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Sharma E, Vitte J. A systematic review of allergen cross-reactivity: Translating basic concepts into clinical relevance. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. GLOBAL 2024; 3:100230. [PMID: 38524786 PMCID: PMC10959674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2024.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Access to the molecular culprits of allergic reactions allows for the leveraging of molecular allergology as a new precision medicine approach-one built on interdisciplinary, basic, and clinical knowledge. Molecular allergology relies on the use of allergen molecules as in vitro tools for the diagnosis and management of allergic patients. It complements the conventional approach based on skin and in vitro allergen extract testing. Major applications of molecular allergology comprise accurate identification of the offending allergen thanks to discrimination between genuine sensitization and allergen cross-reactivity, evaluation of potential severity, patient-tailored choice of the adequate allergen immunotherapy, and prediction of its expected efficacy and safety. Allergen cross-reactivity, defined as the recognition of 2 or more allergen molecules by antibodies or T cells of the same specificity, frequently interferes with allergen extract testing. At the mechanistic level, allergen cross-reactivity depends on the allergen, the host's immune response, and the context of their interaction. The multiplicity of allergen molecules and families adds further difficulty. Understanding allergen cross-reactivity at the immunologic level and translating it into a daily tool for the management of allergic patients is further complicated by the ever-increasing number of characterized allergenic molecules, the lack of dedicated resources, and the need for a personalized, patient-centered approach. Conversely, knowledge sharing paves the way for improved clinical use, innovative diagnostic tools, and further interdisciplinary research. Here, we aimed to provide a comprehensive and unbiased state-of-the art systematic review on allergen cross-reactivity. To optimize learning, we enhanced the review with basic, translational, and clinical definitions, clinical vignettes, and an overview of online allergen databases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joana Vitte
- Aix-Marseille University, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Desbrest Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IDESP), University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INSERM UMR-S 1250 P3CELL and University Hospital of Reims, Immunology Laboratory, Reims, France
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Cecchi L, Poncet P, Maltagliati L, Carli G, Macchia D, Maggi L, Meucci E, Parronchi P, Mazzoni A, Salvati L, Scala E, Sénéchal H, Aizawa T, Villalta D, Annunziato F, Cosmi L, Farsi A. Optimization of the diagnosis and characterization of gibberellin-regulated protein sensitization: An Italian cohort study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2024; 132:82-90.e1. [PMID: 37758056 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pru p 7 was the first gibberellin-regulated protein (GRP) to be identified as a food allergen as the basis of a pollen food allergy syndrome. OBJECTIVE To clinically and biologically characterize a group of patients with suspected allergy to Pru p 7 to optimize the diagnostic workup of GRP sensitization. METHODS Allergy to Pru p 7 was suspected in the presence of a systemic allergic reaction to plant food, positive skin prick test results for cypress pollen and lipid-transfer protein-enriched peach extract, and absence of Pru p 3-specific immunoglobulin E. Controls were patients with food allergies, patients sensitized to Pru p 3, and patients with cypress allergy without food allergy. Diagnostic workup included skin tests, basophil activation test, Western blot, and single and multiplex assays. RESULTS In total, 23 patients and 14 controls were enrolled. The most implicated food was peach (91.3%). Approximately 70% of patients reacted to multiple foods. Mueller 4 reactions were 8.7%. In 26.1% of cases, a cofactor triggered the reaction. The basophil activation test results were positive for rPru p 7 in 87% of the patients. Specific immunoglobulin E to Pru p 7 was detected in 95.7% by singleplex and in 73.9% by multiplex assays in patients with suspected allergies; 73.9% of them also reacted to cypress pollen GRP (Cup s 7) in Western blot analysis. CONCLUSION Patients with Pru p 7-Cup s 7 allergy in our cohort confirm a mild-to-severe clinical syndrome characterized by pollen and food allergy. The diagnosis may benefit from the proposed selection criteria that can be used as preliminary steps to further characterize the cross-reactive GRP sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cecchi
- SOSD Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Ospedale S. Stefano, USL Toscana Centro, Prato, Italy.
| | - Pascal Poncet
- Department of Biochemistry, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Allergy & Environment Research Team, Paris, France; Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Lucia Maltagliati
- SOSD Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Ospedale S. Giovanni di Dio, USL Toscana Centro, Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulia Carli
- SOSD Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Ospedale S. Stefano, USL Toscana Centro, Prato, Italy
| | - Donatella Macchia
- SOSD Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Ospedale S. Giovanni di Dio, USL Toscana Centro, Firenze, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Elisa Meucci
- SOSD Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Ospedale S. Giovanni di Dio, USL Toscana Centro, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Parronchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy; Immunology and Cell Therapy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Salvati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Enrico Scala
- Clinical and Laboratory Molecular Allergy Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Hélène Sénéchal
- Department of Biochemistry, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Allergy & Environment Research Team, Paris, France
| | - Tomoyasu Aizawa
- Hokkaido University, Protein Science Laboratory, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Danilo Villalta
- Immunologia e allergologia, Ospedale S. Maria degli Angeli, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy; Flow Cytometry Diagnostic Center and Immunotherapy, Careggi University Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy; Immunoallergology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Farsi
- SOSD Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Ospedale S. Stefano, USL Toscana Centro, Prato, Italy
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Novianti Y, Nur’aeny N. Identifying Chili as a Risk Factor for the Geographic Tongue: A Case Report. J Asthma Allergy 2023; 16:1279-1285. [PMID: 38022749 PMCID: PMC10680477 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s434177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Geographic tongue (GT) is a chronic tongue condition triggered by various factors such as immune reactions, allergies, stress, hereditary factors, and nutritional deficiencies. The prevalence of GT in the population ranges from 1% to 3%, and its symptoms can cause discomfort to patients. Spicy foods are popular among Indonesians. Chili is one such food that can cause allergies and trigger GT. Objective This report highlights the significance of identifying the risk factors associated with symptomatic GT. Case A 19-year-old female patient complained of a rough and sore dorsal tongue for a year, particularly after consuming spicy food. Extra-oral examination revealed dry lips. Intra-oral examination showed red patches with white borders on the dorsal tongue. A complete blood count and allergy test were performed. The eosinophil count was 4%, the total IgE level was 698 IU/mL, and the skin prick test for chili was positive. The diagnosis of chili-induced GT was made. Case Management The patient was advised to avoid chilies, and benzydamine hydrochloride mouthwash was administered. One week after treatment, clinical improvement was observed. Severity decreased on the Geographic Tongue Area and Severity Index (GTASI) from 12 (moderate) to 0.4 (mild). Pain decreased from 6 to 0 on the numerical rating scale (NRS). Conclusion Management of symptomatic GT includes the avoidance of allergens such as chilies and appropriate pharmacological therapy. The identification of risk factors is required for effective management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessy Novianti
- Oral Medicine Residency Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Nanan Nur’aeny
- Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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Wróblewska B, Ogrodowczyk A, Wasilewska E. Immunoreactive proteins of Capsicum-based spices as a threat to human health: mass spectrometry analysis and in silico mapping. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17723. [PMID: 37853105 PMCID: PMC10584839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44775-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary patterns are changing severely, especially the consumption of highly processed foods with lots of spices is increasing, carrying an increased risk of immediate hypersensitivity (type I), in sensitised individuals, due to the possible presence of allergens, especially the hidden ones. Paprika is a fruit of the Capsicum genus, which belongs to the Solanaceae family and is commonly consumed fresh or as a spice. Despite recorded cases of anaphylaxis, its allergenicity has yet to be clearly investigated. In this study, we research to identify proteins that could trigger a severe allergic reaction in patients with an equivocal clinical picture. Two types of protein extracts extracted from 3 different paprika spices were immunoblotted with sera from patients with severe allergic symptoms, presumably to paprika. Proteins from the IgE reactive bands obtained were subjected to LC-MS/MS identification and then in silico analysis to assess their possible sensitising capacity and proinflammatory potential using online tools. The spices were shown to contain a number of incompletely investigated highly immunoreactive allergenic proteins, including proteins of foreign origin (contaminants), the presence of which can stimulate inflammatory mechanisms and cross-reactivity with other food allergens, which can threaten life and health and should be investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wróblewska
- Department of Food Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Ogrodowczyk
- Department of Food Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Ewa Wasilewska
- Department of Food Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Olivieri B, Skypala IJ. New arrivals in anaphylaxis to foods. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 23:357-363. [PMID: 37490617 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW More people are excluding wheat from their diet, or turning to a more sustainable diet in which includes meat substitutes or is mainly or wholly plant-based. This increases the availability of new foods and with it the increasing likelihood of novel allergens. RECENT FINDINGS There is a growing body of evidence which suggests that allergies to seeds and legumes are increasing potentially due to their use in concentrated form in vegan or health foods. Insects can be a sustainable source of protein, but mealworm could provoke symptoms in individuals sensitized or allergic to shellfish or house dust mite. Novel plant food allergens such as gibberellin-regulated proteins and thaumatin-like proteins are increasingly being reported as significant causes of severe reactions to fruits. SUMMARY these findings make it even more imperative to take a full dietary history to ensure apparent idiopathic anaphylaxis is not in reality due to a novel food, especially in cases where other forms of the food are tolerated. Given the lack of diagnostic tests for these novel foods, a prick-to-prick skin prick test should be performed with the suspected food. There is currently more work needed to define and sequence many of the allergens involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Olivieri
- Department of Medicine, Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Isabel J Skypala
- Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, part of Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust
- Department of Inflammation and repair, Imperial College, London, UK
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Vílchez-Sánchez F, Rodríguez-Pérez R, Gómez-Traseira C, Dominguez-Ortega J, Hernández-Rivas L, García IL, Quirce S, Pedrosa M. Sensitisation to peach allergen Pru p 7 is associated with severe clinical symptoms in a Spanish population. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2023; 34:e14030. [PMID: 37747756 DOI: 10.1111/pai.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pru p 7 has been reported as a major allergen in peach allergy, associated with severe clinical symptoms and related to IgE sensitisation to cypress pollen. The main objective of this study was to prospectively evaluate the frequency of sensitisation to Pru p 7 and its clinical relevance amongst pediatric patients with peach allergy in Madrid (Spain). METHODS Patients with a history of IgE-mediated symptoms (oral allergy syndrome, urticaria/angioedema, rhinoconjunctivitis/asthma, gastrointestinal symptoms, or anaphylaxis) occurring within 2 h after peach intake or contact were prospectively recruited from February 2020 to September 2021. Skin tests, sIgE by ImmunoCAP® (Pru p 1, Pru p 3, Pru p 4, Pru p 7, and Cupressus arizonica) and oral food challenge (OFC) were performed. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee (PI-4513). RESULTS Ninety-two patients were included (53.3% male); median age, 10 (IQR 6.0-14.75) years. Seventy-four (80.4%) patients had a reaction after ingestion of fresh peach (25.0% from peel, 23.9% from pulp, and 44.6% from both). Fifteen (16.3%) patients were sensitised to Pru p 7. Upper airway symptoms, anaphylaxis, and grade 2 reactions were statistically more frequent in patients sensitised to Pru p 7. Seven (7.9%) patients presented with exercise as a cofactor, four of whom were sensitised to Pru p 7 (p = .001). Patients sensitised to Pru p 7 were significantly more likely to have a positive OFC result than patients who were not (p = .008). Four patients who reacted to peach at OFC were sensitised to Pru p 7. Specific IgE against Cupressus arizonica pollen was positive in 25 (62.5%) patients. CONCLUSIONS Pru p 7 sensitisation was observed in 16.3% of our population and was related to severe reactions, upper airway symptoms, anaphylaxis, and the presence of an eliciting cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Vílchez-Sánchez
- Department of Allergy, Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Allergy, Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gómez-Traseira
- Department of Allergy, Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Dominguez-Ortega
- Department of Allergy, Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Santiago Quirce
- Department of Allergy, Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pedrosa
- Department of Allergy, Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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Structural Basis for the IgE-Binding Cross-Reacting Epitopic Peptides of Cup s 3, a PR-5 Thaumatin-like Protein Allergen from Common Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) Pollen. ALLERGIES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/allergies3010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work was aimed at identifying the IgE-binding epitopic regions on the surface of the Cup s 3 allergen from the common cypress Cupressus sempervirens, that are possibly involved in the IgE-binding cross-reactivity reported between Cupressaceae species. Three main IgE-binding epitopic regions were mapped on the molecular surface of Cup s 3, the PR-5 thaumatin-like allergen of common cypress Cupressus sempervirens. They correspond to exposed areas containing either electropositive (R, K) or electronegative (D, E) residues. A coalescence occurs between epitopes #1 and #2, that creates an extended IgE-binding regions on the surface of the allergen. Epitope #3 contains a putative N-glycosylation site which is actually glycosylated and could therefore comprise a glycotope. However, most of the allergenic potency of Cup s 3 depends on non-glycosylated epitopic peptides. The corresponding regions of thaumatin-like allergens from other closely related Cupressaceae (Cryptomeria, Juniperus, Thuja) exhibit a very similar conformation that should account for the IgE-binding cross-reactivity observed among the Cupressaceae allergens.
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Castro-Camba R, Sánchez C, Vidal N, Vielba JM. Plant Development and Crop Yield: The Role of Gibberellins. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2650. [PMID: 36235516 PMCID: PMC9571322 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellins have been classically related to a few key developmental processes, thus being essential for the accurate unfolding of plant genetic programs. After more than a century of research, over one hundred different gibberellins have been described. There is a continuously increasing interest in gibberellins research because of their relevant role in the so-called "Green Revolution", as well as their current and possible applications in crop improvement. The functions attributed to gibberellins have been traditionally restricted to the regulation of plant stature, seed germination, and flowering. Nonetheless, research in the last years has shown that these functions extend to many other relevant processes. In this review, the current knowledge on gibberellins homeostasis and mode of action is briefly outlined, while specific attention is focused on the many different responses in which gibberellins take part. Thus, those genes and proteins identified as being involved in the regulation of gibberellin responses in model and non-model species are highlighted. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the state-of-the-art perception of gibberellins molecular biology and its effects on plant development. This picture might be helpful to enhance our current understanding of gibberellins biology and provide the know-how for the development of more accurate research and breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jesús Mª Vielba
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Iizuka T, Barre A, Rougé P, Charpin D, Scala E, Baudin B, Aizawa T, Sénéchal H, Poncet P. Gibberellin-regulated proteins: Emergent allergens. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:877553. [PMID: 36157274 PMCID: PMC9500206 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.877553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
About 10 years ago, a protein family was shown for the first time to contain allergenic members, gibberellin-regulated protein (GRP). The first reported member was from peach, Pru p 7. One can hypothesize that it was not detected before because its physicochemical characteristics overlap with those of lipid transfer protein (LTP), a well-known allergen, or because the exposure to GRP increased due to an increase in the gibberellin phythormone level in plant food, either exogenous or endogenous. Like LTPs, GRPs are small cationic proteins with disulfide bridges, are resistant to heat and proteolytic cleavage, and are involved in the defense of the plant. Besides peach, GRP allergens have been described in Japanese apricot (Pru m 7), sweet cherry (Pru av 7), orange (Cit s 7), pomegranate (Pun g 7), bell pepper (Cap a 7), strawberry (Fra a GRP), and also in pollen with a restriction to Cupressaceae tree family (Cup s 7, Cry j 7, and Jun a 7). IgE cross-reactivities were described between GRPs, and the reported peach/cypress and citrus/cypress syndromes may therefore be explained because of these GRP cross-reactivities. GRPs are clinically relevant, and severe adverse reactions may sometimes occur in association with cofactors. More than 60% and up to 95% sequence identities are calculated between various allergenic GRPs, and three-dimensional models show a cleft in the molecule and predict at least three epitopic regions. The structure of the protein and its properties and the matrix effect in the original allergenic source should be unraveled to understand why, despite the ubiquity of the protein family in plants, only a few members are able to sensitize patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Iizuka
- Protein Science Laboratory, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - A. Barre
- UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Toulouse 3 University, Toulouse, France
| | - P. Rougé
- UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Toulouse 3 University, Toulouse, France
| | | | - E. Scala
- “Clinical and Laboratory Molecular Allergy” Unit, Istituto Dermopatico Dell’Immacolata—IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - B. Baudin
- Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - T. Aizawa
- Protein Science Laboratory, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - H. Sénéchal
- “Allergy / Environment” Research Team, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - P. Poncet
- “Allergy / Environment” Research Team, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
- Immunology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Correspondence: P. Poncet
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