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Kløve-Mogensen K, Steffensen R, Masmas TN, Glenthøj A, Jensen CF, Ratcliffe P, Höglund P, Hasle H, Nielsen KR, Haunstrup TM. Genetic polymorphisms in IL-2, IL-10 and FOXP3 are associated with autoimmune neutropenia in early childhood and autoantibody specificity in a Danish cohort. Scand J Immunol 2024; 100:e13374. [PMID: 38750640 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune neutropenia (AIN) in early childhood is characterized by chronic neutropenia and positivity for human neutrophil antibodies (HNA), resulting in the excessive destruction of neutrophils. The association between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and AIN has been described, and in this study, we investigated three Treg-associated genes, IL-2, IL-10 and FOXP3. The frequencies of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-2 -330T>G (rs2069762), +114G>T (rs2069763) and IVS3-116 A>G (rs2069772), four SNPs in IL-10 -3575T>A (rs1800890), -1082G>A (rs1800896), -819 C>T (rs1800871) and -592 C>A (rs1800872) and three SNPs in FOXP3 -3499 A>G (rs3761547), -3279 C>A (rs3761548) and -924 A>G (rs2232365) were compared between 166 Danish AIN patients and 358 healthy controls. Disease association was observed for IL-2 IVS3-116 GG (p = 0.0081, OR = 0.35 [0.15-0.80]), IL-10 -3575 TT (p = 0.0078, OR = 1.71 [1.16-2.54]) and IL-10 -1082 AA (p = 0.014, OR = 1.76 [1.14-2.72]) in all patients and FOXP3 -924 (p = 0.0005, A OR = 0.41 [0.25-0.68] and G OR = 2.42 [1.46-4.01]) in male patients. None of the associations were linked to antibody specificity. Disease-associated haplotypes were observed in IL-2 and FOXP3. IL-2 -330T/+114 T/IVS3-116A was associated with anti-FcγRIIIb-positive patients (p = 0.012, OR = 2.07 [1.18-3.62]). FOXP3 -3499A/-3279C/-924A was associated with anti-HNA-1a-positive male patients (p = 0.016, OR = 0.41 [0.20-0.83]), and ACG was associated with female patients, both in the combined group (p = 0.006, OR = NA) and the anti-FcγRIIIb-positive group (p = 0.002, OR = NA). We conclude that our findings reveal a correlation between SNP in Treg-associated genes and AIN, indicating that AIN could be driven by dysfunction of immune homeostatic-evolving Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine Kløve-Mogensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rudi Steffensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Tania Nicole Masmas
- Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunodeficiency, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Glenthøj
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Friis Jensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Section of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Paul Ratcliffe
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Höglund
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hasle
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kaspar René Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Thure Mors Haunstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Zhang W, Ding R, Hu Y, Wei W, Tian D, Qin N, Yu H, Wang X. Unraveling susceptibility genes: A contemporary overview of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 136:112313. [PMID: 38810306 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), including Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, are organ-specific autoimmune disorders characterized by conditions including goiter, autoimmune thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism, which represent the most severe clinical manifestations of AITDs. The prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disorders is on the rise, influenced by increased environmental factors and changes in modern lifestyles. Understanding the pathophysiology of AITDs is crucial for identifying key factors that affect the disease's onset, progression, and recurrence, thereby laying a solid foundation for precise diagnosis and treatment. The development of AITDs involves a complex interplay of environmental influences, immune dysfunctions, and genetic predispositions. Genetic predispositions, in particular, are significant, with numerous genes identified as being linked to AITDs. This article focuses on examining the genes vulnerable to AITDs to deepen our understanding of the relevant genetic contributors, ultimately facilitating the development of effective prevention and treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Rong Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuelin Hu
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenwen Wei
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Dan Tian
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Nalin Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongsong Yu
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
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Chiorean AD, Bâlici Ş, Nicula GZ, Vică ML, Nechita VI, Loga LII, Bordea MA, Simon LM, Matei HV. Are single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL-2 gene biomarkers for Hashimoto's thyroiditis? Med Pharm Rep 2024; 97:178-183. [PMID: 38746024 PMCID: PMC11090275 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-2739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disorder that can lead to hypothyroidism. The pathophysiology of HT involves the production of antithyroid antibodies that attack the thyroid tissue, causing inflammation and progressive fibrosis. Recent studies demonstrated a strong correlation between Interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels and the development of autoimmune diseases, suggesting that this cytokine may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of HT. Methods In this study, we determined the presence of the point mutation +114T/G in the IL-2 gene in patients with HT compared with a control group, and also the serum level of anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPOAbs) and anti-thyroglobulin (TgAbs) antibodies in HT patients with vs. without the mutation. The sequences of the IL-2 gene obtained from subjects were determined by the Sanger sequencing method. Results Our study did not reveal that the +114T/G polymorphism of the IL-2 gene is a susceptibility or protective factor for HT. No significant correlations were observed between the reference genotype, hetero- and homozygous +114T/G polymorphism and TPOAbs, respectively TgAbs serum levels in HT patients. Conclusions Further studies of more cases are needed to identify more polymorphisms in the IL-2 gene and study their correlations with HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin-Dan Chiorean
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ştefana Bâlici
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Zsolt Nicula
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Laura Vică
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Legal Medicine Institute Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad-Ionuţ Nechita
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Mădălina Adriana Bordea
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laura-Mihaela Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Horea Vladi Matei
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Legal Medicine Institute Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Upreti A, Mukherjee S. Therapeutic Potential of CRISPR/Cas in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Gene Ther 2024; 24:179-192. [PMID: 38310457 DOI: 10.2174/0115665232266508231210154930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is a commonly occurring illness of autoimmune endocrine origin. It is usually present in the pediatric age group along with other well-known diseases, such as type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes. The defining feature of this disease is the immune-- mediated attack on the thyroid gland resulting in the destruction of thyroid tissues and cells. Given that HT frequently affects family members, it is well-recognized that individuals are genetically predisposed to this disease. Patients with HT also display a significantly increased risk for several different cancers, justifying the eminent need for the development of therapies for managing and treating HT. Gene editing has made several advancements in the field of molecular biology and has turned out to become a promising approach to correct several autoimmune diseases. Currently, CRISPR/Cas, a nuclease-based editing technique, is publicized as a promising tool for curing several genetic diseases and cancers. However, very limited research has been conducted as of now on autoimmune disease management and cure via CRISPR/Cas technique. This review provides an account of the potential candidate genes associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and only a few animal and human models have been generated via the CRISPR/Cas gene editing technique. Mouse models of autoimmune thyroiditis generated through the CRISPR/Cas gene editing technique by targeting the candidate genes will provide us with a deeper insight into the pathophysiology of HT and further pave the way for the immunomodulation of HT via gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Upreti
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sayali Mukherjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Tan G, Zheng G, Li J, Zhu Y, Liang Z, Li H, Yu H, Wang X. Association of genetic variations in FoxP3 gene with Graves' disease in a Southwest Chinese Han population. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1046. [PMID: 37904681 PMCID: PMC10571500 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graves' disease (GD) is a T cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disease. Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) is an excellent marker for the induction and development of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Recent studies showed that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FoxP3 gene were associated with the increased susceptibility to several autoimmune diseases. In the present study, we investigated the association of FoxP3 gene polymorphisms with GD in a Southwest Chinese Han population. METHODS A two-stage case-control study was performed in 890 healthy controls (male, 282; female, 608) and 503 patients with GD (male, 138; female, 365). Four SNPs (rs3761548, rs3761549, rs3761547, and rs2280883) were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. The χ2 test was used to compare the genotype distributions and allele frequencies between GD patients and healthy controls. RESULTS In the first stage, the significantly increased frequencies of the A allele (p = .031, odds ratio [OR] = 1.635) and AA genotype (p = .023, OR = 3.257), together with a significantly decreased frequency of the C allele (p = .031, OR = 0.611) of FoxP3/rs3761548 were found in female patients with GD. None of the other FoxP3 SNPs was associated with GD susceptibility. Subsequent validation and combination of data confirmed the association between FoxP3/rs3761548 and the female patients with GD (A allele: p < .001, OR = 1.672; AA genotype: p = .005, OR = 2.488; CC genotype: p = .001, OR = 0.622; C allele: p < .001, OR = 0.615, respectively). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that FoxP3/rs3761548 is significantly associated with female GD patients in a Southwest Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqin Tan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Guangbing Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Jiang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Yingping Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Zhongzhi Liang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Hua Li
- Yongchuan HospitalChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Hongsong Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
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6
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Chen A, Huang L, Zhang L. Helper T Cell 17 and Regulatory T Cell Levels in Peripheral Blood of Newly Diagnosed Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Horm Metab Res 2023; 55:40-50. [PMID: 36332627 DOI: 10.1055/a-1972-5787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to explore associated immune indicators of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) through a meta-analysis of published case-control studies on newly diagnosed AITD patients, intending to provide some suggestions for research on the mechanisms of AITD. Six electronic databases were searched for case-control studies on newly diagnosed AITD patients from inception to August 15, 2022. A random-effects model was used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD), odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). A total of 26 articles were included in this meta-analysis. Patients with newly diagnosed AITD had higher levels of helper T cell 17 (Th17) (Hashimoto's disease (HT): SMD=2.35, 95% CI: 1.98, 2.72; Graves' disease (GD): SMD=1.61, 95% CI: 1.23, 1.98), lower levels of regulatory T cell (Treg) (HT: SMD=-2.04, 95% CI: -2.67, -1.42; GD: SMD=-1.35, 95% CI: -2.11, -0.58), and lower levels of forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) mRNA (HT: SMD=-2.58, 95% CI: -3.12, -2.05; GD: SMD=-2.13, 95% CI: -2.56, -1.70), compared to the healthy population. In addition, the single nucleotide polymorphism rs3761548 and rs3761549 in the promoter region of FoxP3 showed a higher frequency in the comparison of genotype "CT" only in HT patients than in the healthy population (OR=1.66, 95%CI: 1.18, 2.34). In patients with newly diagnosed AITD, the Th17/Treg ratio imbalance may develop AITD. Monitoring Th17 and Treg levels may become an essential tool to assess the organism's immune homeostasis and hopefully guide clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhi Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Putian First Hospital, Putian, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Liqin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, China
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Altun R, Canpolat AG, Demir Ö, Erdogan MF. The course of Autoimmune Thyroiditis in WOMEN. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA : 2005) 2021; 17:472-478. [PMID: 35747864 PMCID: PMC9206145 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2021.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although, many studies have been made on the clinical course of autoimmune thyroiditis, this study focused on women and the factors effecting the natural course such as Selenium. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to determine Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) clinical course in adults and the factors that could affect it. DESIGN The study was in a retrospective manner between 2010-2018. SUBJECTS AND METHODS 101 patients with HT were followed for 60.7±32.7 months. Biochemical and ultrasonographic data were collected. We investigated whether the age at diagnosis, family history, smoking habits, levothyroxine replacement therapy, and serum selenium (Se) levels influenced the disease course. RESULTS No relationship was observed between age and thyroid functions, thyroid volumes (TV), and autoantibody (Ab) levels at diagnosis. Ab levels were irrelevant with TV, echogenicity, and nodularity at diagnosis. However, initial TSH levels were significantly associated with anti-TPO levels (p=0.028, r=0.218). In the untreated group, thyroid functions seemed to be stable. TV decreased significantly in both treated and untreated patients (p<0.001). The decrease in TV was significantly higher in the treatment group (p=0.002). In euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroid patients, levothyroxine therapy did not affect the decrease in TV. Ab levels remained stable in untreated patients, but anti-TPO levels significantly decreased in treated patients (p<0.001). Smoking seemed to increase only anti-Tg levels (p=0.009). Family history was not associated with any of the studied parameters. Serum Se level was negatively correlated only with thyroid echostructure and only in treated patients. TV showed a "Gaussian distribution" in all patients at the diagnosis and at the end, independent of levothyroxine treatment. CONCLUSIONS Most euthyroid patients remained euthyroid during five years of follow-up. The decrease in TV was significantly prominent with LT4 treatment. Importantly, TV followed a normal distribution instead of the bimodal distribution that is classically described.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Altun
- Liv Hospital Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A. Gokcay Canpolat
- University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ö. Demir
- University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M. F. Erdogan
- University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara, Turkey
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Pereira LMS, da Silva Madureira MW, de Castro RBH, Abreu IN, da Silva Conde SRS, Demachki S, de Sousa MS, Queiroz MAF, Rangel da Silva ANM, Lima SS, de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak M, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Sex and FOXP3 gene rs2232365 polymorphism may be associated with the clinical and pathological aspects of chronic viral diseases. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:60. [PMID: 33213373 PMCID: PMC7678194 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) transcription factor is one of the main markers of immunological suppression in different pathological profiles, and the presence of polymorphic variants may alter the gene expression of this factor. Despite descriptions of an association between the presence of the rs2232365 polymorphism and chronic diseases, the role of the sex variant in this context has not yet been elucidated, as the FOXP3 gene is located on the human sex chromosome X. Results To contribute to this topic, 323 women and 373 men were enrolled in the study, of which 101 were diagnosed with chronic viral liver diseases (39 women and 62 men), 67 with HTLV-1 infection (44 women and 23 men), 230 with coronary artery disease (91 women and 139 men) and 298 healthy and uninfected blood donors (149 women and men). They were genotyped for the rs2232365 polymorphism. The rs2232365 polymorphism was associated with clinical and pathological aspects and biomarkers of viral infections only in men, with functional differences between different infections. Conclusions A relationship is suggested between sex and FOXP3 rs2232365 polymorphism, resulting in different biological repercussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonn Mendes Soares Pereira
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Max Willy da Silva Madureira
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Renata Bezerra Hermes de Castro
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center Foundation of the State of Pará (Fundação Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Estado do Pará), Belém, Brazil
| | - Isabella Nogueira Abreu
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Sâmia Demachki
- Medical School, Biological Sciences Institute, UFPA, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Andrea Nazaré M Rangel da Silva
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Virology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA), Belém, Brazil.
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