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Wang W, Jiang S, Zhao Y, Zhu G. Echinacoside: A promising active natural products and pharmacological agents. Pharmacol Res 2023; 197:106951. [PMID: 37804927 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Echinacoside, a natural phenylethanoid glycoside, was discovered and isolated from the garden plant Echinacea angustifolia DC., belonging to the Compositae family, approximately sixty years ago. Extensive investigations have revealed that it possesses a wide array of pharmacologically beneficial activities for human health, particularly notable for its neuroprotective and anticancer activity. Several crucial concerns surfaced, encompassing the recognition of active metabolites that exhibited inadequate bioavailability in their prototype form, the establishment of precise molecular signal pathways or targets associated with the aforementioned effects of echinacoside, and the scarcity of dependable clinical trials. Hence, the question remains unanswered as to whether scientific research can effectively utilize this natural compound. To support future studies on this natural product, it is imperative to provide a systematic overview and insights into potential future prospects. The current review provides a comprehensive analysis of the existing knowledge on echinacoside, encompassing its wide distribution, structural diversity and metabolism, diverse therapeutic applications, and improvement of echinacoside bioavailability for its potential utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shujun Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Guoxue Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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Gastric Mucosal Lesions in Tibetans with High-Altitude Polycythemia Show Increased HIF-1A Expression and ROS Production. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6317015. [PMID: 31001558 PMCID: PMC6437737 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6317015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Living at a high plateau in a very hostile environment and low oxygen levels often leads to the development of high-altitude polycythemia (HAPC) and gastric mucosal lesions caused by high-level reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hypoxia-inducible factor-1A (HIF-1A) helps maintain oxygen homeostasis by promoting the transcription of various genes and can be affected by ROS levels. To evaluate the molecular mechanism by which HAPC causes the gastric mucosal lesions, the expression of HIF-1A was measured in Tibetans with HAPC and in healthy subjects. Ultrastructural, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed in the gastric tissues of both groups, and the expression of HIF-1A in the gastric mucosa was detected using qPCR and Western Blot. Results The microvessel density and average diameter of gastric mucosal vessels were significantly greater in the HAPC patients than in the healthy subjects (p < 0.05). The number of red blood cells in the gastric mucosa was also significantly higher in the HAPC group than in the healthy subjects (p < 0.05). In addition, the density of the mitochondrial vacuoles and endoplasmic reticulum and pathological apoptosis were significantly increased in the gastric cells from HAPC patients compared to those from the healthy subjects. The levels of ROS and HIF-1A in the gastric mucosa were increased in HAPC patients compared to those in controls (p < 0.05). Conclusions An increased level of HIF-1A was associated with HAPC development in the stomach of Tibetans living at a high altitude. ROS upregulated the levels of HIF-1A. Thus, ROS-mediated HIF-1A signaling transduction may be the mechanism associated with HAPC-induced gastric lesions.
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Song JL, Choi JH, Seo JH, Park KY. Fermented Ganjangs (Soy Sauce and Sesame Sauce) Attenuates Colonic Carcinogenesis in Azoxymethane/Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Treated C57BL/6J Mice. J Med Food 2018; 21:905-914. [PMID: 30096014 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of different ganjangs (also designated as kanjang), including acid-hydrolyzed soy sauce (AHSS), fermented soy sauce (FSS), and fermented sesame sauce (FSeS), on azoxymethane (AOM, 10 mg/kg)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 2%)-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in C57BL/6J mice were studied. Low doses (4 mL/kg) of both FSeS and FSS significantly increased colon length, suppressed AOM/DSS-induced increases in colon weight/length ratios, and induced colorectal neoplasia compared with AHSS-treated and control mice. Fermented sauces, particularly low doses of FSeS and FSS, showed activity against AOM/DSS-induced colorectal carcinogenesis by abrogating serum and mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-17α as well as by reducing mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in colon mucosa. FSeS significantly increased colonic p53 expression compared with other sauces. However, AHSS showed weak activity against AOM/DSS-induced colonic carcinogenesis. Overall, FSeS showed the strongest anticancer effect, followed by FSS and AHSS. Thus, fermentation with microorganisms rather than chemical processes is important, and raw materials are another factor influencing anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Le Song
- 1 Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University , Guilin, Guangxi, China .,2 Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education , Chongqing, China
| | | | | | - Kun-Young Park
- 2 Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education , Chongqing, China .,4 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, CHA University , Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Stanniocalcin-1 Protects a Mouse Model from Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Affecting ROS-Mediated Multiple Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071051. [PMID: 27420048 PMCID: PMC4964427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stanniocalcin-1 (STC-1) protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI). However, the molecular mechanisms remain widely unknown. STC-1 inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas most ROS-mediated pathways are associated with ischemic injury. Therefore, to explore the mechanism, the effects of STC-1 on ROS-medicated pathways were studied. Non-traumatic vascular clamps were used to establish RIRI mouse models. The serum levels of STC-1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon (IFN) γ, P53, and capase-3 were measured by ELISA kits. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by fluorescence spectrofluorometer. All these molecules changed significantly in a RIRI model mouse when compared with those in a sham control. Kidney cells were isolated from sham and model mice. STC-1 was overexpressed or knockout in these kidney cells. The molecules in ROS-medicated pathways were measured by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot. The results showed that STC-1 is an effective ROS scavenger. The serum levels of STC-1, MDA and SOD activity were increased while the serum levels of IL-6, iIFN-γ, P53, and capase-3 were decreased in a model group when compared with a sham control (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of STC-1,p53, phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (p-MEKK-1), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), IkB kinase (p-IKK), nuclear factor (NF) κB, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK-1) and caspase-3 changed significantly in kidney cells isolated from a RIRI model when compared to those isolated from a sham control (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, STC-1 overexpression or silence caused significant changes of the levels of these ROS-mediated molecules. Therefore, STC-1 maybe improve anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptosis activities by affecting ROS-mediated pathways, especially the phospho-modifications of the respective proteins, resulting in the increase of SOD and reduce of capase-3, p53, IL-6 and IFN-γ.
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Choi EO, Park C, Hwang HJ, Hong SH, Kim GY, Cho EJ, Kim WJ, Choi YH. Baicalein induces apoptosis via ROS-dependent activation of caspases in human bladder cancer 5637 cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1009-18. [PMID: 27571890 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalein is a flavonoid derived originally from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which has been used in Oriental medicines for treating various diseases. Although this compound has been reported to have anticancer activities in several human cancer cell lines, the therapeutic effects of baicalein on human bladder cancer and its mechanisms of action have not been extensively studied. This study investigated the proapoptotic effects of baicalein in human bladder cancer 5637 cells. For this study, cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthia-zol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, trypan blue dye exclusion assay 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, and flow cytometry. Measurements of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), caspase activity assays and western blots were conducted to determine whether 5637 cell death occurred by apoptosis. Treatment with baicalein resulted in a concentration-dependent growth inhibition coupled with apoptosis induction, as indicated by the results of nuclei morphology examination and flow cytometry analyses. The induction of the apoptotic cell death of 5637 cells by baicalein exhibited a correlation with the downregulation of members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, including cIAP-1 and cIAP-2, and the activation of caspase-9 and -3 accompanied by proteolytic degradation of poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase. The study also showed that baicalein decreases the expression of the proapoptotic protein Bax, increases antiapoptotic Bcl-2 expression, and noticeably aggravates the loss of MMP. Concomitantly, the data showed that baicalein increases the levels of death receptors and their associated ligands and enhances the activation of caspase-8 and truncation of Bid. However, the pan-caspase inhibitor can reverse baicalein-induced apoptosis, demonstrating that it is a caspase-dependent pathway. Moreover, it was found that baicalein can induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and that pretreatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine significantly attenuates the baicalein effects on the loss of MMP and activation of caspase. In addition, the blocking of ROS generation decreases the apoptotic activity and antiproliferative effect of baicalein, indicating that baicalein induces apoptosis of 5637 cells through the ROS-dependent activation of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ok Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Hwang
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
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Lee MH, Hong SH, Park C, Kim GY, Leem SH, Choi SH, Keum YS, Hyun JW, Kwon TK, Hong SH, Choi YH. Hwang-Heuk-San induces apoptosis in HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells through the ROS-mediated activation of caspases and the inactivation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:205-14. [PMID: 27221553 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hwang-Heuk-San (HHS) is a polyherbal formulation that has been used in traditional Korean medicine for hundreds of years to treat gastrointestinal malignancy. However, to date, the mechanisms responsible for the anticancer effects remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the anticancer effects of HHS using HCT116 human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Our results showed that HHS treatment significantly reduced cell survival and increased apoptotic cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. The treatment of HCT116 cells with HHS also significantly elevated the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was followed by the attenuation of the mitochondrial membrane potential through the upregulation of Bax and the downregulation of Bcl-2, which was accompanied by the release of cytochrome c to the cytosol. In addition, HHS treatment caused the truncation of Bid and activated the caspases (caspase-8, -9 and -3), which was associated with the induction of the Fas ligand, the death receptors (DRs), DR4 and DR5, downregulation of the inhibitors of protein expression in the apoptosis protein family, and the degradation of poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase. However, a pan-caspase inhibitor reversed the HHS-induced apoptosis and growth suppression, indicating that HHS induces apoptosis though a caspase-dependent intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathway in HCT116 cells. Moreover, HHS treatment inhibited the activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, and a pharmacological inhibitor of PI3K significantly potentiated the apoptotic effects of HHS when employed in combination in HCT116 cells. Furthermore, the blocking of ROS generation by antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine attenuated the HHS-induced release of cytochrome c, caspase activation and PI3K/Akt inactivation, thereby preventing HHS-induced apoptosis and reduction in cell viability. These findings suggest that HHS-induced ROS generation is required for caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death involving inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in HCT116 cells. Overall, our findings suggest that HHS may be an effective treatment for CRC cancer, and further studies are required to identify the active compounds in HHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Hee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Leem
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan 604‑714, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Choi
- Department of Safety and System Management, Korea Lift College, Geochang 670-802, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sam Keum
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 410-773, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 609-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
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Zhang R, Yu Y, Deng J, Zhang C, Zhang J, Cheng Y, Luo X, Han B, Yang H. Sesamin Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Dyslipidemia and Kidney Injury by Reducing Oxidative Stress. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8050276. [PMID: 27171111 PMCID: PMC4882689 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The study explored the protective effect of sesamin against lipid-induced renal injury and hyperlipidemia in a rat model. An animal model of hyperlipidemia was established in Sprague-Dawley rats. Fifty-five adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups. The control group was fed a standard diet, while the other four groups were fed a high-fat diet for 5 weeks to induce hyperlipidemia. Three groups received oral sesamin in doses of 40, 80, or 160 mg/(kg·day). Seven weeks later, the blood lipids, renal function, antioxidant enzyme activities, and hyperoxide levels in kidney tissues were measured. The renal pathological changes and expression levels of collagen type IV (Col-IV) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were analyzed. The administration of sesamin improved the serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein-B, oxidized-low-density lipoprotein, and serum creatinine levels in hyperlipidemic rats, while it increased the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein-A levels. Sesamin reduced the excretion of 24-h urinary protein and urinary albumin and downregulated α-SMA and Col-IV expression. Moreover, sesamin ameliorated the superoxide dismutase activity and reduced malondialdehyde levels in kidney tissue. Sesamin could mediate lipid metabolism and ameliorate renal injury caused by lipid metabolism disorders in a rat model of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jianjun Deng
- Shaanxi Key laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Bei Han
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Haixia Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Choi EO, Jeong JW, Park C, Hong SH, Kim GY, Hwang HJ, Cho EJ, Choi YH. Baicalein protects C6 glial cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis through regulation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:798-806. [PMID: 26796879 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalein, a flavonoid originally obtained from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has been reported to possess various biological properties. Although several studies have demonstrated the anti-oxidative activity of baicalein, its neuroprotective mechanisms have not been clearly established. The present study aimed to detect the effects of baicalein against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced neuronal damage in C6 glial cells and to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in this process. The results demonstrated that baicalein effectively inhibited H2O2-induced growth and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. We noted that Baicalein also attenuated the H2O2‑induced formation of comet tail, phosphorylation of p-γH2A.X, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP or ΔΨm), and changes to apoptosis‑related protein expression, which suggests that it can prevent H2O2‑induced cellular DNA damage and apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, treatment with baicalein effectively induced the expression of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Moreover, the protective effects of baicalein against H2O2‑induced DNA damage and apoptosis were abolished by zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) IX, a HO-1 inhibitor, and auranofin, a TrxR inhibitor. In addition, we noted that the cytoprotective effects of baicalein were attenuated by transient transfection with Nrf2-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). The findings of our present study suggest that baicalein enhances cellular antioxidant defense capacity through the inhibition of ROS generation and the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, thus protecting C6 cells from H2O2-induced neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ok Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Anti-Aging Research Center and Blue-Bio Industry RIC, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Hwang
- Anti-Aging Research Center and Blue-Bio Industry RIC, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center and Blue-Bio Industry RIC, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
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Suo H, Qian Y, Feng X, Wang H, Zhao X, Song JL. Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Cytoprotective Effect of Soybean Milk Fermented with L
actobacillus Fermentum
Zhao. J Food Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huayi Suo
- College of Food Science; Southwest University; Chongqing China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Functional Food; Chongqing University of Education; Chongqing 400067 China
| | - Xia Feng
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Functional Food; Chongqing University of Education; Chongqing 400067 China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- College of Food Science; Southwest University; Chongqing China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Functional Food; Chongqing University of Education; Chongqing 400067 China
| | - Jia-Le Song
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene; School of Public Health; Gulin Medical University; 109 North 2nd Huan Cheng Road Gulin Guangxi 541004 China
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An exploration of the antioxidant effects of garlic saponins in mouse-derived C2C12 myoblasts. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:149-56. [PMID: 26531218 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to confirm the protective effects of garlic saponins against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage and to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms in mouse-derived C2C12 myoblasts. Relative cell viability was determined by 3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Comet assay was used to measure DNA damage and oxidative stress was determined using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate to measure intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Western blot analysis and small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based knockdown were used in order to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms. Our results revealed that garlic saponins prevented hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced growth inhibition and exhibited scavenging activity against intracellular ROS. We also observed that garlic saponins prevented H2O2-induced comet tail formation and decreased the phosphorylation levels of γH2AX expression, suggesting that they can prevent H2O2-induced DNA damage. In addition, garlic saponins increased the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a potent antioxidant enzyme associated with the induction and phosphorylation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the translocation of Nrf2 from the cytosol into the nucleus. However, the protective effects of garlic saponins on H2O2-induced ROS generation and growth inhibition were significantly reduced by zinc protoporphyrin Ⅸ, an HO-1 competitive inhibitor. In addition, the potential of garlic saponins to mediate HO-1 induction and protect against H2O2‑mediated growth inhibition was adversely affected by transient transfection with Nrf2-specific siRNA. Garlic saponins activated extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK) signaling, whereas a specific ERK inhibitor was able to inhibit HO-1 upregulation, as well as Nrf2 induction and phosphorylation. Taken together, the findings of our study suggest that garlic saponins activate the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway by enabling ERK to contribute to the induction of phase Ⅱ antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, including HO-1 in C2C12 cells.
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KANG JISOOK, CHOI ILWHAN, HAN MINHO, KIM GIYOUNG, HONG SUHYUN, PARK CHEOL, HWANG HYEJIN, KIM CHEOLMIN, KIM BYUNGWOO, CHOI YUNGHYUN. The cytoprotective effects of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone against oxidative stress are mediated by the upregulation of Nrf2-dependent HO-1 expression through the activation of the PI3K/Akt and ERK pathways in C2C12 myoblasts. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:501-10. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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12
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Song JL, Choi JH, Seo JH, Lim YI, Park KY. Anti-colitic effects of kanjangs (fermented soy sauce and sesame sauce) in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. J Med Food 2015; 17:1027-35. [PMID: 25188463 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the preventive effects of different kanjangs (Korean soy sauces), including acid-hydrolyzed soy sauce (AHSS), fermented soy sauce (FSS), and fermented sesame sauce (FSeS), on 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in C57BL/6J mice. The fermented sauces, particularly FSeS, significantly suppressed DSS-induced body weight loss, increased colon length, and decreased colon weight/length ratios. Histological observations suggested that the fermented sauces prevented edema, mucosal damage, and the loss of crypts induced by DSS compared to the control mice and animals fed AHSS. FSeS and FSS decreased the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-17α. mRNA expression of these cytokines as well as that of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in colon mucosa was also inhibited by the two sauces. Our results suggest that fermented sauces, especially FSeS, exert an anticolitic effect partially by reducing the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibiting the mRNA expression of these factors in the colon tissue of mice treated with DSS. However, AHSS did not protect against DSS-induced colitis. In addition, low-dose treatment (4 mL/kg) with the fermented sauces resulted in greater anticolitic effects than consumption of a high quantity (8 mL/kg) of the sauces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Le Song
- 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University , Busan, South Korea
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