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Skidmore PD, Canals R, Ramasamy MN. The iNTS-GMMA vaccine: a promising step in non-typhoidal Salmonella vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:918-920. [PMID: 37824701 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2270596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Skidmore
- Oxford Vaccine Group, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rocio Canals
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | - Maheshi N Ramasamy
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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2
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Pellegrini JM, Gorvel JP, Mémet S. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms in Brucellosis in Light of Chronic Bacterial Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071260. [PMID: 35888979 PMCID: PMC9324529 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is considered one of the major zoonoses worldwide, constituting a critical livestock and human health concern with a huge socio-economic burden. Brucella genus, its etiologic agent, is composed of intracellular bacteria that have evolved a prodigious ability to elude and shape host immunity to establish chronic infection. Brucella’s intracellular lifestyle and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as its specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are key factors for hiding and hampering recognition by the immune system. Here, we will review the current knowledge of evading and immunosuppressive mechanisms elicited by Brucella species to persist stealthily in their hosts, such as those triggered by their LPS and cyclic β-1,2-d-glucan or involved in neutrophil and monocyte avoidance, antigen presentation impairment, the modulation of T cell responses and immunometabolism. Attractive strategies exploited by other successful chronic pathogenic bacteria, including Mycobacteria, Salmonella, and Chlamydia, will be also discussed, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms operating in brucellosis, such as granuloma formation, pyroptosis, and manipulation of type I and III IFNs, B cells, innate lymphoid cells, and host lipids. A better understanding of these stratagems is essential to fighting bacterial chronic infections and designing innovative treatments and vaccines.
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Razim A, Pacyga K, Naporowski P, Martynowski D, Szuba A, Gamian A, Górska S. Identification of linear epitopes on the flagellar proteins of Clostridioides difficile. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9940. [PMID: 33976336 PMCID: PMC8113543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is an opportunistic anaerobic bacterium that causes severe diseases of the digestive tract of humans and animals. One of the possible methods of preventing C. difficile infection is to develop a vaccine. The most promising candidates for vaccine antigens are the proteins involved in the adhesion phenomena. Among them, the FliC and FliD are considered to be suitable candidates. In this paper, the FliC and FliD protein polypeptide epitopes were mapped in silico and by using PEPSCAN procedure. We identified four promising epitopes: 117QRMRTLS123, 205MSKAG209 of FliC and 226NKVAS230, 306TTKKPKD312 of FliD protein. We showed that 117QRMRTLS123 sequence is not only located in TLR5-binding and activating region, as previously shown, but forms an epitope recognized by C. difficile-infected patients' antibodies. 205MSKAG209 is a C. difficile-unique, immunogenic sequence that forms an exposed epitope on the polymerized flagella structure which makes it a suitable vaccine antigen. 226NKVAS230 and 306TTKKPKD312 are well exposed and possess potential protective properties according to VaxiJen analysis. Our results open the possibility to use these epitopes as suitable anti-C. difficile vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Razim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Microbiome, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, PAS, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - K Pacyga
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Microbiome, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, PAS, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - P Naporowski
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, PAS, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - D Martynowski
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, PAS, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Szuba
- Division of Angiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.,Department of Internal Medicine, 4th Military Hospital in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Gamian
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, PAS, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - S Górska
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Microbiome, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, PAS, Wroclaw, Poland
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Salmonella Paratyphi A Outer Membrane Vesicles Displaying Vi Polysaccharide as a Multivalent Vaccine against Enteric Fever. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00699-20. [PMID: 33318138 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00699-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers have a high incidence worldwide and coexist in many geographical areas, especially in low-middle-income countries (LMIC) in South and Southeast Asia. There is extensive consensus on the urgent need for better and affordable vaccines against systemic Salmonella infections. Generalized modules for membrane antigens (GMMA), outer membrane exosomes shed by Salmonella bacteria genetically manipulated to increase blebbing, resemble the bacterial surface where protective antigens are displayed in their native environment. Here, we engineered S Paratyphi A using the pDC5-viaB plasmid to generate GMMA displaying the heterologous S Typhi Vi antigen together with the homologous O:2 O antigen. The presence of both Vi and O:2 was confirmed by flow cytometry on bacterial cells, and their amount was quantified on the resulting vesicles through a panel of analytical methods. When tested in mice, such GMMA induced a strong antibody response against both Vi and O:2, and these antibodies were functional in a serum bactericidal assay. Our approach yielded a bivalent vaccine candidate able to induce immune responses against different Salmonella serovars, which could benefit LMIC residents and travelers.
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Antibodies and Protection in Systemic Salmonella Infections: Do We Still Have More Questions than Answers? Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00219-20. [PMID: 32601109 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00219-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella causes grave systemic infections in humans and other animals and provides a paradigm for other diseases in which the bacteria have both intracellular and extracellular lifestyles. New generations of vaccines rely on the essential contribution of the antibody responses for their protection. The quality, antigen specificity, and functions associated with antibody responses to this pathogen have been elusive for a long time. Recent approaches that combine studies in humans and genetically manipulated experimental models and that exploit awareness of the location and within-host life cycle of the pathogen are shedding light on how humoral immunity to Salmonella operates. However, this area of research remains full of controversy and discrepancies. The overall scenario indicates that antibodies are essential for resistance against systemic Salmonella infections and can express the highest protective function when operating in conjunction with cell-mediated immunity. Antigen specificity, isotype profile, Fc-gamma receptor usage, and complement activation are all intertwined factors that still arcanely influence antibody-mediated protection to Salmonella.
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Baliban SM, Curtis B, Amin MN, Levine MM, Pasetti MF, Simon R. Maternal Antibodies Elicited by Immunization With an O- Polysaccharide Glycoconjugate Vaccine Protect Infant Mice Against Lethal Salmonella Typhimurium Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2124. [PMID: 31555302 PMCID: PMC6743215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are a leading cause of pediatric invasive bacterial infections in sub-Saharan Africa with high associated case fatality rates in children under 5 years old. We have developed glycoconjugate vaccines consisting of the lipid A-removed surface polysaccharide of NTS, core and O-polysaccharide (COPS), and the flagellar monomer protein (FliC) from the homologous serovar as the carrier. We previously established that COPS:FliC was immunogenic and protective in mice immunized as adults or infants; however, the brief period of murine infancy precluded the evaluation of protection against invasive NTS (iNTS) disease in early life. In the present study, we used a mouse model of maternal immunization to investigate transmission of S. Typhimurium COPS:FliC-induced maternal antibodies and protection against lethal iNTS challenge in infant mice. We found that vaccinated dams developed high levels of COPS- and FliC-specific IgG, which were transferred to their offspring. Sera from both vaccinated mothers and their litters mediated complement-dependent bactericidal activity in-vitro. Passively immunized 2-week old infant mice born to vaccinated mothers were fully protected from challenge with an S. Typhimurium blood isolate from sub-Saharan Africa. The pre-clinical findings reported herein demonstrate that anti-COPS:FliC antibodies induced by vaccination are sufficient for protection of murine infants against experimental S. Typhimurium infection. By underscoring the protective role of antibody, our results suggest that maintaining an adequate titer of protective anti-Salmonella antibodies during early life, either through pediatric or maternal COPS:FliC vaccination, may reduce iNTS disease in young children in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Baliban
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brittany Curtis
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mohammed N. Amin
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Myron Mike Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcela F. Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Raphael Simon
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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7
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Rossi O, Coward C, Goh YS, Claassens JWC, MacLennan CA, Verbeek SJ, Mastroeni P. The essential role of complement in antibody-mediated resistance to Salmonella. Immunology 2019; 156:69-73. [PMID: 30179254 PMCID: PMC6283648 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines can serve as essential tools to prevent bacterial diseases via the induction of long-lasting IgG responses. The efficacy of such vaccines depends on the effector mechanisms triggered by IgG. The complement system and Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs) can potentially play a crucial role in IgG-mediated immunity against bacterial diseases. However, their relative importance in vivo is unclear, and has been the object of controversy and debate. In this brief study, we have used gene-targeted mice lacking either FcγRI, II, II and IV or the C3 complement component as well as a novel mouse strain lacking both C3 and FcγRs to conclusively show the essential role of complement in antibody-mediated host resistance to Salmonella enterica systemic infection. By comparing the effect of IgG2a antibodies against Salmonella O-antigen in gene-targeted mice, we demonstrate that the complement system is essential for the IgG-mediated reduction of bacterial numbers in the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Rossi
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
GSK Vaccines Institute for Global HealthSienaItaly
| | - Chris Coward
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Summit TherapeuticsAbingdonUK
| | - Yun Shan Goh
- Singapore Immunology NetworkAgency for Science, Tecnology and ResearchSingaporeSingapore
| | - Jill W. C. Claassens
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Sjef J. Verbeek
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Department of Biomedical EngineeringToin University of YokohamaYokohamaJapan
| | - Pietro Mastroeni
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Perez-Shibayama C, Gil-Cruz C, Cheng HW, Onder L, Printz A, Mörbe U, Novkovic M, Li C, Lopez-Macias C, Buechler MB, Turley SJ, Mack M, Soneson C, Robinson MD, Scandella E, Gommerman J, Ludewig B. Fibroblastic reticular cells initiate immune responses in visceral adipose tissues and secure peritoneal immunity. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:3/26/eaar4539. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aar4539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Baliban SM, Curtis B, Toema D, Tennant SM, Levine MM, Pasetti MF, Simon R. Immunogenicity and efficacy following sequential parenterally-administered doses of Salmonella Enteritidis COPS:FliC glycoconjugates in infant and adult mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006522. [PMID: 29791435 PMCID: PMC6002111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) infections with serovars S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and I 4,[5],12:i:- are widespread in children < 5 years old. Development of an efficacious vaccine would provide an important public health tool to prevent iNTS disease in this population. Glycoconjugates of S. Enteritidis core and O-polysaccharide (COPS) coupled to the homologous serovar phase 1 flagellin protein (FliC) were previously shown to be immunogenic and protected adult mice against death following challenge with a virulent Malian S. Enteritidis blood isolate. This study extends these observations to immunization of mice in early life and also assesses protection with partial and full regimens. Anti-COPS and anti-FliC serum IgG titers were assessed in infant and adult mice after immunization with 1, 2 or 3 doses of S. Enteritidis COPS:FliC alone or co-formulated with aluminum hydroxide or monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) adjuvants. S. Enteritidis COPS:FliC was immunogenic in both age groups, although the immune responses were quantitatively lower in infants. Kinetics of antibody production were similar for the native and adjuvanted formulations after three doses; conjugates formulated with MPL elicited significantly increased anti-COPS IgG titers in adult but not infant mice. Nevertheless, robust protection against S. Enteritidis challenge was seen for all three formulations when three doses were given either during infancy or as adults. We further found that significant protection could be achieved with two COPS:FliC doses, despite elicitation of modest serum anti-COPS IgG antibody titers. These findings guide potential immunization strategies that may be translated to develop a human pediatric iNTS vaccine for sub-Saharan Africa. Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium (including monophasic variant I 4,[5],12:i:-) are significant causes of invasive bacterial disease amongst infants and toddlers in sub-Saharan Africa, and currently, there are no approved NTS vaccines. We have demonstrated previously that immunization with S. Enteritidis core and O-polysaccharide (COPS) conjugated to the flagellin protein (FliC) from the homologous serovar protected adult mice from fatal infection with a Malian S. Enteritidis blood isolate. The target population for iNTS vaccines in sub-Saharan Africa, however, are young infants. In the current study, we evaluated S. Enteritidis COPS:FliC vaccination during murine infancy or adulthood. We found that COPS:FliC was immunogenic in both adult and infant mice and that co-formulation with adjuvant impacted the magnitude and quality of the immune response. Despite these differences, all vaccine formulations protected against experimental challenge in both age groups. Furthermore, robust efficacy was attainable after only two COPS:FliC doses, coinciding with the appearance of COPS-specific antibodies. The results from this study suggest that S. Enteritidis COPS:FliC is a promising pediatric vaccine candidate for use in sub-Saharan Africa and may help inform potential immunization strategies for iNTS COPS:FliC conjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Baliban
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brittany Curtis
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Deanna Toema
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharon M. Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marcela F. Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raphael Simon
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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