfolding; in addition, it can potentially be used for the investigation of other protein misfolding diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Cramm
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Llorens
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Müller-Cramm
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steven Collins
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryuichiro Atarashi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuya Satoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Christina D Orrù
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Saima Zafar
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Walter J Schulz-Schaeffer
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
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Orrú CD, Hughson AG, Groveman BR, Campbell KJ, Anson KJ, Manca M, Kraus A, Caughey B. Factors That Improve RT-QuIC Detection of Prion Seeding Activity. Viruses 2016; 8:v8050140. [PMID: 27223300 PMCID: PMC4885095 DOI: 10.3390/v8050140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive detection of prions is important in managing prion diseases. The real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay for prion seeding activity has been applied to many prion diseases and provides for specific antemortem diagnostic testing. We evaluated RT-QuIC’s long-term consistency and varied multiple reaction parameters. Repeated assays of a single scrapie sample using multiple plate readers and recombinant prion protein (rPrPSen) substrates gave comparable results. N-terminal truncated hamster rPrPSen (residues 90–231) hastened both prion-seeded and prion-independent reactions but maintained a clear kinetic distinction between the two. Raising temperatures or shaking speeds accelerated RT-QuIC reactions without compromising specificity. When applied to nasal brushings from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients, higher temperatures accelerated RT-QuIC kinetics, and the use of hamster rPrPSen (90–231) strengthened RT-QuIC responses. Elongation of shaking periods reduced scrapie-seeded reaction times, but continuous shaking promoted false-positive reactions. Furthermore, pH 7.4 provided for more rapid RT-QuIC reactions than more acidic pHs. Additionally, we show that small variations in the amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) significantly impacted the assay. Finally, RT-QuIC performed in multiplate thermoshakers followed by fluorescence readings in separate plate readers enhanced assay throughput economically. Collectively, these results demonstrate improved speed, efficacy and practicality of RT-QuIC assays and highlight variables to be optimized for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Orrú
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, 59840 MT, USA.
| | - Andrew G Hughson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, 59840 MT, USA.
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, 59840 MT, USA.
| | - Katrina J Campbell
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, 59840 MT, USA.
| | - Kelsie J Anson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, 59840 MT, USA.
| | - Matteo Manca
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, 59840 MT, USA.
| | - Allison Kraus
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, 59840 MT, USA.
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, 59840 MT, USA.
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Fang XQ, Qiao H, Groveman BR, Feng S, Pflueger M, Xin WK, Ali MK, Lin SX, Xu J, Duclot F, Kabbaj M, Wang W, Ding XS, Santiago-Sim T, Jiang XH, Salter MW, Yu XM. Regulated internalization of NMDA receptors drives PKD1-mediated suppression of the activity of residual cell-surface NMDA receptors. Mol Brain 2015; 8:75. [PMID: 26584860 PMCID: PMC4653853 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Constitutive and regulated internalization of cell surface proteins has been extensively investigated. The regulated internalization has been characterized as a principal mechanism for removing cell-surface receptors from the plasma membrane, and signaling to downstream targets of receptors. However, so far it is still not known whether the functional properties of remaining (non-internalized) receptor/channels may be regulated by internalization of the same class of receptor/channels. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is a principal subtype of glutamate-gated ion channel and plays key roles in neuronal plasticity and memory functions. NMDARs are well-known to undergo two types of regulated internalization – homologous and heterologous, which can be induced by high NMDA/glycine and DHPG, respectively. In the present work, we investigated effects of regulated NMDAR internalization on the activity of residual cell-surface NMDARs and neuronal functions. Results In electrophysiological experiments we discovered that the regulated internalization of NMDARs not only reduced the number of cell surface NMDARs but also caused an inhibition of the activity of remaining (non-internalized) surface NMDARs. In biochemical experiments we identified that this functional inhibition of remaining surface NMDARs was mediated by increased serine phosphorylation of surface NMDARs, resulting from the activation of protein kinase D1 (PKD1). Knockdown of PKD1 did not affect NMDAR internalization but prevented the phosphorylation and inhibition of remaining surface NMDARs and NMDAR-mediated synaptic functions. Conclusion These data demonstrate a novel concept that regulated internalization of cell surface NMDARs not only reduces the number of NMDARs on the cell surface but also causes an inhibition of the activity of remaining surface NMDARs through intracellular signaling pathway(s). Furthermore, modulating the activity of remaining surface receptors may be an effective approach for treating receptor internalization-induced changes in neuronal functions of the CNS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-015-0167-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Fang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Haifa Qiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Shuang Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Melissa Pflueger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Wen-Kuan Xin
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1G6, Canada.
| | - Mohammad K Ali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Shuang-Xiu Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Jindong Xu
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1G6, Canada.
| | - Florian Duclot
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Mohamed Kabbaj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China.
| | - Xin-Sheng Ding
- Department of Neurology, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, PR China. .,BenQ Neurological Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210021, PR China.
| | - Teresa Santiago-Sim
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston Vivian L. Smith, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Xing-Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Michael W Salter
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Xian-Min Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA. .,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1G6, Canada. .,BenQ Neurological Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210021, PR China. .,Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Orrú CD, Groveman BR, Raymond LD, Hughson AG, Nonno R, Zou W, Ghetti B, Gambetti P, Caughey B. Correction: Bank Vole Prion Protein As an Apparently Universal Substrate for RT-QuIC-Based Detection and Discrimination of Prion Strains. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005117. [PMID: 26284358 PMCID: PMC4540460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Kraus A, Anson KJ, Raymond LD, Martens C, Groveman BR, Dorward DW, Caughey B. Prion Protein Prolines 102 and 105 and the Surrounding Lysine Cluster Impede Amyloid Formation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21510-22. [PMID: 26175152 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.665844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human prion diseases can have acquired, sporadic, or genetic origins, each of which results in the conversion of prion protein (PrP) to transmissible, pathological forms. The genetic prion disease Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome can arise from point mutations of prolines 102 or 105. However, the structural effects of these two prolines, and mutations thereof, on PrP misfolding are not well understood. Here, we provide evidence that individual mutations of Pro-102 or Pro-105 to noncyclic aliphatic residues such as the Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker-linked leucines can promote the in vitro formation of PrP amyloid with extended protease-resistant cores reminiscent of infectious prions. This effect was enhanced by additional charge-neutralizing mutations of four nearby lysine residues comprising the so-called central lysine cluster. Substitution of these proline and lysine residues accelerated PrP conversion such that spontaneous amyloid formation was no longer slower than scrapie-seeded amyloid formation. Thus, Pro-102 and Pro-105, as well as the lysines in the central lysine cluster, impede amyloid formation by PrP, implicating these residues as key structural modulators in the conversion of PrP to disease-associated types of amyloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Kraus
- From the Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases and
| | | | | | - Craig Martens
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840
| | | | - David W Dorward
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840
| | - Byron Caughey
- From the Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases and
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Orrú CD, Groveman BR, Raymond LD, Hughson AG, Nonno R, Zou W, Ghetti B, Gambetti P, Caughey B. Bank Vole Prion Protein As an Apparently Universal Substrate for RT-QuIC-Based Detection and Discrimination of Prion Strains. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004983. [PMID: 26086786 PMCID: PMC4472236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prions propagate as multiple strains in a wide variety of mammalian species. The detection of all such strains by a single ultrasensitive assay such as Real Time Quaking-induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) would facilitate prion disease diagnosis, surveillance and research. Previous studies have shown that bank voles, and transgenic mice expressing bank vole prion protein, are susceptible to most, if not all, types of prions. Here we show that bacterially expressed recombinant bank vole prion protein (residues 23-230) is an effective substrate for the sensitive RT-QuIC detection of all of the different prion types that we have tested so far – a total of 28 from humans, cattle, sheep, cervids and rodents, including several that have previously been undetectable by RT-QuIC or Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification. Furthermore, comparison of the relative abilities of different prions to seed positive RT-QuIC reactions with bank vole and not other recombinant prion proteins allowed discrimination of prion strains such as classical and atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy, classical and atypical Nor98 scrapie in sheep, and sporadic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. Comparison of protease-resistant RT-QuIC conversion products also aided strain discrimination and suggested the existence of several distinct classes of prion templates among the many strains tested. Prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders that propagate as multiple strains in a variety of mammalian species. The detection of all such prion types by a single ultrasensitive assay, such as the Real Time Quaking-induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) assay, would facilitate prion disease diagnosis, surveillance, and research. Here we show detection of minute amounts of 28 different prion types from humans, cattle, sheep, cervids and rodents, some of which were previously undetectable, using a single recombinant bank vole prion protein substrate. We also demonstrate the generation of prion type-dependent RT-QuIC conversion products which may help with prion strain discrimination and the characterization of distinct classes of prion templates. Finally, we describe a practical strategy for prion strain discrimination, e.g. classical and atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy; classical and atypical Nor98 sheep scrapie; and human sporadic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Thus, our study provides a basis for wide-ranging prion detection and strain discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D. Orrú
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Bradley R. Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Lynne D. Raymond
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Andrew G. Hughson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Wenquan Zou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Pierluigi Gambetti
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Groveman BR, Kraus A, Raymond LD, Dolan MA, Anson KJ, Dorward DW, Caughey B. Charge neutralization of the central lysine cluster in prion protein (PrP) promotes PrP(Sc)-like folding of recombinant PrP amyloids. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:1119-28. [PMID: 25416779 PMCID: PMC4294479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.619627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of the infectious form of prion protein, PrP(Sc), remains unclear. Most pure recombinant prion protein (PrP) amyloids generated in vitro are not infectious and lack the extent of the protease-resistant core and solvent exclusion of infectious PrP(Sc), especially within residues ∼90-160. Polyanionic cofactors can enhance infectivity and PrP(Sc)-like characteristics of such fibrils, but the mechanism of this enhancement is unknown. In considering structural models of PrP(Sc) multimers, we identified an obstacle to tight packing that might be overcome with polyanionic cofactors, namely, electrostatic repulsion between four closely spaced cationic lysines within a central lysine cluster of residues 101-110. For example, in our parallel in-register intermolecular β-sheet model of PrP(Sc), not only would these lysines be clustered within the 101-110 region of the primary sequence, but they would have intermolecular spacings of only ∼4.8 Å between stacked β-strands. We have now performed molecular dynamics simulations predicting that neutralization of the charges on these lysine residues would allow more stable parallel in-register packing in this region. We also show empirically that substitution of these clustered lysine residues with alanines or asparagines results in recombinant PrP amyloid fibrils with extended proteinase-K resistant β-sheet cores and infrared spectra that are more reminiscent of bona fide PrP(Sc). These findings indicate that charge neutralization at the central lysine cluster is critical for the folding and tight packing of N-proximal residues within PrP amyloid fibrils. This charge neutralization may be a key aspect of the mechanism by which anionic cofactors promote PrP(Sc) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison Kraus
- From the Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases and
| | | | - Michael A Dolan
- the Computational Biology Section, Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | - David W Dorward
- the Research Technologies Branch, Microscopy Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840 and
| | - Byron Caughey
- From the Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases and
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39
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Orrú CD, Bongianni M, Tonoli G, Ferrari S, Hughson AG, Groveman BR, Fiorini M, Pocchiari M, Monaco S, Caughey B, Zanusso G. A test for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease using nasal brushings. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:519-29. [PMID: 25099576 PMCID: PMC4186748 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1315200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Definite diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in living patients remains a challenge. A test that detects the specific marker for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the prion protein (PrP(CJD)), by means of real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) testing of cerebrospinal fluid has a sensitivity of 80 to 90% for the diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. We have assessed the accuracy of RT-QuIC analysis of nasal brushings from olfactory epithelium in diagnosing sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in living patients. METHODS We collected olfactory epithelium brushings and cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with and patients without sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and tested them using RT-QuIC, an ultrasensitive, multiwell plate-based fluorescence assay involving PrP(CJD)-seeded polymerization of recombinant PrP into amyloid fibrils. RESULTS The RT-QuIC assays seeded with nasal brushings were positive in 30 of 31 patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (15 of 15 with definite sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 13 of 14 with probable sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and 2 of 2 with inherited Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) but were negative in 43 of 43 patients without Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, indicating a sensitivity of 97% (95% confidence interval [CI], 82 to 100) and specificity of 100% (95% CI, 90 to 100) for the detection of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. By comparison, testing of cerebrospinal fluid samples from the same group of patients had a sensitivity of 77% (95% CI, 57 to 89) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI, 90 to 100). Nasal brushings elicited stronger and faster RT-QuIC responses than cerebrospinal fluid (P<0.001 for the between-group comparison of strength of response). Individual brushings contained approximately 10(5) to 10(7) prion seeds, at concentrations several logs10 greater than in cerebrospinal fluid. CONCLUSIONS In this preliminary study, RT-QuIC testing of olfactory epithelium samples obtained from nasal brushings was accurate in diagnosing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and indicated substantial prion seeding activity lining the nasal vault. (Funded by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Orrú
- From the Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT (C.D.O., M.B., A.G.H., B.R.G., B.C.); and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari (C.D.O.), the Department of Neurologic and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona (M.B., S.F., M.F., S.M., G.Z.), Clinica Otorinolaringoiatrica, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona (G.T.), and the Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome (M.P.) - all in Italy
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40
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Groveman BR, Dolan MA, Taubner LM, Kraus A, Wickner RB, Caughey B. Parallel in-register intermolecular β-sheet architectures for prion-seeded prion protein (PrP) amyloids. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24129-42. [PMID: 25028516 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.578344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Structures of the infectious form of prion protein (e.g. PrP(Sc) or PrP-Scrapie) remain poorly defined. The prevalent structural models of PrP(Sc) retain most of the native α-helices of the normal, noninfectious prion protein, cellular prion protein (PrP(C)), but evidence is accumulating that these helices are absent in PrP(Sc) amyloid. Moreover, recombinant PrP(C) can form amyloid fibrils in vitro that have parallel in-register intermolecular β-sheet architectures in the domains originally occupied by helices 2 and 3. Here, we provide solid-state NMR evidence that the latter is also true of initially prion-seeded recombinant PrP amyloids formed in the absence of denaturants. These results, in the context of a primarily β-sheet structure, led us to build detailed models of PrP amyloid based on parallel in-register architectures, fibrillar shapes and dimensions, and other available experimentally derived conformational constraints. Molecular dynamics simulations of PrP(90-231) octameric segments suggested that such linear fibrils, which are consistent with many features of PrP(Sc) fibrils, can have stable parallel in-register β-sheet cores. These simulations revealed that the C-terminal residues ∼124-227 more readily adopt stable tightly packed structures than the N-terminal residues ∼90-123 in the absence of cofactors. Variations in the placement of turns and loops that link the β-sheets could give rise to distinct prion strains capable of faithful template-driven propagation. Moreover, our modeling suggests that single PrP monomers can comprise the entire cross-section of fibrils that have previously been assumed to be pairs of laterally associated protofilaments. Together, these insights provide a new basis for deciphering mammalian prion structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Groveman
- From the Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840 and
| | - Michael A Dolan
- the Computational Biology Section, Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, NIAID, and
| | - Lara M Taubner
- From the Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840 and
| | - Allison Kraus
- From the Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840 and
| | - Reed B Wickner
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Byron Caughey
- From the Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840 and
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41
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Abstract
Prions, or infectious proteins, represent a major frontier in the study of infectious agents. The prions responsible for mammalian transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are due primarily to infectious self-propagation of misfolded prion proteins. TSE prion structures remain ill-defined, other than being highly structured, self-propagating, and often fibrillar protein multimers with the capacity to seed, or template, the conversion of their normal monomeric precursors into a pathogenic form. Purified TSE prions usually take the form of amyloid fibrils, which are self-seeding ultrastructures common to many serious protein misfolding diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's and Lou Gehrig's (amytrophic lateral sclerosis). Indeed, recent reports have now provided evidence of prion-like propagation of several misfolded proteins from cell to cell, if not from tissue to tissue or individual to individual. These findings raise concerns that various protein misfolding diseases might have spreading, prion-like etiologies that contribute to pathogenesis or prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Kraus
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840;
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42
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Feng S, Pflueger M, Lin SX, Groveman BR, Su J, Yu XM. Regulation of voltage-gated sodium current by endogenous Src family kinases in cochlear spiral ganglion neurons in culture. Pflugers Arch 2012; 463:571-84. [PMID: 22297656 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+)channels have been found to be regulated by Src family kinases(SFKs).However, how these channels are regulated by SFKs in cochlear spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) remains unknown.Here, we report that altering the activity of endogenous SFKs modulated voltage-gated Na+, but not K+, currents recorded in embryonic SGNs in culture. Voltage-gated Na+ current was suppressed by inhibition of endogenous SFKs or just Src and potentiated by the activation of these enzymes. Detailed investigations showed that under basal conditions, SFK inhibitor application did not significantly affect the voltage-dependent activation, but shifted the steady-state inactivation curves of Na+ currents and delayed the recovery of Na+ currents from inactivation. Application of Src specific inhibitor, Src40–58,not only shifted the inactivation curve but also delayed the recovery of Na+ currents and moved the voltage-dependent activation curve towards the left. The pre-inhibition of SFKs occluded all the effects induced by Src40–58 application, except the left shift of the activation curve. The activation of SFKs did not change either steady-state inactivation or recovery of Na+ currents, but caused the left shift of the activation curve.SFK inhibitor application effectively prevented all the effects induced by SFK activation, suggesting that both the voltage-dependent activation and steady-state inactivation of Na+ current are subjects of SFK regulation. The different effects induced by activation versus inhibition of SFKs implied that under basal conditions, endogenously active and inactive SFKs might be differentially involved in the regulation of voltage-gated Na+ channels in SGNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
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43
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Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) play critical roles in the regulation of many cellular functions by growth factors, G-protein-coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels. Recent data have shown that SFKs serve as a convergent point of multiple signaling pathways regulating N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the central nervous system. Multiple SFK molecules, such as Src and Fyn, closely associate with their substrate, NMDA receptors, via indirect and direct binding mechanisms. The NMDA receptor is associated with an SFK signaling complex consisting of SFKs; the SFK-activating phosphatase, protein tyrosine phosphatase α; and the SFK-inactivating kinase, C-terminal Src kinase. Early studies have demonstrated that intramolecular interactions with the SH2 or SH3 domain lock SFKs in a closed conformation. Disruption of the interdomain interactions can induce the activation of SFKs with multiple signaling pathways involved in regulation of this process. The enzyme activity of SFKs appears 'graded', exhibiting different levels coinciding with activation states. It has also been proposed that the SH2 and SH3 domains may stimulate catalytic activity of protein tyrosine kinases, such as Abl. Recently, it has been found that the enzyme activity of neuronal Src protein is associated with its stability, and that the SH2 and SH3 domain interactions may act not only to constrain the activation of neuronal Src, but also to regulate the enzyme activity of active neuronal Src. Collectively, these findings demonstrate novel mechanisms underlying the regulation of SFKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Groveman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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44
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Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) are key factors in the process of coupling signals from the cell surface to intracellular machinery and critically involved in the regulation of many neural functions mediated through growth factors, G-protein-coupled receptors or ligand-gated ion channels. The three minireviews here focus on recent findings dealing with the regulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors by SFKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Min Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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45
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Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that intra-domain interactions between Src family kinases (SFKs), stabilized by binding of the phosphorylated C-terminus to the SH2 domain and/or binding of the SH2 kinase linker to the SH3 domain, lock the molecules in a closed conformation, disrupt the kinase active site, and inactivate SFKs. Here we report that the up-regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) induced by expression of constitutively active neuronal Src (n-Src), in which the C-terminus tyrosine is mutated to phenylalanine (n-Src/Y535F), is significantly reduced by dysfunctions of the SH2 and/or SH3 domains of the protein. Furthermore, we found that dysfunctions of SH2 and/or SH3 domains reduce auto-phosphorylation of the kinase activation loop, depress kinase activity, and decrease NMDAR phosphorylation. The SH2 domain plays a greater regulatory role than the SH3 domain. Our data also show that n-Src binds directly to the C-terminus of the NMDAR NR2A subunit in vitro, with a K(D) of 108.2 ± 13.3 nM. This binding is not Src kinase activity-dependent, and dysfunctions of the SH2 and/or SH3 domains do not significantly affect the binding. These data indicate that the SH2 and SH3 domains may function to promote the catalytic activity of active n-Src, which is important in the regulation of NMDAR functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Groveman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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46
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Marin V, Groveman BR, Qiao H, Xu J, Ali MK, Fang XQ, Lin SX, Rizkallah R, Hurt MH, Bienkiewicz EA, Yu XM. Characterization of neuronal Src kinase purified from a bacterial expression system. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 74:289-97. [PMID: 20558296 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal Src (n-Src) is an alternative isoform of Src kinase containing a 6-amino acid insert in the SH3 domain that is highly expressed in neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). To investigate the function of n-Src, wild-type n-Src, constitutively active n-Src in which the C-tail tyrosine 535 was mutated to phenylalanine (n-Src/Y535F) and inactive n-Src in which the lysine 303 was mutated to arginine in addition to the mutation of Y535F (n-Src/K303R/Y535F), were expressed and purified from Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells. We found that all three types of n-Src constructs expressed at very high yields (∼500 mg/L) at 37°C, but formed inclusion bodies. In the presence of 8M urea these proteins could be solubilized, purified under denaturing conditions, and subsequently refolded in the presence of arginine (0.5M). These Src proteins were enzymatically active except for the n-Src/K303R/Y535F mutant. n-Src proteins expressed at 18°C were soluble, albeit at lower yields (∼10-20 mg/L). The lowest yields were for n-Src/Y535F (∼10 mg/L) and the highest for n-Src/K303R/Y535F (∼20 mg/L). We characterized the purified n-Src proteins expressed at 18°C. We found that altering n-Src enzyme activity either pharmacologically (e.g., application of ATP or a Src inhibitor) or genetically (mutation of Y535 or K303) was consistently associated with changes in n-Src stability: an increase in n-Src activity was coupled with a decrease in n-Src stability and vice versa. These findings, therefore, indicate that n-Src activity and stability are interdependent. Finally, the successful production of functionally active n-Src in this study indicates that the bacterial expression system may be a useful protein source in future investigations of n-Src regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA
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47
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Yu XM, Groveman BR, Fang XQ, Lin SX. THE ROLE OF INTRACELLULAR SODIUM (Na) IN THE REGULATION OF CALCIUM (Ca)-MEDIATED SIGNALING AND TOXICITY. Health (London) 2010; 2:8-15. [PMID: 21243124 DOI: 10.4236/health.2010.21002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is known that activated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are a major route of excessive calcium ion (Ca(2+)) entry in central neurons, which may activate degradative processes and thereby cause cell death. Therefore, NMDARs are now recognized to play a key role in the development of many diseases associated with injuries to the central nervous system (CNS). However, it remains a mystery how NMDAR activity is recruited in the cellular processes leading to excitotoxicity and how NMDAR activity can be controlled at a physiological level. The sodium ion (Na(+)) is the major cation in extracellular space. With its entry into the cell, Na(+) can act as a critical intracellular second messenger that regulates many cellular functions. Recent data have shown that intracellular Na(+) can be an important signaling factor underlying the up-regulation of NMDARs. While Ca(2+) influx during the activation of NMDARs down-regulates NMDAR activity, Na(+) influx provides an essential positive feedback mechanism to overcome Ca(2+)-induced inhibition and thereby potentiate both NMDAR activity and inward Ca(2+) flow. Extensive investigations have been conducted to clarify mechanisms underlying Ca(2+)-mediated signaling. This review focuses on the roles of Na(+) in the regulation of Ca(2+)-mediated NMDAR signaling and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Min Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4300, USA
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