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Liu J, Wang L, Jiang S, Wang Z, Li H, Wang H. Mining of Minor Disease Resistance Genes in V. vinifera Grapes Based on Transcriptome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15311. [PMID: 37894991 PMCID: PMC10607095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraspecific recurrent selection in V. vinifera is an effective method for grape breeding with high quality and disease resistance. The core theory of this method is the substitution accumulation of multi-genes with low disease resistance. The discovery of multi-genes for disease resistance in V. vinifera may provide a molecular basis for breeding for disease resistance in V. vinifera. In this study, resistance to downy mildew was identified, and genetic analysis was carried out in the intraspecific crossing population of V. vinifera (Ecolly × Dunkelfelder) to screen immune, highly resistant and disease-resistant plant samples; transcriptome sequencing and differential expression analysis were performed using high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that there were 546 differential genes (194 up-regulated and 352 down-regulated) in the immune group compared to the highly resistant group, and 199 differential genes (50 up-regulated and 149 down-regulated) in the highly resistant group compared to the resistant group, there were 103 differential genes (54 up-regulated and 49 down-regulated) in the immune group compared to the resistant group. KEGG analysis of differentially expressed genes in the immune versus high-resistance group. The pathway is mainly concentrated in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, MAPK signaling pathway-plant, carotenoid biosyn-thesis and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. The differential gene functions of immune and resistant, high-resistant and resistant combinations were mainly enriched in plant-pathogen interaction pathway. Through the analysis of disease resistance-related genes in each pathway, the potential minor resistance genes in V. vinifera were mined, and the accumulation of minor resistance genes was analyzed from the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Liu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.L.); (L.W.); (S.J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.L.); (L.W.); (S.J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Shan Jiang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.L.); (L.W.); (S.J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhilei Wang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.L.); (L.W.); (S.J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Hua Li
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.L.); (L.W.); (S.J.); (Z.W.)
- China Wine Industry Technology Institute, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Xianyang 712100, China
- Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Hua Wang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.L.); (L.W.); (S.J.); (Z.W.)
- China Wine Industry Technology Institute, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Xianyang 712100, China
- Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Xianyang 712100, China
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Bouqellah NA, Elkady NA, Farag PF. Secretome Analysis for a New Strain of the Blackleg Fungus Plenodomus lingam Reveals Candidate Proteins for Effectors and Virulence Factors. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:740. [PMID: 37504729 PMCID: PMC10381368 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal secretome is the main interface for interactions between the pathogen and its host. It includes the most important virulence factors and effector proteins. We integrated different bioinformatic approaches and used the newly drafted genome data of P. lingam isolate CAN1 (blackleg of rapeseed fungus) to predict the secretion of 217 proteins, including many cell-wall-degrading enzymes. All secretory proteins were identified; 85 were classified as CAZyme families and 25 were classified as protease families. Moreover, 49 putative effectors were predicted and identified, where 39 of them possessed at least one conserved domain. Some pectin-degrading enzymes were noticeable as a clustering group according to STRING web analysis. The secretome of P. lingam CAN1 was compared to the other two blackleg fungal species (P. lingam JN3 and P. biglobosus CA1) secretomes and their CAZymes and effectors were identified. Orthologue analysis found that P. lingam CAN1 shared 14 CAZy effectors with other related species. The Pathogen-Host Interaction database (PHI base) classified the effector proteins in several categories where most proteins were assigned as reduced virulence and two of them termed as hypervirulence. Nowadays, in silico approaches can solve many ambiguous issues about the mechanism of pathogenicity between fungi and plant host with well-designed bioinformatics tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla A Bouqellah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah 42317-8599, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia A Elkady
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Peter F Farag
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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Chellappan BV, El-Ganainy SM, Alrajeh HS, Al-Sheikh H. In Silico Characterization of the Secretome of the Fungal Pathogen Thielaviopsis punctulata, the Causal Agent of Date Palm Black Scorch Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030303. [PMID: 36983471 PMCID: PMC10051545 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The black scorch disease of date palm caused by Thielaviopsis punctulata is a serious threat to the cultivation and productivity of date palm in Arabian Peninsula. The virulence factors that contribute to pathogenicity of T. punctulata have not been identified yet. In the present study, using bioinformatics approach, secretory proteins of T. punctulata were identified and functionally characterized. A total of 197 putative secretory proteins were identified, of which 74 were identified as enzymes for carbohydrate degradation (CAZymes), 25 were proteases, and 47 were predicted as putative effectors. Within the CAZymes, 50 cell wall-degrading enzymes, potentially to degrade cell wall components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin, were identified. Of the 47 putative effectors, 34 possessed at least one functional domain. The secretome of T. punctulata was compared to the predicted secretome of five closely related species (T. musarum, T. ethacetica, T. euricoi, T. cerberus, and T. populi) and identified species specific CAZymes and putative effector genes in T. punctulata, providing a valuable resource for the research aimed at understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenicity of T. punctulata on Date palm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biju Vadakkemukadiyil Chellappan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Sherif Mohamed El-Ganainy
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Agricultural Research Center, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Hind Salih Alrajeh
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashem Al-Sheikh
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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Brachypodium Antifreeze Protein Gene Products Inhibit Ice Recrystallisation, Attenuate Ice Nucleation, and Reduce Immune Response. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11111475. [PMID: 35684248 PMCID: PMC9182837 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) from the model crop, Brachypodium distachyon, allow freeze survival and attenuate pathogen-mediated ice nucleation. Intriguingly, Brachypodium AFP genes encode two proteins, an autonomous AFP and a leucine-rich repeat (LRR). We present structural models which indicate that ice-binding motifs on the ~13 kDa AFPs can “spoil” nucleating arrays on the ~120 kDa bacterial ice nucleating proteins used to form ice at high sub-zero temperatures. These models are consistent with the experimentally demonstrated decreases in ice nucleating activity by lysates from wildtype compared to transgenic Brachypodium lines. Additionally, the expression of Brachypodium LRRs in transgenic Arabidopsis inhibited an immune response to pathogen flagella peptides (flg22). Structural models suggested that this was due to the affinity of the LRR domains to flg22. Overall, it is remarkable that the Brachypodium genes play multiple distinctive roles in connecting freeze survival and anti-pathogenic systems via their encoded proteins’ ability to adsorb to ice as well as to attenuate bacterial ice nucleation and the host immune response.
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Kong F, Guo T, Ramonell KM. Arabidopsis Toxicos en Levadura 12 ( ATL12): A Gene Involved in Chitin-Induced, Hormone-Related and NADPH Oxidase-Mediated Defense Responses. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:883. [PMID: 34682304 PMCID: PMC8540536 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants, as sessile organisms, have evolved complex systems to respond to changes in environmental conditions. Chitin is a Pathogen-Associated-Molecular Pattern (PAMP) that exists in the fungal cell walls, and can be recognized by plants and induce plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Our previous studies showed that Arabidopsis Toxicos en Levadura 12 (ATL12) is highly induced in response to fungal infection and chitin treatment. We used the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana to characterize ATL12 and explore its role in fungal defense. Histochemical staining showed that pATL12-GUS was continually expressed in roots, leaves, stems, and flowers. Subcellular co-localization of the ATL12-GFP fusion protein with the plasma membrane-mcherry marker showed that ATL12 localizes to the plasma membrane. Mutants of atl12 are more susceptible to Golovinomyces cichoracearum infection, while overexpression of ATL12 increased plant resistance to the fungus. ATL12 is highly induced by chitin after two hours of treatment and ATL12 may act downstream of MAPK cascades. Additionally, 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining indicated that atl12 mutants generate less reactive oxygen species compared to wild-type Col-0 plants and RT-PCR indicated that ATL12-regulated ROS production may be linked to the expression of respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein D/F (AtRBOHD/F). Furthermore, we present evidence that ATL12 expression is upregulated after treatment with both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. Taken together, these results suggest a role for ATL12 in crosstalk between hormonal, chitin-induced, and NADPH oxidase-mediated defense responses in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Kong
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA;
| | - Tingwei Guo
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Katrina M. Ramonell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA;
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Ho TH, Chuang CY, Zheng JL, Chen HH, Liang YS, Huang TP, Lin YH. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain PMB05 Intensifies Plant Immune Responses to Confer Resistance Against Bacterial Wilt of Tomato. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1877-1885. [PMID: 32692280 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-20-0026-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tomato is an economic crop worldwide. Many limiting factors reduce the production of tomato, with bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum being the most destructive disease. Our previous study showed that the disease resistance to bacterial soft rot is enhanced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain PMB05. This enhanced resistance is associated with the intensification of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI). To determine whether the PTI-intensifying Bacillus spp. strains are able to confer disease resistance to bacterial wilt, their effects on PTI signals triggered by PAMP from R. solanacearum and on the occurrence of bacterial wilt were assayed. Before assay, a gene that encodes harpin from R. solanacearum, PopW, was applied as a PAMP. Results revealed that the B. amyloliquefaciens strain PMB05 was the one strain among 9 Bacillus rhizobacterial strains which could significantly intensify the PopW-induced hypersensitive response (HR) on Arabidopsis leaves. Moreover, we observed that the signals of PopW-induced reactive oxygen species generation and callose deposition were increased, confirming that the PTI was intensified by PMB05. The intensification of the PopW-triggered HR by PMB05 in Arabidopsis was reduced upon treatment with inhibitors in PTI pathways. Furthermore, the application of Bacillus spp. strains on tomato plants showed that only the use of PMB05 resulted in significantly increased resistance to bacterial wilt. Moreover, the PTI signals were also intensified in the tomato leaves. Taken together, we demonstrated that PMB05 is a PTI-intensifying bacterium that confers resistance to tomato bacterial wilt. Screening of plant immunity intensifying rhizobacteria is a possible strategy to control tomato bacterial wilt.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hsin Ho
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yu Chuang
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Lin Zheng
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hua Chen
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shen Liang
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Pi Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Felestrino ÉB, Sanchez AB, Caneschi WL, Lemes CGDC, Assis RDAB, Cordeiro IF, Fonseca NP, Villa MM, Vieira IT, Kamino LHY, do Carmo FF, da Silva AM, Thomas AM, Patané JSL, Ferreira FC, de Freitas LG, Varani ADM, Ferro JA, Silva RS, Almeida NF, Garcia CCM, Setubal JC, Moreira LM. Complete genome sequence and analysis of Alcaligenes faecalis strain Mc250, a new potential plant bioinoculant. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241546. [PMID: 33151992 PMCID: PMC7643998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present and analyze the complete genome of Alcaligenes faecalis strain Mc250 (Mc250), a bacterium isolated from the roots of Mimosa calodendron, an endemic plant growing in ferruginous rupestrian grasslands in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The genome has 4,159,911 bp and 3,719 predicted protein-coding genes, in a single chromosome. Comparison of the Mc250 genome with 36 other Alcaligenes faecalis genomes revealed that there is considerable gene content variation among these strains, with the core genome representing only 39% of the protein-coding gene repertoire of Mc250. Mc250 encodes a complete denitrification pathway, a network of pathways associated with phenolic compounds degradation, and genes associated with HCN and siderophores synthesis; we also found a repertoire of genes associated with metal internalization and metabolism, sulfate/sulfonate and cysteine metabolism, oxidative stress and DNA repair. These findings reveal the genomic basis for the adaptation of this bacterium to the harsh environmental conditions from where it was isolated. Gene clusters associated with ectoine, terpene, resorcinol, and emulsan biosynthesis that can confer some competitive advantage were also found. Experimental results showed that Mc250 was able to reduce (~60%) the virulence phenotype of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri when co-inoculated in Citrus sinensis, and was able to eradicate 98% of juveniles and stabilize the hatching rate of eggs to 4% in two species of agricultural nematodes. These results reveal biotechnological potential for the Mc250 strain and warrant its further investigation as a biocontrol and plant growth-promoting bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Barbosa Felestrino
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Angélica Bianchini Sanchez
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Washington Luiz Caneschi
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Isabella Ferreira Cordeiro
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Natasha Peixoto Fonseca
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Morghana Marina Villa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DECBI), Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas (ICEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Izadora Tabuso Vieira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DECBI), Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas (ICEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aline Maria da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica (DBQ), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrew Maltez Thomas
- Departamento de Bioquímica (DBQ), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Carla Ferreira
- Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro Grassi de Freitas
- Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Alessandro de Mello Varani
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jesus Aparecido Ferro
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Robson Soares Silva
- Faculdade de Computação (FACOM), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Nalvo Franco Almeida
- Faculdade de Computação (FACOM), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Camila Carrião Machado Garcia
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DECBI), Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas (ICEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Setubal
- Departamento de Bioquímica (DBQ), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JCS); (LMM)
| | - Leandro Marcio Moreira
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DECBI), Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas (ICEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JCS); (LMM)
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Huang FC, Hwang HH. Arabidopsis RETICULON-LIKE4 (RTNLB4) Protein Participates in Agrobacterium Infection and VirB2 Peptide-Induced Plant Defense Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051722. [PMID: 32138311 PMCID: PMC7084338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens uses the type IV secretion system, which consists of VirB1-B11 and VirD4 proteins, to deliver effectors into plant cells. The effectors manipulate plant proteins to assist in T-DNA transfer, integration, and expression in plant cells. The Arabidopsis reticulon-like (RTNLB) proteins are located in the endoplasmic reticulum and are involved in endomembrane trafficking in plant cells. The rtnlb4 mutants were recalcitrant to A. tumefaciens infection, but overexpression of RTNLB4 in transgenic plants resulted in hypersusceptibility to A. tumefaciens transformation, which suggests the involvement of RTNLB4 in A. tumefaciens infection. The expression of defense-related genes, including FRK1, PR1, WRKY22, and WRKY29, were less induced in RTNLB4 overexpression (O/E) transgenic plants after A. tumefaciens elf18 peptide treatment. Pretreatment with elf18 peptide decreased Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression efficiency more in wild-type seedlings than RTNLB4 O/E transgenic plants, which suggests that the induced defense responses in RTNLB4 O/E transgenic plants might be affected after bacterial elicitor treatments. Similarly, A. tumefaciens VirB2 peptide pretreatment reduced transient T-DNA expression in wild-type seedlings to a greater extent than in RTNLB4 O/E transgenic seedlings. Furthermore, the VirB2 peptides induced FRK1, WRKY22, and WRKY29 gene expression in wild-type seedlings but not efr-1 and bak1 mutants. The induced defense-related gene expression was lower in RTNLB4 O/E transgenic plants than wild-type seedlings after VirB2 peptide treatment. These data suggest that RTNLB4 may participate in elf18 and VirB2 peptide-induced defense responses and may therefore affect the A. tumefaciens infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Chen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hau-Hsuan Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2284-0416-412
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Hong CY, Zheng JL, Chen TY, Chao HR, Lin YH. PFLP-Intensified Disease Resistance Against Bacterial Soft Rot Through the MAPK Pathway in PAMP-Triggered Immunity. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:1467-1474. [PMID: 29975159 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-18-0100-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial soft rot is a devastating disease affecting a variety of vegetable crops worldwide. One strategy for controlling this disease could be the ectopic expression of the plant ferredoxin-like protein (pflp) gene. PFLP was previously shown to intensify pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), an immune response triggered, for example, by the flagellin epitope flg22. To gain further insight into how PFLP intensifies PTI, flg22 was used as an elicitor in Arabidopsis thaliana. First, PFLP was confirmed to intensify the rapid generation of H2O2, callose deposition, and the hypersensitive response when coinfiltrated with flg22. This response correlated with increased expression of the FLG22-induced receptor kinase 1 gene, which is part of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Although the increased response to flg22 alone did not depend on the MAPK pathway genes MEKK1, MKK5, and MPK6, the protective effect of PFLP decreased when plants mutated in these genes were inoculated with Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. Furthermore, expression of PR1 and PDF1.2 also increased upon treatment with flg22 in the presence of PFLP. Taken together, these results suggest that activation of the MAPK pathway contributes to the increased resistance to bacterial soft rot observed in plants treated with PFLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Yu Hong
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Medicine, and fourth author: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Lin Zheng
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Medicine, and fourth author: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yi Chen
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Medicine, and fourth author: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - How-Ran Chao
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Medicine, and fourth author: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Lin
- First, second, third, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Medicine, and fourth author: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Fire blight host-pathogen interaction: proteome profiles of Erwinia amylovora infecting apple rootstocks. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11689. [PMID: 30076380 PMCID: PMC6076297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fire blight, caused by the enterobacterium Erwinia amylovora, is a destructive disease, which can affect most members of the Rosaceae family. Since no significant genomic differences have been found by others to explain differences in virulence, we used here a gel-based proteomic approach to elucidate mechanisms and key players that allow the pathogen to survive, grow and multiply inside its host. Therefore, two strains with proven difference in virulence were grown under controlled conditions in vitro as well as in planta (infected apple rootstocks). Proteomic analysis including 2DE and mass spectrometry revealed that proteins involved in transcription regulation were more abundant in the in planta condition for both strains. In addition, genes involved in RNA processing were upregulated in planta for the highly virulent strain PFB5. Moreover, the upregulation of structural components of the F0F1-ATP synthase are major findings, giving important information on the infection strategy of this devastating pathogen. Overall, this research provides the first proteomic profile of E. amylovora during infection of apple rootstocks and insights into the response of the pathogen in interaction with its host.
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Langhans M, Weber W, Babel L, Grunewald M, Meckel T. The right motifs for plant cell adhesion: what makes an adhesive site? PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:95-108. [PMID: 27091341 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cells of multicellular organisms are surrounded by and attached to a matrix of fibrous polysaccharides and proteins known as the extracellular matrix. This fibrous network not only serves as a structural support to cells and tissues but also plays an integral part in the process as important as proliferation, differentiation, or defense. While at first sight, the extracellular matrices of plant and animals do not have much in common, a closer look reveals remarkable similarities. In particular, the proteins involved in the adhesion of the cell to the extracellular matrix share many functional properties. At the sequence level, however, a surprising lack of homology is found between adhesion-related proteins of plants and animals. Both protein machineries only reveal similarities between small subdomains and motifs, which further underlines their functional relationship. In this review, we provide an overview on the similarities between motifs in proteins known to be located at the plant cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton interface to proteins of the animal adhesome. We also show that by comparing the proteome of both adhesion machineries at the level of motifs, we are also able to identify potentially new candidate proteins that functionally contribute to the adhesion of the plant plasma membrane to the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Langhans
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wadim Weber
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Laura Babel
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Miriam Grunewald
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, Schnittspahnstrasse 3, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany.
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12
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Boba A, Kostyn K, Kostyn A, Wojtasik W, Dziadas M, Preisner M, Szopa J, Kulma A. Methyl Salicylate Level Increase in Flax after Fusarium oxysporum Infection Is Associated with Phenylpropanoid Pathway Activation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1951. [PMID: 28163709 PMCID: PMC5247452 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is a crop plant valued for its oil and fiber. Unfortunately, large losses in cultivation of this plant are caused by fungal infections, with Fusarium oxysporum being one of its most dangerous pathogens. Among the plant's defense strategies, changes in the expression of genes of the shikimate/phenylpropanoid/benzoate pathway and thus in phenolic contents occur. Among the benzoates, salicylic acid, and its methylated form methyl salicylate play an important role in regulating plants' response to stress conditions. Upon treatment of flax plants with the fungus we found that methyl salicylate content increased (4.8-fold of the control) and the expression profiles of the analyzed genes suggest that it is produced most likely from cinnamic acid, through the β-oxidative route. At the same time activation of some genes involved in lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis was observed. We suggest that increased methyl salicylate biosynthesis during flax response to F. oxysporum infection may be associated with phenylpropanoid pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Boba
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of WrocławWrocław, Poland
| | - Kamil Kostyn
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of WrocławWrocław, Poland
- *Correspondence: Kamil Kostyn
| | - Anna Kostyn
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of WroclawWroclaw, Poland
| | - Wioleta Wojtasik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of WrocławWrocław, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant SciencesWroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Dziadas
- Department of Food Science and Dietetics, Medical University of WroclawWroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Preisner
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of WrocławWrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of WrocławWrocław, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant SciencesWroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kulma
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of WrocławWrocław, Poland
- Anna Kulma
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Liu H, Chang Q, Feng W, Zhang B, Wu T, Li N, Yao F, Ding X, Chu Z. Domain dissection of AvrRxo1 for suppressor, avirulence and cytotoxicity functions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113875. [PMID: 25437277 PMCID: PMC4250038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AvrRxo1, a type III effector from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) which causes bacterial leaf streak (BLS) in rice, can be recognised by non-host resistance protein Rxo1. It triggers a hypersensitive response (HR) in maize. Little is known regarding the virulence function of AvrRxo1. In this study, we determined that AvrRxo1 is able to suppress the HR caused by the non-host resistance recognition of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) by Nicotiana benthamiana. It is toxic, inducing cell death from transient expression in N. benthamiana, as well as in yeast. Among the four AvrRxo1 alleles from different Xoc strains, we concluded that the toxicity is abolished by a single amino acid substitution at residue 344 in two AvrRxo1 alleles. A series of truncations from the carboxyl terminus (C-terminus) indicate that the complete C-terminus of AvrRxo1 plays an essential role as a suppressor or cytotoxic protein. The C-terminus was also required for the avirulence function, but the last two residues were not necessary. The first 52 amino acids of N-terminus are unessential for toxicity. Point mutagenesis experiments indicate that the ATP/GTP binding site motif A is required for all three functions of AvrRxo1, and NLS is required for both the avirulence and the suppression of non-host resistance. The putative thiol protease site is only required for the cytotoxicity function. These results determine that AvrRxo1 plays a role in the complex interaction with host proteins after delivery into plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong, PR China
| | - Qingle Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong, PR China
| | - Wenjie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong, PR China
| | - Baogang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fangyin Yao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong, PR China
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14
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Yu C, Chen H, Tian F, Leach JE, He C. Differentially-expressed genes in rice infected by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae relative to a flagellin-deficient mutant reveal potential functions of flagellin in host-pathogen interactions. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 7:20. [PMID: 25187853 PMCID: PMC4152760 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-014-0020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants have evolved a sensitive defense response system that detects and recognizes various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (e.g. flagellin) and induces immune responses to protect against invasion. Transcriptional responses in rice to PAMPs produced by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the bacterial blight pathogen, have not yet been defined. RESULTS We characterized transcriptomic responses in rice inoculated with the wildtype (WT) Xoo and flagellin-deficient mutant ∆fliC through RNA-seq analysis. Digital gene expression (DGE) analysis based on Solexa/Illumina sequencing was used to investigate transcriptomic responses in 30 day-old seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare). 1,680 genes were differentially-expressed (DEGs) in rice inoculated with WT relative to ∆fliC; among which 1,159 genes were up-regulated and 521 were down-regulated. Expression patterns of 12 randomly-selected DEGs assayed by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) were similar to those detected by DGE analyses, confirming reliability of the DGE data. Functional annotations revealed the up-regulated DEGs are involved in the cell wall, lipid and secondary metabolism, defense response and hormone signaling, whereas the down-regulated ones are associated with photosynthesis. Moreover, 57 and 21 specifically expressed genes were found after WT and ∆fliC treatments, respectively. CONCLUSIONS DEGs were identified in rice inoculated with WT Xoo relative to ∆fliC. These genes were predicted to function in multiple biological processes, including the defense response and photosynthesis in rice. This study provided additional insights into molecular basis of rice response to bacterial infection and revealed potential functions of bacterial flagellin in the rice-Xoo interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huamin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fang Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jan E Leach
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins 80523-1177, CO, USA
| | - Chenyang He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Wang N, Trivedi P. Citrus huanglongbing: a newly relevant disease presents unprecedented challenges. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 103:652-65. [PMID: 23441969 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-12-0331-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the oldest citrus diseases and has been known for over a century. HLB is caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter' spp. that are phloem-limited, fastidious α-proteobacteria and infect hosts in different Kingdoms (i.e., Animalia and Plantae). When compared with well-characterized, cultivatable plant-pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, the interactions of uncultured insect-vectored plant-pathogenic bacteria, including 'Ca. Liberibacter' spp., with their hosts remain poorly understood. 'Ca. Liberibacter' spp. have been known to cause HLB, which has been rapidly spreading worldwide, resulting in dramatic economic losses. HLB presents an unprecedented challenge to citrus production. In this review, we focus on the most recent research on citrus, 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', and psyllid interactions, specifically considering the following topics: evolutionary relationships among 'Ca. Liberibacter' spp., genetic diversity, host range, genome analysis, transmission, virulence mechanisms, and the ecological importance of HLB. Currently, no efficient management strategy is available to control HLB, although some promising progress has been made. Further studies are needed to understand citrus, 'Ca. L. asiaticus', and psyllid interactions to design innovative management strategies. Although HLB has been problematic for over a century, we can only win the battle against HLB with a coordinated and deliberate effort by the citrus industry, citrus growers, researchers, legislatures, and governments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Wang
- Cirtrus Research Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Lake Alfred 33850, USA.
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16
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Lee AHY, Hurley B, Felsensteiner C, Yea C, Ckurshumova W, Bartetzko V, Wang PW, Quach V, Lewis JD, Liu YC, Börnke F, Angers S, Wilde A, Guttman DS, Desveaux D. A bacterial acetyltransferase destroys plant microtubule networks and blocks secretion. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002523. [PMID: 22319451 PMCID: PMC3271077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is essential for structural support and intracellular transport, and is therefore a common target of animal pathogens. However, no phytopathogenic effector has yet been demonstrated to specifically target the plant cytoskeleton. Here we show that the Pseudomonas syringae type III secreted effector HopZ1a interacts with tubulin and polymerized microtubules. We demonstrate that HopZ1a is an acetyltransferase activated by the eukaryotic co-factor phytic acid. Activated HopZ1a acetylates itself and tubulin. The conserved autoacetylation site of the YopJ / HopZ superfamily, K289, plays a critical role in both the avirulence and virulence function of HopZ1a. Furthermore, HopZ1a requires its acetyltransferase activity to cause a dramatic decrease in Arabidopsis thaliana microtubule networks, disrupt the plant secretory pathway and suppress cell wall-mediated defense. Together, this study supports the hypothesis that HopZ1a promotes virulence through cytoskeletal and secretory disruption. Many bacterial pathogens disrupt key components of host physiology by injecting virulence proteins (or “effectors”) via a needle-like structure, called the type III secretion system, directly into eukaryotic cells. The YopJ / HopZ superfamily of type III secreted effector proteins is found in pathogens of both animals and plants providing an excellent opportunity to address how a family of type III secreted effectors can promote pathogenesis in hosts from two kingdoms. YopJ from the animal pathogen Yersinia pestis is an acetyltransferase that targets signaling components of innate immunity and prevents their activation. Here we show that HopZ1a, from the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae is an acetyltransferase that binds plant tubulin. Like YopJ, the eukaryotic cofactor phytic acid activates the acetyltransferase activity of HopZ1a. In addition, we demonstrate that activated HopZ1a can acetylate tubulin, a major constituent of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. In plants, activated HopZ1a causes a dramatic destruction of microtubule networks, inhibits protein secretion, and ultimately suppresses cell wall-mediated defense. Our study emphasizes the functional diversification of this important type III effector family in plant and animal hosts using a conserved acetyltransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Huei-Yi Lee
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenden Hurley
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corinna Felsensteiner
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carmen Yea
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Verena Bartetzko
- Institut für Biologie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Pauline W. Wang
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Van Quach
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer D. Lewis
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yulu C. Liu
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frederik Börnke
- Institut für Biologie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Stephane Angers
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Wilde
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David S. Guttman
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (DSG); (DD)
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (DSG); (DD)
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17
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Li HJ, Li XH, Xiao JH, Wing RA, Wang SP. Ortholog alleles at Xa3/Xa26 locus confer conserved race-specific resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:281-90. [PMID: 21930802 PMCID: PMC3261417 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The rice disease resistance (R) gene Xa3/Xa26 (having also been named Xa3 and Xa26) against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), which causes bacterial blight disease, belongs to a multiple gene family clustered in chromosome 11 and is from an AA genome rice cultivar (Oryza sativa L.). This family encodes leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinase-type proteins. Here, we show that the orthologs (alleles) of Xa3/Xa26, Xa3/Xa26-2, and Xa3/Xa26-3, from wild Oryza species O. officinalis (CC genome) and O. minuta (BBCC genome), respectively, were also R genes against Xoo. Xa3/Xa26-2 and Xa3/Xa26-3 conferred resistance to 16 of the 18 Xoo strains examined. Comparative sequence analysis of the Xa3/Xa26 families in the two wild Oryza species showed that Xa3/Xa26-3 appeared to have originated from the CC genome of O. minuta. The predicted proteins encoded by Xa3/Xa26, Xa3/Xa26-2, and Xa3/Xa26-3 share 91-99% sequence identity and 94-99% sequence similarity. Transgenic plants carrying a single copy of Xa3/Xa26, Xa3/Xa26-2, or Xa3/Xa26-3, in the same genetic background, showed a similar resistance spectrum to a set of Xoo strains, although plants carrying Xa3/Xa26-2 or Xa3/Xa26-3 showed lower resistance levels than the plants carrying Xa3/Xa26. These results suggest that the Xa3/Xa26 locus predates the speciation of A and C genome, which is approximately 7.5 million years ago. Thus, the resistance specificity of this locus has been conserved for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiang-Hua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing-Hua Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rod A. Wing
- Arizona Genomics Institute, School of Plant Sciences, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Shi-Ping Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail , tel. 86-27-8728-3009, fax 86-27-8728-7092
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Kawahigashi H, Kasuga S, Ando T, Kanamori H, Wu J, Yonemaru JI, Sazuka T, Matsumoto T. Positional cloning of ds1, the target leaf spot resistance gene against Bipolaris sorghicola in sorghum. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2011; 123:131-42. [PMID: 21442410 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Target leaf spot is one of the major sorghum diseases in southern Japan and caused by a necrotrophic fungus, Bipolaris sorghicola. Sorghum resistance to target leaf spot is controlled by a single recessive gene (ds1). A high-density genetic map of the ds1 locus was constructed with simple sequence repeat markers using progeny from crosses between a sensitive variety, bmr-6, and a resistant one, SIL-05, which allowed the ds1 gene to be genetically located within a 26-kb region on the short arm of sorghum chromosome 5. The sorghum genome annotation database for BTx623, for which the whole genome sequence was recently published, indicated a candidate gene from the Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinase family in this region. The candidate protein kinase gene was expressed in susceptible plants but was not expressed or was severely reduced in resistant plants. The expression patterns of ds1 gene and the phenotype of target leaf spot resistance were clearly correlated. Genomic sequences of this region in parental varieties showed a deletion in the promoter region of SIL-05 that could cause reduction of gene expression. We also found two ds1 alleles for resistant phenotypes with a stop codon in the coding region. The results shown here strongly suggest that the loss of function or suppression of the ds1 protein kinase gene leads to resistance to target leaf spot in sorghum.
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