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Doğanyiğit Z, Erbakan K, Akyuz E, Polat AK, Arulsamy A, Shaikh MF. The Role of Neuroinflammatory Mediators in the Pathogenesis of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1835-1848. [PMID: 35732021 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a debilitating acquired neurological disorder that afflicts nearly 74 million people worldwide annually. TBI has been classified as more than just a single insult because of its associated risk toward various long-term neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. This risk may be triggered by a series of postinjury secondary molecular and cellular pathology, which may be dependent on the severity of the TBI. Among the secondary injury mechanisms, neuroinflammation may be the most crucial as it may exacerbate brain damage and lead to fatal consequences when prolonged. This Review aimed to elucidate the influence of neuroinflammatory mediators on the TBI functional and pathological outcomes, particularly focusing on inflammatory cytokines which were associated with neuronal dysfunctions in the acute and chronic stages of TBI. These cytokines include interleukins (IL) such as IL-1(beta)β, IL-4, IL-6, IL8, IL-10, IL-18, IL-33 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which have been extensively studied. Apart from these, IL-2, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) may also play a significant role in the pathogenesis of TBI. These neuroinflammatory mediators may trigger a series of pathological events such as cell death, microglial suppression, and increased catecholaminergic activity. Interestingly, in the acute phase of TBI, most of these mediators may also play a neuroprotective role by displaying anti-inflammatory properties, which may convert to a pro-inflammatory action in the chronic stages post TBI. Early identification and treatment of these mediators may help the development of more effective treatment options for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Züleyha Doğanyiğit
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, Turkey
| | - Kaan Erbakan
- Ordu University, Faculty of Medicine, Ordu 52200, Turkey
| | - Enes Akyuz
- University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye International Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | | | - Alina Arulsamy
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
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Association between baseline pro-inflammatory cytokines and brain activation during social exclusion in patients with vulnerability to suicide and depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 99:236-242. [PMID: 30326381 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies suggest that social distress and suicidal vulnerability share common cerebral bases. Moreover, increased peripheral inflammatory activity is involved in both social distress and suicidal behavior. OBJECTIVE To evaluate, in suicidal and non-suicidal individuals, the association between the activation of specific cerebral regions (anterior cingulate, insula and orbitofrontal cortex) during experimental social exclusion and the baseline blood levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2). METHODS In total, 101 euthymic women were recruited: 42 suicide attempters (SA), 40 affective controls (AC), and 19 healthy controls (HC). During functional MRI (fMRI), they performed the Cyberball game, a validated social exclusion task. Blood levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-2 were measured prior to fMRI. The activation of insula, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during the explicit social exclusion (ESE) vs social inclusion (INC) conditions of the Cyberball game was analyzed in function of the baseline cytokine levels. RESULTS IL-1β was negatively associated with right OFC activation (p = 0.01) in ESE vs. INC, whereas IL-2 was positively associated with activation of the right ACC (p = 0.02), insula (p = 0.002) and OFC (p = 0.004) in ESE vs. INC. These associations remained significant after controlling for group, indicating that they were independent of the suicidal status. CONCLUSION Baseline IL-1β and IL-2 blood levels are differentially associated with cerebral activation involved in the perception of social exclusion, independently of suicidal behavior. Our results may help to better understand the role of basal inflammation in social distress and its link with mood disorder pathophysiology.
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Ott BR, Jones RN, Daiello LA, de la Monte SM, Stopa EG, Johanson CE, Denby C, Grammas P. Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier Gradients in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: Relationship to Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:245. [PMID: 30186149 PMCID: PMC6110816 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The pathophysiology underlying altered blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is unknown but may relate to endothelial cell activation and cytokine mediated inflammation. Methods: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood were concurrently collected from cognitively healthy controls (N = 21) and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (N = 8) or AD (N = 11). The paired serum and CSF samples were assayed for a panel of cytokines, chemokines, and related trophic factors using multiplex ELISAs. Dominance analysis models were conducted to determine the relative importance of the inflammatory factors in relationship to BCSFB permeability, as measured by CSF/serum ratios for urea, creatinine, and albumin. Results: BCSFB disruption to urea, a small molecule distributed by passive diffusion, had a full model coefficient of determination (r2) = 0.35, and large standardized dominance weights (>0.1) for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin (IL)-15, IL-1rα, and IL-2 in serum. BCSFB disruption to creatinine, a larger molecule governed by active transport, had a full model r2 = 0.78, and large standardized dominance weights for monocyte inhibitor protein-1b in CSF and tumor necrosis factor-α in serum. BCSFB disruption to albumin, a much larger molecule, had a full model r2 = 0.62, and large standardized dominance weights for IL-17a, interferon-gamma, IL-2, and VEGF in CSF, as well IL-4 in serum. Conclusions: Inflammatory proteins have been widely documented in the AD brain. The results of the current study suggest that changes in BCSFB function resulting in altered permeability and transport are related to expression of specific inflammatory proteins, and that the shifting distribution of these proteins from serum to CSF in AD and MCI is correlated with more severe perturbations in BCSFB function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Ott
- Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States,George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States,*Correspondence: Brian R. Ott
| | - Richard N. Jones
- Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Lori A. Daiello
- Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Suzanne M. de la Monte
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Edward G. Stopa
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Conrad E. Johanson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Charles Denby
- Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Paula Grammas
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
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Schober ME, Requena DF, Abdullah OM, Casper TC, Beachy J, Malleske D, Pauly JR. Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid Improves Cognitive Function, Tissue Sparing, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Indices of Edema and White Matter Injury in the Immature Rat after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:390-402. [PMID: 26247583 PMCID: PMC4761828 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of acquired neurologic disability in children. Specific therapies to treat acute TBI are lacking. Cognitive impairment from TBI may be blunted by decreasing inflammation and oxidative damage after injury. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) decreases cognitive impairment, oxidative stress, and white matter injury in adult rats after TBI. Effects of DHA on cognitive outcome, oxidative stress, and white matter injury in the developing rat after experimental TBI are unknown. We hypothesized that DHA would decrease early inflammatory markers and oxidative stress, and improve cognitive, imaging and histologic outcomes in rat pups after controlled cortical impact (CCI). CCI or sham surgery was delivered to 17 d old male rat pups exposed to DHA or standard diet for the duration of the experiments. DHA was introduced into the dam diet the day before CCI to allow timely DHA delivery to the pre-weanling pups. Inflammatory cytokines and nitrates/nitrites were measured in the injured brains at post-injury Day (PID) 1 and PID2. Morris water maze (MWM) testing was performed at PID41-PID47. T2-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging studies were obtained at PID12 and PID28. Tissue sparing was calculated histologically at PID3 and PID50. DHA did not adversely affect rat survival or weight gain. DHA acutely decreased oxidative stress and increased anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 in CCI brains. DHA improved MWM performance and lesion volume late after injury. At PID12, DHA decreased T2-imaging measures of cerebral edema and decreased radial diffusivity, an index of white matter injury. DHA improved short- and long-term neurologic outcomes after CCI in the rat pup. Given its favorable safety profile, DHA is a promising candidate therapy for pediatric TBI. Further studies are needed to explore neuroprotective mechanisms of DHA after developmental TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Schober
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Daniela F Requena
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Osama M Abdullah
- 2 Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - T Charles Casper
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Joanna Beachy
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Daniel Malleske
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - James R Pauly
- 4 College of Pharmacy and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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Liu J, Ma Y, Tian S, Zhang L, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Xu D. T cells promote the regeneration of neural precursor cells in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease mice. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1541-7. [PMID: 25317172 PMCID: PMC4192972 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.139481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is closely associated with disorders of neurogenesis in the brain, and growing evidence supports the involvement of immunological mechanisms in the development of the disease. However, at present, the role of T cells in neuronal regeneration in the brain is unknown. We injected amyloid-beta 1–42 peptide into the hippocampus of six BALB/c wild-type mice and six BALB/c-nude mice with T-cell immunodeficiency to establish an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. A further six mice of each genotype were injected with same volume of normal saline. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the number of regenerated neural progenitor cells in the hippocampus of BALB/c wild-type mice was significantly higher than that in BALB/c-nude mice. Quantitative fluorescence PCR assay showed that the expression levels of peripheral T cell-associated cytokines (interleukin-2, interferon-γ) and hippocampal microglia-related cytokines (interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α) correlated with the number of regenerated neural progenitor cells in the hippocampus. These results indicate that T cells promote hippocampal neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease and T-cell immunodeficiency restricts neuronal regeneration in the hippocampus. The mechanism underlying the promotion of neuronal regeneration by T cells is mediated by an increased expression of peripheral T cells and central microglial cytokines in Alzheimer's disease mice. Our findings provide an experimental basis for understanding the role of T cells in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sumin Tian
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dachuan Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Huang Z, Ha GK, Petitto JM. 5. T cell immunity and neuroplasticity. RECENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS IN NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 4:109-119. [PMID: 25599095 PMCID: PMC4295499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The proneuronal effects of T cells that impact the brain occur from both T cells trafficking into the brain, and from signals in the periphery (e.g., cytokine release and regulation). Recent data indicates that neuroimmunological changes in the brain can modify intrinsic brain processes that are involved in regulating neuroplasticity (e.g., T-cell/microglial interactions, neurotrophins, neurogenesis). We describe: 1) work from our lab and others showing that injury-induced loss of neuronal phenotype and reversal of motor neuron atrophy are associated with normal T cell immunity, and; 2) research indicating that these and other neuroimmunological processes may be generalizable to mechanisms of neuroplasticity involved in cognitive and emotional behavior. These findings are discussed in relation to our lab's working hypothesis, that T cell immunosenesence may contribute to alterations in brain neuroplasticity related to aging. Greater understanding of the role of adaptive T cell immunity on neuroplasticity could have important clinical implications for developing novel treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's) and brain injury (e.g., stroke, trauma).
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