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Peng S, Li P, Li T, Tian Z, Xu R. GhCNGC13 and 32 Act as Critical Links between Growth and Immunity in Cotton. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:1. [PMID: 38203172 PMCID: PMC10778622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGCs) remain poorly studied in crop plants, most of which are polyploid. In allotetraploid Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), silencing GhCNGC13 and 32 impaired plant growth and shoot apical meristem (SAM) development, while triggering plant autoimmunity. Both growth hormones (indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellin) and stress hormones (abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and jasmonate) increased, while leaf photosynthesis decreased. The silenced plants exhibited an enhanced resistance to Botrytis cinerea; however, Verticillium wilt resistance was weakened, which was associated with LIPOXYGENASE2 (LOX2) downregulation. Transcriptomic analysis of silenced plants revealed 4835 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with functional enrichment in immunity and photosynthesis. These DEGs included a set of transcription factors with significant over-representation in the HSF, NAC, and WRKY families. Moreover, numerous members of the GhCNGC family were identified among the DEGs, which may indicate a coordinated action. Collectively, our results suggested that GhCNGC13 and 32 functionally link to photosynthesis, plant growth, and plant immunity. We proposed that GhCNGC13 and 32 play a critical role in the "growth-defense tradeoff" widely observed in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Peng
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.P.); (P.L.); (T.L.)
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Panyu Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.P.); (P.L.); (T.L.)
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tianming Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.P.); (P.L.); (T.L.)
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zengyuan Tian
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.P.); (P.L.); (T.L.)
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ruqiang Xu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.P.); (P.L.); (T.L.)
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Molecular characterization and expression of cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels 19 and 20 in Arabidopsis thaliana for their potential role in salt stress. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5800-5807. [PMID: 34588894 PMCID: PMC8459076 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels (CNGCs) in plants have very important role in signaling and development. The study reports role of CNGC19 and CNGC20 in salt stress in A. thaliana. In-silico, genome wide analysis showed that CNGC19 and CNGC20 are related to salt stress with maximum expression after 6 h in A. thaliana. The position of inserted T-DNA was determined (in-vivo) through TAIL-PCR for activation tagged mutants of CNGC19 and CNGC20 under salt stress. The expression of AtCNGC19 and AtCNGC20 after cloning under 35S promoter of expression vectors pBCH1 and pEarleyGate100 was determined in A. thaliana by real-time PCR analysis. Genome wide analysis showed that AtCNGC11 had lowest and AtCNGC20 highest molecular weight as well as number of amino acid residues. In-vivo expression of AtCNGC19 and AtCNGC20 was enhanced through T-DNA insertion and 35S promoter in over-expressed plants under high salt concentration. AtCNGC19 was activated twice in control and about five times under 150 mM NaCl stress level, and expression value was also higher than AtCNGC20. Phenotypically, over-expressed plants and calli were healthier while knock-out plants and calli showed retarded growth under salinity stress. The study provides new insight for the role of AtCNGC19 and AtCNGC20 under salt stress regulation in A. thaliana and will be helpful for improvement of crop plants for salt stress to combat food shortage and security.
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Aldon D, Mbengue M, Mazars C, Galaud JP. Calcium Signalling in Plant Biotic Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E665. [PMID: 29495448 PMCID: PMC5877526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal second messenger involved in various cellular processes, leading to plant development and to biotic and abiotic stress responses. Intracellular variation in free Ca2+ concentration is among the earliest events following the plant perception of environmental change. These Ca2+ variations differ in their spatio-temporal properties according to the nature, strength and duration of the stimulus. However, their conversion into biological responses requires Ca2+ sensors for decoding and relaying. The occurrence in plants of calmodulin (CaM) but also of other sets of plant-specific Ca2+ sensors such as calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs), Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) indicate that plants possess specific tools and machineries to convert Ca2+ signals into appropriate responses. Here, we focus on recent progress made in monitoring the generation of Ca2+ signals at the whole plant or cell level and their long distance propagation during biotic interactions. The contribution of CaM/CMLs and CDPKs in plant immune responses mounted against bacteria, fungi, viruses and insects are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Aldon
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Vegetales, Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24, Chemin de Borde-Rouge, Auzeville, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Malick Mbengue
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Vegetales, Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24, Chemin de Borde-Rouge, Auzeville, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Christian Mazars
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Vegetales, Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24, Chemin de Borde-Rouge, Auzeville, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Jean-Philippe Galaud
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Vegetales, Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24, Chemin de Borde-Rouge, Auzeville, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Zhang XR, Xu YP, Cai XZ. SlCNGC1 and SlCNGC14 Suppress Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola-Induced Hypersensitive Response and Non-host Resistance in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:285. [PMID: 29559989 PMCID: PMC5845538 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying plant non-host resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), the pathogen causing rice leaf streak disease, are largely unknown. Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGCs) are calcium-permeable channels that are involved in various biological processes including plant resistance. In this study, functions of two tomato CNGC genes SlCNGC1 and SlCNGC14 in non-host resistance to Xoc were analyzed. Silencing of SlCNGC1 and SlCNGC14 in tomato significantly enhanced Xoc-induced hypersensitive response (HR) and non-host resistance, demonstrating that both SlCNGC1 and SlCNGC14 negatively regulate non-host resistance related HR and non-host resistance to Xoc in tomato. Silencing of SlCNGC1 and SlCNGC14 strikingly increased Xoc-induced callose deposition and strongly promoted both Xoc-induced and flg22-elicited H2O2, indicating that these two SlCNGCs repress callose deposition and ROS accumulation to attenuate non-host resistance and PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Importantly, silencing of SlCNGC1 and SlCNGC14 apparently compromised cytosolic Ca2+ accumulation, implying that SlCNGC1 and SlCNGC14 function as Ca2+ channels and negatively regulate non-host resistance and PTI-related responses through modulating cytosolic Ca2+ accumulation. SlCNGC14 seemed to play a stronger regulatory role in the non-host resistance and PTI compared to SlCNGC1. Our results reveal the contribution of CNGCs and probably also Ca2+ signaling pathway to non-host resistance and PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Rui Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - You-Ping Xu
- Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Zhong Cai
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Zhong Cai,
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Michard E, Simon AA, Tavares B, Wudick MM, Feijó JA. Signaling with Ions: The Keystone for Apical Cell Growth and Morphogenesis in Pollen Tubes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:91-111. [PMID: 27895207 PMCID: PMC5210754 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ion homeostasis and signaling are crucial to regulate pollen tube growth and morphogenesis and affect upstream membrane transporters and downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Michard
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 (E.M., A.A.S., M.M.W., J.A.F.); and
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-901, Portugal (B.T.)
| | - Alexander A Simon
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 (E.M., A.A.S., M.M.W., J.A.F.); and
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-901, Portugal (B.T.)
| | - Bárbara Tavares
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 (E.M., A.A.S., M.M.W., J.A.F.); and
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-901, Portugal (B.T.)
| | - Michael M Wudick
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 (E.M., A.A.S., M.M.W., J.A.F.); and
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-901, Portugal (B.T.)
| | - José A Feijó
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 (E.M., A.A.S., M.M.W., J.A.F.); and
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-901, Portugal (B.T.)
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Fu S, Shao J, Zhou C, Hartung JS. Transcriptome analysis of sweet orange trees infected with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' and two strains of Citrus Tristeza Virus. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:349. [PMID: 27169471 PMCID: PMC4865098 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huanglongbing (HLB) and tristeza, are diseases of citrus caused by a member of the α-proteobacteria, 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CaLas), and Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) respectively. HLB is a devastating disease, but CTV strains vary from very severe to very mild. Both CaLas and CTV are phloem-restricted. The CaLas-B232 strain and CTV-B6 cause a wide range of severe and similar symptoms. The mild strain CTV-B2 doesn't induce significant symptoms or damage to plants. RESULTS Transcriptome profiles obtained through RNA-seq revealed 611, 404 and 285 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) after infection with CaLas-B232, CTV-B6 and CTV-B2. These DETs were components of a wide range of pathways involved in circadian rhythm, cell wall modification and cell organization, as well as transcription factors, transport, hormone response and secondary metabolism, signaling and stress response. The number of transcripts that responded to both CTV-B6 and CaLas-B232 was much larger than the number of transcripts that responded to both strains of CTV or to both CTV-B2 and CaLas-B232. A total of 38 genes were assayed by RT-qPCR and the correlation coefficients between Gfold and RT-qPCR were 0.82, 0.69, 0.81 for sweet orange plants infected with CTV-B2, CTV-B6 and CaLas-B232, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The number and composition of DETs reflected the complexity of symptoms caused by the pathogens in established infections, although the leaf tissues sampled were asymptomatic. There were greater similarities between the sweet orange in response to CTV-B6 and CaLas-B232 than between the two CTV strains, reflecting the similar physiological changes caused by both CTV-B6 and CaLas-B232. The circadian rhythm system of plants was perturbed by all three pathogens, especially by CTV-B6, and the ion balance was also disrupted by all three pathogens, especially by CaLas-B232. Defense responses related to cell wall modification, transcriptional regulation, hormones, secondary metabolites, kinases and stress were activated by all three pathogens but with different patterns. The transcriptome profiles of Citrus sinensis identified host genes whose expression is affected by the presence of a pathogen in the phloem without producing symptoms (CTV-B2), and host genes whose expression leads to induction of symptoms in the plant (CTV-B6, CaLas-B232).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Fu
- College of Plant Protection/Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
- Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjian, China
| | - Jonathan Shao
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Changyong Zhou
- College of Plant Protection/Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - John S Hartung
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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Gross I, Durner J. In Search of Enzymes with a Role in 3', 5'-Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Metabolism in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:576. [PMID: 27200049 PMCID: PMC4858519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, nitric oxide (NO)-mediated 3', 5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) synthesis plays an important role during pathogenic stress response, stomata closure upon osmotic stress, the development of adventitious roots and transcript regulation. The NO-cGMP dependent pathway is well characterized in mammals. The binding of NO to soluble guanylate cyclase enzymes (GCs) initiates the synthesis of cGMP from guanosine triphosphate. The produced cGMP alters various cellular responses, such as the function of protein kinase activity, cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels and cGMP-regulated phosphodiesterases. The signal generated by the second messenger is terminated by 3', 5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDEs) enzymes that hydrolyze cGMP to a non-cyclic 5'-guanosine monophosphate. To date, no homologues of mammalian cGMP-synthesizing and degrading enzymes have been found in higher plants. In the last decade, six receptor proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana have been reported to have guanylate cyclase activity in vitro. Of the six receptors, one was shown to be a NO dependent guanylate cyclase enzyme (NOGC1). However, the role of these proteins in planta remains to be elucidated. Enzymes involved in the degradation of cGMP remain elusive, albeit, PDE activity has been detected in crude protein extracts from various plants. Additionally, several research groups have partially purified and characterized PDE enzymatic activity from crude protein extracts. In this review, we focus on presenting advances toward the identification of enzymes involved in the cGMP metabolism pathway in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inonge Gross
- Nitric Oxide Production and Signalling Group, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Center MunichGermany
- *Correspondence: Inonge Gross,
| | - Jörg Durner
- Nitric Oxide Production and Signalling Group, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Center MunichGermany
- Chair of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Technische Universität München, FreisingGermany
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8
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Chen DH, Acharya BR, Liu W, Zhang W. Interaction between Calcium and Actin in Guard Cell and Pollen Signaling Networks. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 2:615-34. [PMID: 27137395 PMCID: PMC4844389 DOI: 10.3390/plants2040615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca(2+)) plays important roles in plant growth, development, and signal transduction. It is a vital nutrient for plant physical design, such as cell wall and membrane, and also serves as a counter-cation for biochemical, inorganic, and organic anions, and more particularly, its concentration change in cytosol is a ubiquitous second messenger in plant physiological signaling in responses to developmental and environmental stimuli. Actin cytoskeleton is well known for its importance in cellular architecture maintenance and its significance in cytoplasmic streaming and cell division. In plant cell system, the actin dynamics is a process of polymerization and de-polymerization of globular actin and filamentous actin and that acts as an active regulator for calcium signaling by controlling calcium evoked physiological responses. The elucidation of the interaction between calcium and actin dynamics will be helpful for further investigation of plant cell signaling networks at molecular level. This review mainly focuses on the recent advances in understanding the interaction between the two aforementioned signaling components in two well-established model systems of plant, guard cell, and pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hua Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China.
| | - Biswa R Acharya
- Biology Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Wei Liu
- High-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology of Crops, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China.
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Chen DH, Wang M, Wang HG, Zhang W. A type of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel on Vicia faba guard cell plasma membrane outwardly permeates K+. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:699-708. [PMID: 21892599 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The fine regulation of stomatal aperture is important for both plant photosynthesis and transpiration, while stomatal closing is an essential plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, wounding, and pathogens. Quick stomatal closing is primarily due to rapid solute loss. Cytosolic free calcium ([Ca(2+)](cyt)) is a ubiquitous second messenger, and its elevation or oscillation plays important roles in stomatal movements, which can be triggered by the opening of Ca(2+)-permeable channels on the plasma membrane. For Ca(2+)-permeable channel recordings, Ba(2+) is preferred as a charge-carrying ion because it has higher permeability to Ca(2+) channels and blocks K(+) channel activities to facilitate current recordings; however, it prevents visualization of Ca(2+) channels' K(+) permeability. Here, we employed Ca(2+) instead of Ba(2+) in recording Ca(2+)-permeable channels on Vicia faba guard cell plasma membrane to mimic physiological solute conditions inside guard cells more accurately. Inward Ca(2+) currents could be recorded at the single-channel level, and these currents could be inhibited by micromolar Gd(3+), but their reversal potential is far away from the theoretical equilibrium potential for Ca(2+). Further experiments showed that the discrepancy of the reversal potential of the recorded Ca(2+) currents is influenced by cytosolic K(+). This suggests that voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels also mediate K(+) efflux at depolarization voltages. In addition, a new kind of high-conductance channels with fivefold to normal Ca(2+) channel and 18-fold to normal outward K(+) conductance was found. Our data presented here suggest that plants have their own saving strategies in their rapid response to stress stimuli, and multiple kinds of hyperpolarization-activated Ca(2+)-permeable channels coexist on plasma membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
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Ma W, Smigel A, Verma R, Berkowitz GA. Cyclic nucleotide gated channels and related signaling components in plant innate immunity. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:277-82. [PMID: 19794842 PMCID: PMC2664486 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.4.8103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although plants lack the mobile sentry cells present in animal innate immune systems, plants have developed complex innate immune reactions triggering basal resistance and the hypersensitive response (HR). Cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation is considered to be an important early event in this pathogen response signal transduction cascade. Plasma membrane (PM)-localized cyclic nucleotide gated channels (CNGCs) contribute to the cytosolic Ca(2+) rise upon pathogen perception. Recent work suggests that some PM-localized leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) may be involved in the perception of pathogen associated molecular pattern molecules and triggering some pathogen responses in plants, some of these LRR-RLKs might have cyclic nucleotide cyclase activity. The recognition of pathogens may be connected to cyclic nucleotide generation and the activation of CNGCs, followed by cytosolic Ca(2+) increase and downstream signaling events (possibly involving nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species (ROS), calmodulin (CaM), CaM-like protein (CML) and protein kinases). Notably, CaM or CML could be the crucial sensor downstream from the early Ca(2+) signal leading to nitric oxide (NO) production during plant innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Ma W, Smigel A, Tsai YC, Braam J, Berkowitz GA. Innate immunity signaling: cytosolic Ca2+ elevation is linked to downstream nitric oxide generation through the action of calmodulin or a calmodulin-like protein. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 148:818-28. [PMID: 18689446 PMCID: PMC2556846 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.125104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ca(2+) rise and nitric oxide (NO) generation are essential early steps in plant innate immunity and initiate the hypersensitive response (HR) to avirulent pathogens. Previous work from this laboratory has demonstrated that a loss-of-function mutation of an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plasma membrane Ca(2+)-permeable inwardly conducting ion channel impairs HR and that this phenotype could be rescued by the application of a NO donor. At present, the mechanism linking cytosolic Ca(2+) rise to NO generation during pathogen response signaling in plants is still unclear. Animal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activation is Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM) dependent. Here, we present biochemical and genetic evidence consistent with a similar regulatory mechanism in plants: a pathogen-induced Ca(2+) signal leads to CaM and/or a CaM-like protein (CML) activation of NOS. In wild-type Arabidopsis plants, the use of a CaM antagonist prevents NO generation and the HR. Application of a CaM antagonist does not prevent pathogen-induced cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation, excluding the possibility of CaM acting upstream from Ca(2+). The CaM antagonist and Ca(2+) chelation abolish NO generation in wild-type Arabidopsis leaf protein extracts as well, suggesting that plant NOS activity is Ca(2+)/CaM dependent in vitro. The CaM-like protein CML24 has been previously associated with NO-related phenotypes in Arabidopsis. Here, we find that innate immune response phenotypes (HR and [avirulent] pathogen-induced NO elevation in leaves) are inhibited in loss-of-function cml24-4 mutant plants. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern-mediated NO generation in cells of cml24-4 mutants is impaired as well. Our work suggests that the initial pathogen recognition signal of Ca(2+) influx into the cytosol activates CaM and/or a CML, which then acts to induce downstream NO synthesis as intermediary steps in a pathogen perception signaling cascade, leading to innate immune responses, including the HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-4163, USA
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