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Kamarova KA, Ershova NM, Sheshukova EV, Arifulin EA, Ovsiannikova NL, Antimonova AA, Kudriashov AA, Komarova TV. Nicotiana benthamiana Class 1 Reversibly Glycosylated Polypeptides Suppress Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12843. [PMID: 37629021 PMCID: PMC10454303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversibly glycosylated polypeptides (RGPs) have been identified in many plant species and play an important role in cell wall formation, intercellular transport regulation, and plant-virus interactions. Most plants have several RGP genes with different expression patterns depending on the organ and developmental stage. Here, we report on four members of the RGP family in N. benthamiana. Based on a homology search, NbRGP1-3 and NbRGP5 were assigned to the class 1 and class 2 RGPs, respectively. We demonstrated that NbRGP1-3 and 5 mRNA accumulation increases significantly in response to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection. Moreover, all identified class 1 NbRGPs (as distinct from NbRGP5) suppress TMV intercellular transport and replication in N. benthamiana. Elevated expression of NbRGP1-2 led to the stimulation of callose deposition at plasmodesmata, indicating that RGP-mediated TMV local spread could be affected via a callose-dependent mechanism. It was also demonstrated that NbRGP1 interacts with TMV movement protein (MP) in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, class 1 NbRGP1-2 play an antiviral role by impeding intercellular transport of the virus by affecting plasmodesmata callose and directly interacting with TMV MP, resulting in the reduced viral spread and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila A. Kamarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Natalia M. Ershova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Sheshukova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Eugene A. Arifulin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia L. Ovsiannikova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra A. Antimonova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Andrei A. Kudriashov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
| | - Tatiana V. Komarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.K.); (N.M.E.)
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Huang X, Bai X, Qian C, Liu S, Goher F, He F, Zhao G, Pei G, Zhao H, Wang J, Kang Z, Guo J. TaUAM3, a UDP‐Ara mutases protein, positively regulates wheat resistance to the stripe rust fungus. Food Energy Secur 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Xingxuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Chaowei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Farhan Goher
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Fuxin He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Guosen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Guoliang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 China
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Transcriptome Analysis of Air Space-Type Variegation Formation in Trifolium pratense. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147794. [PMID: 35887138 PMCID: PMC9322087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Air space-type variegation is the most diverse among the species of known variegated leaf plants and is caused by conspicuous intercellular spaces between the epidermal and palisade cells and among the palisade cells at non-green areas. Trifolium pratense, a species in Fabaceae with V-shaped air space-type variegation, was selected to explore the application potential of variegated leaf plants and accumulate basic data on the molecular regulatory mechanism and evolutionary history of leaf variegation. We performed comparative transcriptome analysis on young and adult leaflets of variegated and green plants and identified 43 candidate genes related to air space-type variegation formation. Most of the genes were related to cell-wall structure modification (CESA, CSL, EXP, FLA, PG, PGIP, PLL, PME, RGP, SKS, and XTH family genes), followed by photosynthesis (LHCB subfamily, RBCS, GOX, and AGT family genes), redox (2OG and GSH family genes), and nitrogen metabolism (NodGS family genes). Other genes were related to photooxidation, protein interaction, and protease degradation systems. The downregulated expression of light-responsive LHCB subfamily genes and the upregulated expression of the genes involved in cell-wall structure modification were important conditions for air space-type variegation formation in T. pratense. The upregulated expression of the ubiquitin-protein ligase enzyme (E3)-related genes in the protease degradation systems were conducive to air space-type variegation formation. Because these family genes are necessary for plant growth and development, the mechanism of the leaf variegation formation in T. pratense might be a widely existing regulation in air space-type variegation in nature.
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Kumar G, Dasgupta I. Variability, Functions and Interactions of Plant Virus Movement Proteins: What Do We Know So Far? Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040695. [PMID: 33801711 PMCID: PMC8066623 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the various proteins encoded by plant viruses, one of the most interesting is the movement protein (MP). MPs are unique to plant viruses and show surprising structural and functional variability while maintaining their core function, which is to facilitate the intercellular transport of viruses or viral nucleoprotein complexes. MPs interact with components of the intercellular channels, the plasmodesmata (PD), modifying their size exclusion limits and thus allowing larger particles, including virions, to pass through. The interaction of MPs with the components of PD, the formation of transport complexes and the recruitment of host cellular components have all revealed different facets of their functions. Multitasking is an inherent property of most viral proteins, and MPs are no exception. Some MPs carry out multitasking, which includes gene silencing suppression, viral replication and modulation of host protein turnover machinery. This review brings together the current knowledge on MPs, focusing on their structural variability, various functions and interactions with host proteins.
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Sun X, Cao L, Zhang S, Yu J, Xu X, Xu C, Xu Z, Qu C, Liu G. Genome-wide analysis of the RGP gene family in Populus trichocarpa and their expression under nitrogen treatment. Gene Expr Patterns 2020; 38:119142. [PMID: 32898702 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2020.119142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reversible glycosylation polypeptide (RGP) is a type of plant-specific protein, primarily involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, which in turn changes the shape of the cell walls and affects the wood properties of plants. Poplar is a major industrial timber species, and the RGP gene has not been studied. This study uses bioinformatics methods to predict physical and chemical characters such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, and hydrophilicity; and fluorescent quantitative method to determine the effect of different forms of nitrogen on the transcription level of the gene family. The results showed that there are six RGP homologous genes in the Populus trichocarpa genome, which were distributed on the six chromosomes of P. trichocarpa. The family members have a simple gene structure and contain four exons and introns. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that RGP genes all belong to Class I in P. trichocarpa. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that PtRGP1 and PtRGP2 were highly expressed in the stems, PtRGP4 and PtRGP5 were highly expressed in the upper leaves, PtRGR3 and PtRGR6 were expressed in stems and internodes, but the relative expression is not high. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that PtRGP3 and 6 were up-regulated in the upper stem in response to the low ammonium and high nitrate treatments. The influence of nitrogen on the expression of PtRGP3 and 6 genes may affect the formation of the plant secondary cell wall. This study lays a foundation for further study on the function of RGP genes in P. trichocarpa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Lina Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Jiajie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Xiuyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Caifeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Zhiru Xu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Chunpu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Guanjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, PR China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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6
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Reagan BC, Burch-Smith TM. Viruses Reveal the Secrets of Plasmodesmal Cell Biology. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:26-39. [PMID: 31715107 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-19-0212-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are essential for intercellular trafficking of molecules required for plant life, from small molecules like sugars and ions to macromolecules including proteins and RNA molecules that act as signals to regulate plant development and defense. As obligate intracellular pathogens, plant viruses have evolved to manipulate this communication system to facilitate the initial cell-to-cell and eventual systemic spread in their plant hosts. There has been considerable interest in how viruses manipulate the PD that connect the protoplasts of neighboring cells, and viruses have yielded invaluable tools for probing the structure and function of PD. With recent advances in biochemistry and imaging, we have gained new insights into the composition and structure of PD in the presence and absence of viruses. Here, we first discuss viral strategies for manipulating PD for their intercellular movement and examine how this has shed light on our understanding of native PD function. We then address the controversial role of the cytoskeleton in trafficking to and through PD. Finally, we address how viruses could alter PD structure and consider possible mechanisms of the phenomenon described as 'gating'. This discussion supports the significance of virus research in elucidating the properties of PD, these persistently enigmatic plant organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Reagan
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
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7
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Plasmodesmata Conductivity Regulation: A Mechanistic Model. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120595. [PMID: 31842374 PMCID: PMC6963776 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells form a multicellular symplast via cytoplasmic bridges called plasmodesmata (Pd) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that crosses almost all plant tissues. The Pd proteome is mainly represented by secreted Pd-associated proteins (PdAPs), the repertoire of which quickly adapts to environmental conditions and responds to biotic and abiotic stresses. Although the important role of Pd in stress-induced reactions is universally recognized, the mechanisms of Pd control are still not fully understood. The negative role of callose in Pd permeability has been convincingly confirmed experimentally, yet the roles of cytoskeletal elements and many PdAPs remain unclear. Here, we discuss the contribution of each protein component to Pd control. Based on known data, we offer mechanistic models of mature leaf Pd regulation in response to stressful effects.
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8
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Saqib A, Scheller HV, Fredslund F, Welner DH. Molecular characteristics of plant UDP-arabinopyranose mutases. Glycobiology 2019; 29:839-846. [PMID: 31679023 PMCID: PMC6861824 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
l-arabinofuranose is a ubiquitous component of the cell wall and various natural products in plants, where it is synthesized from cytosolic UDP-arabinopyranose (UDP-Arap). The biosynthetic machinery long remained enigmatic in terms of responsible enzymes and subcellular localization. With the discovery of UDP-Arap mutase in plant cytosol, the demonstration of its role in cell-wall arabinose incorporation and the identification of UDP-arabinofuranose transporters in the Golgi membrane, it is clear that the cytosolic UDP-Arap mutases are the key enzymes converting UDP-Arap to UDP-arabinofuranose for cell wall and natural product biosynthesis. This has recently been confirmed by several genotype/phenotype studies. In contrast to the solid evidence pertaining to UDP-Arap mutase function in vivo, the molecular features, including enzymatic mechanism and oligomeric state, remain unknown. However, these enzymes belong to the small family of proteins originally identified as reversibly glycosylated polypeptides (RGPs), which has been studied for >20 years. Here, we review the UDP-Arap mutase and RGP literature together, to summarize and systemize reported molecular characteristics and relations to other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Saqib
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
- Industrial Enzymes and Biofuels Group, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jhang Road, 44000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Environmental Engineering and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Folmer Fredslund
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Ditte Hededam Welner
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
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Reagan BC, Ganusova EE, Fernandez JC, McCray TN, Burch-Smith TM. RNA on the move: The plasmodesmata perspective. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 275:1-10. [PMID: 30107876 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that plant RNAs can have effects at sites far away from their sites of synthesis. Cellular mRNA transcripts, endogenous small RNAs and defense-related small RNAs all move from cell to cell via plasmodesmata (PD), and may even move long distances in the phloem. Despite their small size, PD have complicated substructures, and the area of the pore available for RNA trafficking can be remarkably small. The intent of this review is to bring into focus the role of PD in cell-to-cell and long distance communication in plants. We consider how cellular RNAs could move through the cell to the PD and thence through PD. The protein composition of PD and the possible roles of PD proteins in RNA trafficking are also discussed. Recent evidence for RNA metabolism in organelles acting as a factor in controlling PD flux is also presented, highlighting new aspects of plant intra- and intercellular communication. It is clear that while the phenomenon of RNA mobility is common and essential, many questions remain, and these have been highlighted throughout this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Reagan
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Elena E Ganusova
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Jessica C Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Tyra N McCray
- School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States.
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10
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Ganusova EE, Rice JH, Carlew TS, Patel A, Perrodin-Njoku E, Hewezi T, Burch-Smith TM. Altered Expression of a Chloroplast Protein Affects the Outcome of Virus and Nematode Infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:478-488. [PMID: 28323529 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-17-0031-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast-resident RNA helicase ISE2 (INCREASED SIZE EXCLUSION LIMIT2) can modulate the formation and distribution of plasmodesmata and intercellular trafficking. We have determined that ISE2 expression is induced by viral infection. Therefore, the responses of Nicotiana benthamiana plants with varying levels of ISE2 expression to infection by Tobacco mosaic virus and Turnip mosaic virus were examined. Surprisingly, increased or decreased ISE2 expression led to faster viral systemic spread and, in some cases, enhanced systemic necrosis. The contributions of RNA silencing and hormone-mediated immune responses to the increased viral susceptibility of these plants were assessed. In addition, Arabidopsis thaliana plants with increased ISE2 expression were found to be more susceptible to infection by the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Our analyses provide intriguing insights into unexpected functional roles of a chloroplast protein in mediating plant-pathogen interactions. The possible roles of plasmodesmata in determining the outcomes of these interactions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Ganusova
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
| | - J Hollis Rice
- 2 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee; and
| | - Timothy S Carlew
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
| | - Akshita Patel
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
| | - Emmanuel Perrodin-Njoku
- 3 National Technical Institute for the Deaf, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, U.S.A
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- 2 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee; and
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A
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11
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Prinsi B, Negri AS, Quattrocchio FM, Koes RE, Espen L. Proteomics of red and white corolla limbs in petunia reveals a novel function of the anthocyanin regulator ANTHOCYANIN1 in determining flower longevity. J Proteomics 2016; 131:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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12
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Kohan-Baghkheirati E, Geisler-Lee J. Gene Expression, Protein Function and Pathways of Arabidopsis thaliana Responding to Silver Nanoparticles in Comparison to Silver Ions, Cold, Salt, Drought, and Heat. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 5:436-467. [PMID: 28347022 PMCID: PMC5312895 DOI: 10.3390/nano5020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely used in industry due to their unique physical and chemical properties. However, AgNPs have caused environmental concerns. To understand the risks of AgNPs, Arabidopsis microarray data for AgNP, Ag⁺, cold, salt, heat and drought stresses were analyzed. Up- and down-regulated genes of more than two-fold expression change were compared, while the encoded proteins of shared and unique genes between stresses were subjected to differential enrichment analyses. AgNPs affected the fewest genes (575) in the Arabidopsis genome, followed by Ag⁺ (1010), heat (1374), drought (1435), salt (4133) and cold (6536). More genes were up-regulated than down-regulated in AgNPs and Ag⁺ (438 and 780, respectively) while cold down-regulated the most genes (4022). Responses to AgNPs were more similar to those of Ag⁺ (464 shared genes), cold (202), and salt (163) than to drought (50) or heat (30); the genes in the first four stresses were enriched with 32 PFAM domains and 44 InterPro protein classes. Moreover, 111 genes were unique in AgNPs and they were enriched in three biological functions: response to fungal infection, anion transport, and cell wall/plasma membrane related. Despite shared similarity to Ag⁺, cold and salt stresses, AgNPs are a new stressor to Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisa Kohan-Baghkheirati
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
- Department of Biology, Golestan University, Gorgan 49138-15739, Iran.
| | - Jane Geisler-Lee
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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13
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Knox JP, Benitez-Alfonso Y. Roles and regulation of plant cell walls surrounding plasmodesmata. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:93-100. [PMID: 25286000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the intercellular transport of simple and complex molecules can occur symplastically through plasmodesmata. These are membranous channels embedded in cell walls that connect neighbouring cells. The properties of the cell walls surrounding plasmodesmata determine their transport capacity and permeability. These cell wall micro-domains are enriched in callose and have a characteristic pectin distribution. Cell wall modifications, leading to changes in plasmodesmata structure, have been reported to occur during development and in response to environmental signals. Cell wall remodelling enzymes target plasmodesmata to rapidly control intercellular communication in situ. Here we describe current knowledge on the composition of cell walls at plasmodesmata sites and on the proteins and signals that modify cell walls to regulate plasmodesmata aperture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Yoselin Benitez-Alfonso
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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14
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Benitez-Alfonso Y. Symplastic intercellular transport from a developmental perspective. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1857-63. [PMID: 24619998 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells have channel-like structures named plasmodesmata that allow for the symplastic molecular transport between neighbouring cells. The importance of plasmodesmata in whole plant development is well acknowledged. They mediate the cell-to-cell and vascular loading and unloading of metabolites, proteins, and other signalling molecules. However, it is still not clear how, mechanistically, these channels are regulated in response to developmental and environmental cues. This review aims to bring together knowledge acquired in recent years on plasmodesmata composition, regulation, and function. Progress in the discovery of factors that regulate symplastic transport and plant development in particular are discussed. This will hopefully highlight the challenges faced by the scientific community to unveil the mechanisms controlling symplastic communication during the formation and maintenance of plant meristems.
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