1
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Dlugosz P, Teufl M, Schwab M, Kohl KE, Nimpf J. Disabled 1 Is Part of a Signaling Pathway Activated by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1745. [PMID: 33572344 PMCID: PMC7916142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disabled 1 (Dab1) is an adapter protein for very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and an integral component of the Reelin pathway which orchestrates neuronal layering during embryonic brain development. Activation of Dab1 is induced by binding of Reelin to ApoER2 and VLDLR and phosphorylation of Dab1 mediated by Src family kinases. Here we show that Dab1 also acts as an adaptor for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and can be phosphorylated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding to EGFR. Phosphorylation of Dab1 depends on the kinase activity of EGFR constituting a signal pathway independent of Reelin and its receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Johannes Nimpf
- Max Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (P.D.); (M.T.); (M.S.); (K.E.K.)
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2
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Hatanaka Y, Hirata T. How Do Cortical Excitatory Neurons Terminate Their Migration at the Right Place? Critical Roles of Environmental Elements. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:596708. [PMID: 33195277 PMCID: PMC7644909 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.596708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between neurons and their environment are crucial for proper termination of neuronal migration during brain development. In this review, we first introduce the migration behavior of cortical excitatory neurons from neurogenesis to migration termination, focusing on morphological and behavioral changes. We then describe possible requirements for environmental elements, including extracellular matrix proteins and Cajal–Retzius cells in the marginal zone, radial glial cells, and neighboring neurons, to ensure proper migration termination of these neurons at their final destinations. The requirements appear to be highly linked to sequential and/or concurrent changes in adhesiveness of migrating neurons and their surroundings, which allow the neurons to reach their final positions, detach from substrates, and establish stable laminar structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsumi Hirata
- Brain Function Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Japan
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3
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Fbxo45 Binds SPRY Motifs in the Extracellular Domain of N-Cadherin and Regulates Neuron Migration during Brain Development. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00539-19. [PMID: 32341084 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00539-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several events during the normal development of the mammalian neocortex depend on N-cadherin, including the radial migration of immature projection neurons into the cortical plate. Remarkably, radial migration requires the N-cadherin extracellular domain but not N-cadherin-dependent homophilic cell-cell adhesion, suggesting that other N-cadherin-binding proteins may be involved. We used proximity ligation and affinity purification proteomics to identify N-cadherin-binding proteins. Both screens detected MycBP2 and SPRY domain protein Fbxo45, two components of an intracellular E3 ubiquitin ligase. Fbxo45 appears to be secreted by a nonclassical mechanism, not involving a signal peptide and not requiring transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Fbxo45 binding requires N-cadherin SPRY motifs that are not involved in cell-cell adhesion. SPRY mutant N-cadherin does not support radial migration in vivo Radial migration was similarly inhibited when Fbxo45 expression was suppressed. The results suggest that projection neuron migration requires both Fbxo45 and the binding of Fbxo45 or another protein to SPRY motifs in the extracellular domain of N-cadherin.
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4
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Jossin Y. Reelin Functions, Mechanisms of Action and Signaling Pathways During Brain Development and Maturation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060964. [PMID: 32604886 PMCID: PMC7355739 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development and adulthood, Reelin exerts several important functions in the brain including the regulation of neuronal migration, dendritic growth and branching, dendritic spine formation, synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. As a consequence, the Reelin signaling pathway has been associated with several human brain disorders such as lissencephaly, autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, mental retardation, Alzheimer’s disease and epilepsy. Several elements of the signaling pathway are known. Core components, such as the Reelin receptors very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and Apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), Src family kinases Src and Fyn, and the intracellular adaptor Disabled-1 (Dab1), are common to most but not all Reelin functions. Other downstream effectors are, on the other hand, more specific to defined tasks. Reelin is a large extracellular protein, and some aspects of the signal are regulated by its processing into smaller fragments. Rather than being inhibitory, the processing at two major sites seems to be fulfilling important physiological functions. In this review, I describe the various cellular events regulated by Reelin and attempt to explain the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action. After discussing the shared and distinct elements of the Reelin signaling pathway involved in neuronal migration, dendritic growth, spine development and synaptic plasticity, I briefly outline the data revealing the importance of Reelin in human brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Jossin
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Jossin Y. Molecular mechanisms of cell polarity in a range of model systems and in migrating neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 106:103503. [PMID: 32485296 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is defined as the asymmetric distribution of cellular components along an axis. Most cells, from the simplest single-cell organisms to highly specialized mammalian cells, are polarized and use similar mechanisms to generate and maintain polarity. Cell polarity is important for cells to migrate, form tissues, and coordinate activities. During development of the mammalian cerebral cortex, cell polarity is essential for neurogenesis and for the migration of newborn but as-yet undifferentiated neurons. These oriented migrations include both the radial migration of excitatory projection neurons and the tangential migration of inhibitory interneurons. In this review, I will first describe the development of the cerebral cortex, as revealed at the cellular level. I will then define the core molecular mechanisms - the Par/Crb/Scrib polarity complexes, small GTPases, the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, and phosphoinositides/PI3K signaling - that are required for asymmetric cell division, apico-basal and front-rear polarity in model systems, including C elegans zygote, Drosophila embryos and cultured mammalian cells. As I go through each core mechanism I will explain what is known about its importance in radial and tangential migration in the developing mammalian cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Jossin
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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6
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Kon E, Calvo-Jiménez E, Cossard A, Na Y, Cooper JA, Jossin Y. N-cadherin-regulated FGFR ubiquitination and degradation control mammalian neocortical projection neuron migration. eLife 2019; 8:47673. [PMID: 31577229 PMCID: PMC6786859 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of FGF receptors (FGFRs) in early development of the cerebral cortex are well established. Their functions in the migration of neocortical projection neurons, however, are unclear. We have found that FGFRs regulate multipolar neuron orientation and the morphological change into bipolar cells necessary to enter the cortical plate. Mechanistically, our results suggest that FGFRs are activated by N-Cadherin. N-Cadherin cell-autonomously binds FGFRs and inhibits FGFR K27- and K29-linked polyubiquitination and lysosomal degradation. Accordingly, FGFRs accumulate and stimulate prolonged Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Neurons inhibited for Erk1/2 are stalled in the multipolar zone. Moreover, Reelin, a secreted protein regulating neuronal positioning, prevents FGFR degradation through N-Cadherin, causing Erk1/2 phosphorylation. These findings reveal novel functions for FGFRs in cortical projection neuron migration, suggest a physiological role for FGFR and N-Cadherin interaction in vivo and identify Reelin as an extracellular upstream regulator and Erk1/2 as downstream effectors of FGFRs during neuron migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Kon
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisa Calvo-Jiménez
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexia Cossard
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Youn Na
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Jonathan A Cooper
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Yves Jossin
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Alharatani R, Griffin JN, Liu KJ. Expression of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, RAPGEF5, during mouse and human embryogenesis. Gene Expr Patterns 2019; 34:119057. [PMID: 31163262 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2019.119057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rap GTPases mediate fundamental cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration and intracellular signal transduction. The subcellular activity of these GTPases is regulated by dedicated activators (guanine nucleotide exchange factors, GEFs) and deactivators (GTPase-activating proteins, GAPs). RAPGEF5 is a potent activator of Rap proteins and mutations in RAPGEF5 have been linked to both neurological disorders and congenital heart disease. In the frog model, Xenopus tropicalis, Rapgef5 is a critical regulator of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway and is required for normal gastrulation and correct establishment of the left-right body axis. However, requirements for RAPGEF5 in other developmental contexts, and in mammalian embryogenesis in particular, remain undefined. Here, we describe RAPGEF5 mRNA expression patterns during mouse (E9.5 - E16.5) and human (Carnegie stage 21) development, as an initial step towards better understanding its developmental functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Alharatani
- The Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - John N Griffin
- The Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Karen J Liu
- The Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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8
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Qu L, Pan C, He SM, Lang B, Gao GD, Wang XL, Wang Y. The Ras Superfamily of Small GTPases in Non-neoplastic Cerebral Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:121. [PMID: 31213978 PMCID: PMC6555388 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPases from the Ras superfamily play crucial roles in basic cellular processes during practically the entire process of neurodevelopment, including neurogenesis, differentiation, gene expression, membrane and protein traffic, vesicular trafficking, and synaptic plasticity. Small GTPases are key signal transducing enzymes that link extracellular cues to the neuronal responses required for the construction of neuronal networks, as well as for synaptic function and plasticity. Different subfamilies of small GTPases have been linked to a number of non-neoplastic cerebral diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), intellectual disability, epilepsy, drug addiction, Huntington’s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and a large number of idiopathic cerebral diseases. Here, we attempted to make a clearer illustration of the relationship between Ras superfamily GTPases and non-neoplastic cerebral diseases, as well as their roles in the neural system. In future studies, potential treatments for non-neoplastic cerebral diseases which are based on small GTPase related signaling pathways should be explored further. In this paper, we review all the available literature in support of this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Pan
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Ming He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xi'an International Medical Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Bing Lang
- The School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guo-Dong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue-Lian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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9
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Yang C, Li X, Zhang B, Fu S, Li S, Shen J, Guan L, Qiao L, Lin J. The Mechanism of Rap1 Regulates N-cadherin to Control Neuronal Migration. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:539-548. [PMID: 30982164 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01316-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rap1 and N-cadherin regulate glia-independent translocation of cortical neurons. It remains unclear how Rap1 regulates N-cadherin-mediated neuronal migration. Here, we overexpressed Rap1gap in mouse brains (embryonic day 16) to inactivate Rap1, and observed that neurons did not migrate to the outer layer. We confirmed that Rap1 was involved in the regulation of late neurons in vivo. Rap1gap overexpression and Rap1 suppression in CHO cells decreased the expression of cytoskeletal proteins such as tubulin. Changes in the expression of cell morphology regulators, such as N-cadherin and β-catenin, were also observed. Inhibition of N-cadherin in mouse brains prevented neuronal migration to the outer layer. The morphology of CHO cells was changed after overexpression of Rap1gap. We propose that Rap1 regulates the expression of N-cadherin during embryonic development, which affects β-catenin expression. Beta-catenin in turn regulates cytoskeletal protein expression, ultimately affecting neuronal morphology and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciqing Yang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Neural Development, Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Neural Development, Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Bichao Zhang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Neural Development, Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Sulei Fu
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Neural Development, Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Shuanqing Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Neural Development, Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jianing Shen
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Neural Development, Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Lihong Guan
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Neural Development, Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Neural Development, Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Juntang Lin
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Neural Development, Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, 453003, China. .,College of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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10
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Du Y, Song W, Chen J, Chen H, Xuan Z, Zhao L, Chen J, Jin C, Zhou M, Tuo B, Zhao Y, Zheng S, Song P. The potassium channel KCa3.1 promotes cell proliferation by activating SKP2 and metastasis through the EMT pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:503-516. [PMID: 30628729 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (KCa3.1) plays an important role in maintaining intracellular calcium homeostasis and is involved in the tumorigenesis of many human cancers. However, it is unknown whether KCa3.1 plays a role in the genesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide with a very poor prognosis. In our study, we found that the expression of KCa3.1 was significantly elevated in poorly differentiated HCC tissues compared to adjacent noncancerous tissues. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that KCa3.1 could promote cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC. Mechanistically, KCa3.1 promoted cell cycle progression and migration and invasion of HCC cells by activating S-phase protein kinase 2 (SKP2) to trigger the degradation of p21 and p27 and targeting Reelin (RELN) to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), respectively. Taken together, our results demonstrate that KCa3.1 plays an important role in the genesis and progression of HCC, implying that it might be a promising therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehui Du
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Song
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zefeng Xuan
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long Zhao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengqiao Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Yongchao Zhao
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Penghong Song
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Yoong LF, Pai YJ, Moore AW. Stages and transitions in dendrite arbor differentiation. Neurosci Res 2019; 138:70-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Hansen AH, Duellberg C, Mieck C, Loose M, Hippenmeyer S. Cell Polarity in Cerebral Cortex Development-Cellular Architecture Shaped by Biochemical Networks. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:176. [PMID: 28701923 PMCID: PMC5487411 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cerebral cortex is the seat of our cognitive abilities and composed of an extraordinary number of neurons, organized in six distinct layers. The establishment of specific morphological and physiological features in individual neurons needs to be regulated with high precision. Impairments in the sequential developmental programs instructing corticogenesis lead to alterations in the cortical cytoarchitecture which is thought to represent the major underlying cause for several neurological disorders including neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diseases. In this review article we discuss the role of cell polarity at sequential stages during cortex development. We first provide an overview of morphological cell polarity features in cortical neural stem cells and newly-born postmitotic neurons. We then synthesize a conceptual molecular and biochemical framework how cell polarity is established at the cellular level through a break in symmetry in nascent cortical projection neurons. Lastly we provide a perspective how the molecular mechanisms applying to single cells could be probed and integrated in an in vivo and tissue-wide context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi H Hansen
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Christine Mieck
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Martin Loose
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburg, Austria
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13
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Kon E, Cossard A, Jossin Y. Neuronal Polarity in the Embryonic Mammalian Cerebral Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:163. [PMID: 28670267 PMCID: PMC5472699 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is composed of billions of neurons that can grossly be subdivided into two broad classes: inhibitory GABAergic interneurons and excitatory glutamatergic neurons. The majority of cortical neurons in mammals are the excitatory type and they are the main focus of this review article. Like many of the cells in multicellular organisms, fully differentiated neurons are both morphologically and functionally polarized. However, they go through several changes in polarity before reaching this final mature differentiated state. Neurons are derived from polarized neuronal progenitor/stem cells and their commitment to neuronal fate is decided by cellular and molecular asymmetry during their last division in the neurogenic zone. They migrate from their birthplace using so-called multipolar migration, during which they switch direction of movement several times, and repolarize for bipolar migration when the axon is specified. Therefore, neurons have to break their previous symmetry, change their morphology and adequately respond to polarizing signals during migration in order to reach the correct position in the cortex and start making connections. Finally, the dendritic tree is elaborated and the axon/dendrite morphological polarity is set. Here we will describe the function, establishment and maintenance of polarity during the different developmental steps starting from neural stem cell (NSC) division, neuronal migration and axon specification at embryonic developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Kon
- Mammalian Development and Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
| | - Alexia Cossard
- Mammalian Development and Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Jossin
- Mammalian Development and Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
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14
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Qin X, Lin L, Cao L, Zhang X, Song X, Hao J, Zhang Y, Wei R, Huang X, Lu J, Ge Q. Extracellular matrix protein Reelin promotes myeloma progression by facilitating tumor cell proliferation and glycolysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45305. [PMID: 28345605 PMCID: PMC5366887 DOI: 10.1038/srep45305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is an extracellular matrix protein that is crucial for neuron migration, adhesion, and positioning. We examined the expression of Reelin in a large cohort of multiple myeloma patients recorded in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and used over-expression and siRNA knockdown of Reelin to investigate the role of Reelin in myeloma cell growth. We find that Reelin expression is negatively associated with myeloma prognosis. Reelin promotes myeloma cell proliferation in vitro as well as in vivo. The Warburg effect, evidenced by increased glucose uptake and lactate production, is also enhanced in Reelin-expressing cells. The activation of FAK/Syk/Akt/mTOR and STAT3 pathways contributes to Reelin-induced cancer cell growth and metabolic reprogramming. Our findings further reveal that activated Akt and STAT3 pathways induce the upregulation of HIF1α and its downstream targets (LDHA and PDK1), leading to increased glycolysis in myeloma cells. Together, our results demonstrate the critical contributions of Reelin to myeloma growth and metabolism. It presents an opportunity for myeloma therapeutic intervention by inhibiting Reelin and its signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Li Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiao Song
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Risheng Wei
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jin Lu
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
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15
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ADP Ribosylation Factor 6 Regulates Neuronal Migration in the Developing Cerebral Cortex through FIP3/Arfophilin-1-dependent Endosomal Trafficking of N-cadherin. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0148-16. [PMID: 27622210 PMCID: PMC5002984 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0148-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During neural development, endosomal trafficking controls cell shape and motility through the polarized transport of membrane proteins related to cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions. ADP ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is a critical small GTPase that regulates membrane trafficking between the plasma membrane and endosomes. We herein demonstrated that the knockdown of endogenous Arf6 in mouse cerebral cortices led to impaired neuronal migration in the intermediate zone and cytoplasmic retention of N-cadherin and syntaxin12 in migrating neurons. Rescue experiments with separation-of-function Arf6 mutants identified Rab11 family-interacting protein 3 (FIP3)/Arfophilin-1, a dual effector for Arf6 and Rab11, as a downstream effector of Arf6 in migrating neurons. The knockdown of FIP3 led to impaired neuronal migration in the intermediate zone and cytoplasmic retention of N-cadherin in migrating neurons, similar to that of Arf6, which could be rescued by the coexpression of wild-type FIP3 but not FIP3 mutants lacking the binding site for Arf6 or Rab11. These results suggest that Arf6 regulates cortical neuronal migration in the intermediate zone through the FIP3-dependent endosomal trafficking.
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16
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Bock HH, May P. Canonical and Non-canonical Reelin Signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:166. [PMID: 27445693 PMCID: PMC4928174 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a large secreted glycoprotein that is essential for correct neuronal positioning during neurodevelopment and is important for synaptic plasticity in the mature brain. Moreover, Reelin is expressed in many extraneuronal tissues; yet the roles of peripheral Reelin are largely unknown. In the brain, many of Reelin's functions are mediated by a molecular signaling cascade that involves two lipoprotein receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (Apoer2) and very low density-lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr), the neuronal phosphoprotein Disabled-1 (Dab1), and members of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases as crucial elements. This core signaling pathway in turn modulates the activity of adaptor proteins and downstream protein kinase cascades, many of which target the neuronal cytoskeleton. However, additional Reelin-binding receptors have been postulated or described, either as coreceptors that are essential for the activation of the "canonical" Reelin signaling cascade involving Apoer2/Vldlr and Dab1, or as receptors that activate alternative or additional signaling pathways. Here we will give an overview of canonical and alternative Reelin signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms involved, and their potential physiological roles in the context of different biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Bock
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra May
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
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17
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The mechanisms controlling cortical dendrite initiation and targeting are poorly understood. Multiphoton imaging of developing mouse cortex reveals that apical dendrites emerge by direct transformation of the neuron's leading process during the terminal phase of neuronal migration. During this ∼110 min period, the dendritic arbor increases ∼2.5-fold in size and migration arrest occurs below the first stable branch point in the developing arbor. This dendritic outgrowth is triggered at the time of leading process contact with the marginal zone (MZ) and occurs primarily by neurite extension into the extracellular matrix of the MZ. In reeler cortices that lack the secreted glycoprotein Reelin, a subset of neurons completed migration but then retracted and reorganized their arbor in a tangential direction away from the MZ soon after migration arrest. For these reeler neurons, the tangential oriented primary neurites were longer lived than the radially oriented primary neurites, whereas the opposite was true of wild-type (WT) neurons. Application of Reelin protein to reeler cortices destabilized tangential neurites while stabilizing radial neurites and stimulating dendritic growth in the MZ. Therefore, Reelin functions as part of a polarity signaling system that links dendritogenesis in the MZ with cellular positioning and cortical lamination. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Whether the apical dendrite emerges by transformation of the leading process of the migrating neuron or emerges de novo after migration is completed is unclear. Similarly, it is not clear whether the secreted glycoprotein Reelin controls migration and dendritic growth as related or separate processes. Here, multiphoton microscopy reveals the direct transformation of the leading process into the apical dendrite. This transformation is coupled to the successful completion of migration and neuronal soma arrest occurs below the first stable branch point of the nascent dendrite. Deficiency in Reelin causes the forming dendrite to avoid its normal target area and branch aberrantly, leading to improper cellular positioning. Therefore, this study links Reelin-dependent dendritogenesis with migration arrest and cortical lamination.
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18
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Shen Y, Xun G, Guo H, He Y, Ou J, Dong H, Xia K, Zhao J. Association and gene-gene interactions study of reelin signaling pathway related genes with autism in the Han Chinese population. Autism Res 2015; 9:436-42. [PMID: 26285919 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with unclear etiology. Reelin had been proposed to participate in the etiology of autism due to its important role in brain development. The goal of this study was to explore the association and gene-gene interactions of reelin signaling pathway related genes (RELN, VLDLR, LRP8, DAB1, FYN, and CDK5) with autism in Han Chinese population. Genotyping data of the six genes were obtained from a recent genome-wide association study performed in 430 autistic children who fulfilled the DSM-IV-TR criteria for autistic disorder, and 1,074 healthy controls. Single marker case-control association analysis and haplotype case-control association analysis were conducted after the data was screened. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was applied to further test gene-gene interactions. Neither the single marker nor the haplotype association tests found any significant difference between the autistic group and the control group after permutation test of 1,000 rounds. The 4-locus MDR model (comprising rs6143734, rs1858782, rs634500, and rs1924267 which belong to RELN and DAB1) was determined to be the model with the highest cross-validation consistency (CVC) and testing balanced accuracy. The results indicate that an interaction between RELN and DAB1 may increase the risk of autism in the Han Chinese population. Furthermore, it can also be inferred that the involvement of RELN in the etiology of autism would occur through interaction with DAB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Shen
- Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guanglei Xun
- Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Mental Health Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiqun He
- Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jianjun Ou
- Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huixi Dong
- Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
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19
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Vignot S, Lefebvre C, Frampton GM, Meurice G, Yelensky R, Palmer G, Capron F, Lazar V, Hannoun L, Miller VA, André F, Stephens PJ, Soria JC, Spano JP. Comparative analysis of primary tumour and matched metastases in colorectal cancer patients: evaluation of concordance between genomic and transcriptional profiles. Eur J Cancer 2015; 51:791-9. [PMID: 25797355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Focal and temporal tumour heterogeneity can represent a major challenge for biology-guided therapies. This study proposes to investigative molecular discrepancies between primary colorectal cancer (CRC) samples and matched metastases. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Surgical samples from primary and matched metastatic tissues from 13 CRC patients along with their adjacent normal tissue were evaluated. A mutational analysis was performed using a targeted Next Generation Sequencing assay (Foundation Medicine) with a focus on known recurrent somatic mutations as surrogate of key oncogenic events. Gene expression analysis was also performed to investigate transcriptional discrepancies. RESULTS Among the 26 samples, 191 mutations were identified including mutations in APC (13 pts), TP53 (11 pts), and KRAS (7 pts). Global concordance rate for mutations was 78% between primary and metastatic tumours and raised to 90% for 12 known recurrent mutations in CRC. Differential gene expression analysis revealed a low number of significantly variant transcripts between primary and metastatic tumours once the tissue effect was taken into account. Only two pathways (ST_ADRENERGIC, PID_REELINPATHWAY) were differentially up-regulated in metastases among 17 variant pathways. A common profile in primary and metastatic tumours revealed conserved pathways mostly involved in cell cycle regulation. Only two pathways were significantly down regulated compared to normal control, including regulation of autophagy (KEGG_REGULATION_OF_AUTOPHAGY). CONCLUSION These results suggest that profiles of primary tumour can identify key alterations present in matched CRC metastases at first metastatic progression. Gene expression analysis identified mainly conserved pathways between primary tumour and matched liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Vignot
- Oncologie Hématologie, Hôpitaux de Chartres, Chartres Le Coudray, France; INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Grand Paris, France
| | | | | | - Guillaume Meurice
- Unité de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Grand Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Vladimir Lazar
- Unité de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Grand Paris, France
| | | | | | - Fabrice André
- INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Grand Paris, France
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20
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Singh S, Solecki DJ. Polarity transitions during neurogenesis and germinal zone exit in the developing central nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:62. [PMID: 25852469 PMCID: PMC4349153 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During neural development, billions of neurons differentiate, polarize, migrate and form synapses in a precisely choreographed sequence. These precise developmental events are accompanied by discreet transitions in cellular polarity. While radial glial neural stem cells are highly polarized, transiently amplifying neural progenitors are less polarized after delaminating from their parental stem cell. Moreover, preceding their radial migration to a final laminar position neural progenitors re-adopt a polarized morphology before they embarking on their journey along a glial guide to the destination where they will fully mature. In this review, we will compare and contrast the key polarity transitions of cells derived from a neuroepithelium to the well-characterized polarity transitions that occur in true epithelia. We will highlight recent advances in the field that shows that neuronal progenitor delamination from germinal zone (GZ) niche shares similarities to an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, studies in the cerebellum suggest the acquisition of radial migration and polarity in transiently amplifying neural progenitors share similarities to mesenchymal-epithelial transitions. Where applicable, we will compare and contrast the precise molecular mechanisms used by epithelial cells and neuronal progenitors to control plasticity in cell polarity during their distinct developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David J Solecki
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, TN, USA
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21
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Abstract
A compelling amount of data is accumulating about the polyphonic role of neuronal cadherins during brain development throughout all developmental stages, starting from the involvement of cadherins in the organization of neurulation up to synapse development and plasticity. Recent work has confirmed that specifically N-cadherins play an important role in asymmetrical cellular processes in developing neurons that are at the basis of polarity. In this review we will summarize recent data, which demonstrate how N-cadherin orchestrates distinct processes of polarity establishment in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Gärtner
- a VIB Center for the Biology of Disease; KULeuven Center for Human Genetics ; Leuven ; Belgium and KULeuven; Department of Development and Regeneration ; Leuven , Belgium
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22
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The dynamic of the apical ectoplasmic specialization between spermatids and Sertoli cells: the case of the small GTPase Rap1. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:635979. [PMID: 24719879 PMCID: PMC3955676 DOI: 10.1155/2014/635979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in assisted reproductive technologies, infertility remains a consistent health problem worldwide. Spermiation is the process through which mature spermatids detach from the supporting Sertoli cells and are released into the tubule lumen. Spermiation failure leads to lack of mature spermatozoa and, if not occasional, could result into azoospermia, major cause of male infertility in human population. Spermatids are led through their differentiation into spermatozoa by the apical ectoplasmic specialization (aES), a testis-specific, actin-based anchoring junction restricted to the Sertoli-spermatid interface. The aES helps spermatid movement across the seminiferous epithelium, promotes spermatid positioning, and prevents the release of immature spermatozoa. To accomplish its functions, aES needs to undergo tightly and timely regulated restructuring. Even if components of aES are partly known, the mechanism/s through which aES is regulated remains still elusive. In this review, we propose a model by which the small GTPase Rap1 could regulate aES assembly/remodelling. The characterization of key players in the dynamic of aES, such as Rap1, could open new possibility to develop prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches for male patients under treatment for infertility as well as it could lead to the identification of new target for male contraception.
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23
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Eresheim C, Leeb C, Buchegger P, Nimpf J. Signaling by the extracellular matrix protein Reelin promotes granulosa cell proliferation in the chicken follicle. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10182-91. [PMID: 24573679 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.533489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken oocytes develop in follicles and reach an enormous size because of a massive uptake of yolk precursors such as very low density lipoprotein and vitellogenin. Oocyte growth is supported by theca cells and granulosa cells, which establish dynamic and highly organized cell layers surrounding the oocyte. The signaling processes orchestrating the development of these layered structures are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the Reelin pathway, which determines the development of layered neuronal structures in the brain, is also active in chicken follicles. Reelin, which is expressed in theca cells, triggers a signal in granulosa cells via apolipoprotein E receptor 2 and the very low density lipoprotein receptor, resulting in the phosphorylation of disabled-1 and consecutive activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. This signaling pathway supports the proliferation of differentiated granulosa cells to keep up with the demand of cells to cover the rapidly increasing surface of the giant germ cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Eresheim
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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24
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Hippenmeyer S. Molecular pathways controlling the sequential steps of cortical projection neuron migration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 800:1-24. [PMID: 24243097 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7687-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated migration of newly-born neurons to their target territories is essential for correct neuronal circuit assembly in the developing brain. Although a cohort of signaling pathways has been implicated in the regulation of cortical projection neuron migration, the precise molecular mechanisms and how a balanced interplay of cell-autonomous and non-autonomous functions of candidate signaling molecules controls the discrete steps in the migration process, are just being revealed. In this chapter, I will focally review recent advances that improved our understanding of the cell-autonomous and possible cell-nonautonomous functions of the evolutionarily conserved LIS1/NDEL1-complex in regulating the sequential steps of cortical projection neuron migration. I will then elaborate on the emerging concept that the Reelin signaling pathway, acts exactly at precise stages in the course of cortical projection neuron migration. Lastly, I will discuss how finely tuned transcriptional programs and downstream effectors govern particular aspects in driving radial migration at discrete stages and how they regulate the precise positioning of cortical projection neurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hippenmeyer
- Developmental Neurobiology, IST Austria (Institute of Science and Technology Austria), Am Campus 1, A-3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria,
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25
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Leeb C, Eresheim C, Nimpf J. Clusterin is a ligand for apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and signals via the Reelin-signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:4161-72. [PMID: 24381170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.529271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clusterin, also known as apolipoprotein J, is a multifunctional glycoprotein with the capacity to interact with a wide range of molecules. Although clusterin has been implicated in a broad spectrum of physiological and pathological processes, such as Alzheimer disease or cancer, its precise functions remain elusive. Here we report, that clusterin binds to apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and is internalized by cells expressing either one of these receptors. Binding of clusterin to these receptors triggers a Reelin-like signal in cells expressing disabled-1 (Dab1). It induces phosphorylation of Dab1, which leads to activation of PI3K/Akt and n-cofilin. Cell proliferation and neuroblast chain formation in subventricular zone (SVZ) explants are compromised when clusterin, which is present in the subventricular zone, is blocked in vitro. These data suggest that in the subventricular zone where Reelin is not present but ApoER2, VLDLR, and Dab1, clusterin might be involved in maintaining neurogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Leeb
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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26
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Nakamura T, Yasuda S, Nagai H, Koinuma S, Morishita S, Goto A, Kinashi T, Wada N. Longest neurite-specific activation of Rap1B in hippocampal neurons contributes to polarity formation through RalA and Nore1A in addition to PI3-kinase. Genes Cells 2013; 18:1020-31. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nakamura
- Division of Biosignaling, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences; Tokyo University of Science; Noda Chiba 278-0022 Japan
| | - Sayaka Yasuda
- Division of Biosignaling, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences; Tokyo University of Science; Noda Chiba 278-0022 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagai
- Division of Biosignaling, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences; Tokyo University of Science; Noda Chiba 278-0022 Japan
| | - Shingo Koinuma
- Division of Biosignaling, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences; Tokyo University of Science; Noda Chiba 278-0022 Japan
| | - So Morishita
- Division of Biosignaling, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences; Tokyo University of Science; Noda Chiba 278-0022 Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Science; Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Akihiro Goto
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling; Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kinashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics; Kansai Medical University; Osaka 573-1010 Japan
| | - Naoyuki Wada
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Science; Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
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27
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Hara Y, Fukaya M, Tamaki H, Sakagami H. Type I phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase γ is required for neuronal migration in the mouse developing cerebral cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2659-71. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Hara
- Department of Anatomy; Kitasato University School of Medicine; 1-15-1 Kitasato; Sagamihara; Kanagawa; 252-0374; Japan
| | - Masahiro Fukaya
- Department of Anatomy; Kitasato University School of Medicine; 1-15-1 Kitasato; Sagamihara; Kanagawa; 252-0374; Japan
| | - Hideaki Tamaki
- Department of Anatomy; Kitasato University School of Medicine; 1-15-1 Kitasato; Sagamihara; Kanagawa; 252-0374; Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy; Kitasato University School of Medicine; 1-15-1 Kitasato; Sagamihara; Kanagawa; 252-0374; Japan
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28
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Folsom TD, Fatemi SH. The involvement of Reelin in neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuropharmacology 2013; 68:122-35. [PMID: 22981949 PMCID: PMC3632377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reelin is a glycoprotein that serves important roles both during development (regulation of neuronal migration and brain lamination) and in adulthood (maintenance of synaptic function). A number of neuropsychiatric disorders including autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, Alzheimer's disease and lissencephaly share a common feature of abnormal Reelin expression in the brain. Altered Reelin expression has been hypothesized to impair neuronal connectivity and synaptic plasticity, leading ultimately to the cognitive deficits present in these disorders. The mechanisms for abnormal Reelin expression in some of these disorders are currently unknown although possible explanations include early developmental insults, mutations, hypermethylation of the promoter for the Reelin gene (RELN), miRNA silencing of Reelin mRNA, FMRP underexpression and Reelin processing abnormalities. Increasing Reelin expression through pharmacological therapies may help ameliorate symptoms resulting from Reelin deficits. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neurodevelopmental Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Folsom
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - S. Hossein Fatemi
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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29
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Takino J, Nagamine K, Hori T. Ras guanyl nucleotide releasing protein 2 affects cell viability and cell-matrix adhesion in ECV304 endothelial cells. Cell Adh Migr 2013; 7:262-6. [PMID: 23563504 DOI: 10.4161/cam.24082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras guanyl nucleotide releasing proteins (RasGRPs) are guanine nucleotide exchange factors that activate Ras and Rap. We recently reported that xrasgrp2, which is a homolog of the human rasgrp2, plays a role in vasculogenesis and/or angiogenesis during early development of Xenopus embryos. However, the function of RasGRP2 in human vascular endothelium remains unknown. Therefore we aimed to analyze the function of human RasGRP2 in vascular endothelial cells. RasGRP2 overexpression did not increase Ras activation. However, it slightly increased Ras expression and increased proliferation in ECV304 cells. Furthermore, RasGRP2 overexpression increased Rap1 activation and cell-matrix adhesion in ECV304 cells. These data demonstrate that RasGRP2 increases cell viability and cell-matrix adhesion through increased Ras expression and Rap1 activation, respectively, in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Takino
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
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