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Joh S, Yoo J, Lee SM, Lee E, Na HK, Son JG, Kim J, Jeong MS, Lee SG, Lee TG. Role of Chalcogenides in Sensitive Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Using Laser Desorption and Ionization. ACS NANO 2024; 18:17681-17693. [PMID: 38920103 PMCID: PMC11238597 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the applicability of six transition metal dichalcogenides to efficient therapeutic drug monitoring of ten antiepileptic drugs using laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry. We found that molybdenum ditelluride and tungsten ditelluride are suitable for the sensitive quantification of therapeutic drugs. The contribution of tellurium to the enhanced efficiency of laser desorption ionization was validated through theoretical calculations utilizing an integrated model that incorporates transition-metal dichalcogenides and antiepileptic drugs. The results of our theoretical calculations suggest that the relatively low surface electron density for the tellurium-containing transition metal dichalcogenides induces stronger Coulombic interactions, which results in enhanced laser desorption and ionization efficiency. To demonstrate applicability, up to 120 patient samples were analyzed to determine drug concentrations, and the results were compared with those of immunoassay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Agreements among these methods were statistically evaluated using the Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman analysis. Furthermore, our method has been shown to be applicable to the simultaneous detection and multiplexed quantification of antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunho Joh
- Korea
Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekak Yoo
- Department
of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Mi Lee
- Korea
Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Lee
- Department
of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyung Na
- Korea
Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Gyeong Son
- Korea
Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyong Kim
- Department
of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Seok Jeong
- Department
of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Guk Lee
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University
College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Korea
Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Greaves RF. LC-MS/MS random access automation - a game changer for the 24/7 clinical laboratory. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:1249-1251. [PMID: 38711415 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2024-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronda F Greaves
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatric, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Genis-Najera L, Sañudo-Maury ME. Bioequivalence Study of Two Tablet Formulations of Clonazepam 2 mg: A Randomized, Open-Label, Crossover Study in Healthy Mexican Volunteers Under Fasting Conditions. Neurol Ther 2024; 13:141-152. [PMID: 38041794 PMCID: PMC10787705 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-023-00567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of neurological disorders is high among the Mexican population. Clonazepam is primarily indicated to treat panic disorders, certain kinds of epilepsy such as status epilepticus, childhood motor seizures (petit mal absence, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and infantile spasms), anxiety, and muscle spasm. This study was performed to compare bioequivalence between two oral tablet formulations of clonazepam 2 mg in healthy Mexican volunteers under fasting conditions. METHODS This phase I, randomized, open-label, two-treatment, crossover study included 30 healthy volunteers. Subjects were randomly assigned to either test or reference formulation of clonazepam 2 mg. Each study period was separated by 21-day washout period. Blood samples were collected at pre-dose and up to 72 h after drug administration. Clonazepam concentrations were determined using a validated ultra-flow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using a non-compartmental method. Two formulations were considered bioequivalent if geometric mean ratios (test/reference) were between 80% and 125%. Safety was evaluated by recording adverse events. RESULTS Pharmacokinetic parameters were comparable between test and reference formulations. The mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was ≈ 13 ng/mL, area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to last measurable concentration (AUC0-t) was ≈ 360 ng h/mL, time to reach maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) was ≈ 3 h, and elimination half-life (t1/2) was ≈ 43 h. Geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) of Cmax (99.2-115.3%), AUC0-t (100.6-110.6%), and AUC0-∞ (98.5-111.6%) were within the bioequivalence range. Seven non-serious adverse events (mostly asymptomatic hypotension) were recorded. CONCLUSION The test and reference formulations of clonazepam 2 mg were bioequivalent and well tolerated in healthy Mexican volunteers under fasting conditions. PROTOCOL AUTHORIZATION NUMBER 213301410B0051 (Approved on April 13, 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Genis-Najera
- Industrial Affairs Division, Sanofi, Acueducto del Alto Lerma No. 2, Zona Industrial de Ocoyoacac, Ocoyoacac, Edo CP 52740, Mexico City, De México, Mexico.
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Rahimi M, Bahar S. Preparation of a New Solid-Phase Microextraction Fiber Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Monitoring of Phenobarbital in Urine Samples. J Chromatogr Sci 2022; 61:87-95. [PMID: 35088078 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A simple solid-phase microextraction technique using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP-SPME) was prepared to monitor phenobarbital in urine samples. In this technique, the fiber was prepared via insertion of the modified stainless-steel wire in the reaction solution including 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and tetraethyl orthosilicate in the presence of an acidic catalyst (acetic acid). The fabricated MIP-SPME fiber was utilized to selectively extract phenobarbital from urine samples and prepare it for detection through high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The synthesized MIPs were characterized by several techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The effects of various influencing factors on the extraction yield of phenobarbital were considered and optimized. The conditions that yielded the maximum extraction efficiency were as follows: pH of 5, 25 min extraction time, 500 rpm stirring rate, 15 min desorption time and using methanol as elution solvent. Within the range of concentrations of 0.02 to 100 μg mL-1, the method had linear characteristics, with a suitable coefficient of determination (0.9983). We determined limits of detection and limits of quantification to be 9.88 and 32.9 ng mL-1, respectively. The repeatability and reproducibility of the prepared fibers were 4.6 and 6.5%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Rahimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Soleiman Bahar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
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Si H, Wang Q, Guo Y, Zhao Y, Li H, Li S, Wang S, Zhu B. Functionalized monolithic columns: Recent advancements and their applications for high-efficiency separation and enrichment in food and medicine. Front Chem 2022; 10:951649. [PMID: 35991596 PMCID: PMC9388943 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.951649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatographic column is the core of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, and must have excellent separation efficiency and selectivity. Therefore, functional modification materials for monolithic columns have been rapidly developed. This study is a systematic review of the recently reported functionalized monolithic columns. In particular, the study reviews the types of functional monomers under different modification conditions, as well as the separation and detection techniques combined with chromatography, and their development prospects. In addition, the applications of functionalized monolithic columns in food analysis, biomedicine, and the analysis of active ingredient of Chinese herbal medicines in recent years are also discussed. Also reviewed are the functionalized monolithic columns for qualitative and quantitative analysis. It provided a reference for further development and application of organic polymer monolithic columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helong Si
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Quan Wang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- *Correspondence: Quan Wang,
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hongya Li
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Shuna Li
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Shuxiang Wang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Baocheng Zhu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Electromembrane extraction of tramadol from exhaled breath condensate and its liquid chromatographic analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114959. [PMID: 35907318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tramadol has extracted from the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples through the supported liquid membrane consisting of 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether impregnated in the hollow fiber wall, and the lumen of the hollow fiber was filled with 20 μL of an acceptor phase. Under the optimum conditions of the electromembrane extraction, i.e. the stirring speed of 750 rpm, extraction time of 20 min, acceptor pH at 1.0, donor phase pH at 6.0, and an applied voltage of 170 V across the supported liquid membrane, a preconcentration factor of 128-fold with a extraction recovery of 64% was achieved. Acceptable linearity was obtained in the tramadol concentration range of 5-1000 ng mL-1 (R2 = 0.9999) with a limit of detection of 1.5 ng mL-1 and a limit of quantitation of 5 ng mL-1. The relative standard deviations for the intra-day and inter-day replications were obtained between 0.4% and 2.5%. The validated technique was successfully used to determine tramadol in real EBC samples.
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Yousfan A, Rubio N, Al-Ali M, Nattouf AH, Kafa H. Intranasal delivery of phenytoin-loaded nanoparticles to the brain suppresses pentylenetetrazol-induced generalized tonic clonic seizures in an epilepsy mouse model. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:7547-7564. [PMID: 34652351 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01251g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work we describe the preparation and characterization of lecithin-chitosan nanoparticles (L10Ci+), and investigate their ability to deliver the anti-epileptic drug phenytoin (PHT) to mouse brain following intranasal (IN) administration. L10Ci+ were retained in the nasal cavity compared to PHT in PEG200 solution (PHT/PEG), which suffered immediate nasal drainage. PHT was detected in the brain after 5 min of IN administration reaching a maximum of 11.84 ± 2.31 %ID g-1 after 48 hours. L10Ci+ were associated with a higher brain/plasma ratio (Cb/p) compared to the experimental control comprising free PHT injected via the intraperitoneal route (PHT-IP) across all tested time points. Additionally, L10Ci+ led to lower PHT accumulation in the liver and spleen compared to PHT-IP, which is vital for lowering the systemic side effects of PHT. The relatively high drug targeting efficiency (DTE%) of 315.46% and the drug targeting percentage (DTP%) of 68.29%, combined with the increasing anterior-to-posterior gradient of PHT in the brain confirmed the direct nose-to-brain transport of PHT from L10Ci+. Electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis was used to monitor seizure progression. L10Ci+ resulted in a complete seizure suppression after 4 hours of administration, and this inhibition persisted even with an 8-fold reduction of the encapsulated dose compared to the required PHT-IP dose to achieve a similar inhibitory effect due to systemic loss. The presented findings confirm the possibility of using L10Ci+ as a non-invasive delivery system of PHT for the management of epilepsy using reduced doses of PHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Yousfan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Syria
| | - Noelia Rubio
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mohammad Al-Ali
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, Damascus, Syria.
| | - Abdul Hakim Nattouf
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Syria
| | - Houmam Kafa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, Damascus, Syria.
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Karaźniewicz-Łada M, Główka AK, Mikulska AA, Główka FK. Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions among Antiepileptic Drugs, Including CBD, Drugs Used to Treat COVID-19 and Nutrients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179582. [PMID: 34502487 PMCID: PMC8431452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are an important group of drugs of several generations, ranging from the oldest phenobarbital (1912) to the most recent cenobamate (2019). Cannabidiol (CBD) is increasingly used to treat epilepsy. The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2019 created new challenges in the effective treatment of epilepsy in COVID-19 patients. The purpose of this review is to present data from the last few years on drug–drug interactions among of AEDs, as well as AEDs with other drugs, nutrients and food. Literature data was collected mainly in PubMed, as well as google base. The most important pharmacokinetic parameters of the chosen 29 AEDs, mechanism of action and clinical application, as well as their biotransformation, are presented. We pay a special attention to the new potential interactions of the applied first-generation AEDs (carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital and primidone), on decreased concentration of some medications (atazanavir and remdesivir), or their compositions (darunavir/cobicistat and lopinavir/ritonavir) used in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. CBD interactions with AEDs are clearly defined. In addition, nutrients, as well as diet, cause changes in pharmacokinetics of some AEDs. The understanding of the pharmacokinetic interactions of the AEDs seems to be important in effective management of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Karaźniewicz-Łada
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.K.-Ł.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Anna K. Główka
- Department of Bromatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-354 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Aniceta A. Mikulska
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.K.-Ł.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Franciszek K. Główka
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (M.K.-Ł.); (A.A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(0)61-854-64-37
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9
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Ultrasound-assisted electromembrane extraction of clonazepam from plasma and determination using capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1181:122928. [PMID: 34536833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, ultrasound-assisted electromembrane extraction (UA-EME) coupled with capillary electrophoresis (CE) and diode array detection (DAD) was developed for the determination of clonazepam from plasma samples. A comparative study was carried out between conventional EME and UA-EME methods to investigate the influence of the ultrasound waves on the extraction efficiency. The central composite design was used for the optimization of the variables affecting these methods to achieve the best extraction efficiency. Under optimal extraction conditions, the UA-EME provided better extraction recovery in a shorter time (58% in 13 min) than the EME method (42% in 30 min). Ultrasound reduces the extraction time and increased recovery by reducing the thickness of the barrier layer. In addition, this method provided a higher pre-concentration factor (203) and a lower limit of detection (3 ng mL-1) with good repeatability (RSDs were less than 10.11%).
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10
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Opuni KFM, Boadu JA, Amponsah SK, Okai CA. High performance liquid chromatography: A versatile tool for assaying antiepileptic drugs in biological matrices. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1179:122750. [PMID: 34237479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a recurrent long-term illness occurring in approximately 1.0% of the world's population. There are currently about 29 approved antiepileptic drugs for the management of epilepsy. Due to narrow therapeutic indices of most antiepileptic drugs, clinical pharmacokinetic characteristics and therapeutic drug monitoring of these drugs are imperative. The objectives of this review were to identify common chromatographic principles, requirements and/or conditions for high-performance liquid chromatography as applied to assay of antiepileptic drugs in biological matrices. The review was conducted using 66 peer reviewed articles (1990 to 2020) from 29 journals that were sought via PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. In all, 29 antiepileptic drugs were assayed from 6 different biological matrices. Forty-three of the reviewed articles estimated the concentration of only one antiepileptic drug, whilst 23 articles focused on simultaneous determination of two or more antiepileptic drugs. Thirty-four, 20, and 14 articles reported using liquid-liquid extraction, protein precipitation, or solid phase extraction for sample clean up, respectively. The ratio of reversed-phase to normal phase, LC-UV to LC-MS and isocratic elution to gradient elution were 61:3, 43:7 and 55:11, respectively. With the exception of one article the reported recoveries ranged from 60.3% to 109.6%. It is noteworthy, that, the performance metrics of high-performance liquid chromatography are better compared to other assays of antiepileptic drugs in biological matrices. This review describes the relevant liquid chromatographic method conditions over the past 30 years for the analysis of this class of drugs, which provides a basis for further method development and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwabena F M Opuni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Ghana.
| | - Joseph A Boadu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Seth K Amponsah
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Charles A Okai
- Department of Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kumasi Technical University, Ghana
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Schiff base network-1 incorporated monolithic column for in-tube solid phase microextraction of antiepileptic drugs in human plasma. Talanta 2021; 226:122098. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sommerfeld-Klatta K, Zielińska-Psuja B, Karaźniewcz-Łada M, Główka FK. New Methods Used in Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Monitoring of the First and Newer Generations of Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs). Molecules 2020; 25:E5083. [PMID: 33147810 PMCID: PMC7663638 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The review presents data from the last few years on bioanalytical methods used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of the 1st-3rd generation and the newest antiepileptic drug (AEDs) cenobamate in patients with various forms of seizures. Chemical classification, structure, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic data and therapeutic ranges for total and free fractions and interactions were collected. The primary data on bioanalytical methods for AEDs determination included biological matrices, sample preparation, dried blood spot (DBS) analysis, column resolution, detection method, validation parameters, and clinical utility. In conclusion, the most frequently described method used in AED analysis is the LC-based technique (HPLC, UHPLC, USLC) combined with highly sensitive mass detection or fluorescence detection. However, less sensitive UV is also used. Capillary electrophoresis and gas chromatography have been rarely applied. Besides the precipitation of proteins or LLE, an automatic SPE is often a sample preparation method. Derivatization was also indicated to improve sensitivity and automate the analysis. The usefulness of the methods for TDM was also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sommerfeld-Klatta
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznań, Poland; (K.S.-K.); (B.Z.-P.)
| | - Barbara Zielińska-Psuja
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-631 Poznań, Poland; (K.S.-K.); (B.Z.-P.)
| | - Marta Karaźniewcz-Łada
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Franciszek K. Główka
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland;
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Ismailzadeh A, Masrournia M, Es'haghi Z, Bozorgmehr MR. Microextraction and gas chromatography–flame ionization determination of five antiepileptic drugs in biological samples using amino acid-based deep eutectic ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Buledi JA, Shah ZUH, Mallah A, Solangi AR. Current Perspective and Developments in Electrochemical Sensors Modified with Nanomaterials for Environmental and Pharmaceutical Analysis. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411016999201006122740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Over the past few decades, environmental pollution has appeared to be one of the most crucial
global problems. The widespread intensification of numerous hazardous pollutants in the environment need the modern
researchers to develop viable, reproducible and cost-effective determination tools for the reliable environmental analysis.
The beneficial, as well as perilous, biological compounds are receiving growing interest due to their variable composition
which produces advantageous and toxic impacts on human and the environment. Several conventional analytical methods
have been established for the pharmaceutical and environmental analysis. However, certain drawbacks limited their
practices in the modern rapidly growing era of science and technology. The development of electrochemical sensors has
emerged as more beneficial and promising tool as against other traditional analytical approaches, in terms of simplicity,
cost-effectiveness, sensitivity, stability and reliability. Nonetheless, the over potential and low anodic/cathodic current
response are both considered as bottlenecks for the determination of electroactive entities exploiting electrochemical
sensors. Interestingly, these problems can be easily resolved by modifying the electrodes with a variety of conductive
materials, especially nanostructures.
Objective:
This review covers different electrochemical methods, reported in the literature, for the environmental and
pharmaceutical analysis through simple and cost-effective nanostructures-based sensors. The electrochemical techniques
with different modes and the modification of electrodes with highly conductive and prolific polymeric and nanostructured
materials used for the determination of different environmental and pharmaceutical samples are the main prominence of
this review. Various kinds of nanomaterials, e.g. metal, metal oxide and their composites, have been synthesized for the
fabrication of sensitive electrodes.
Conclusion:
Nanostructures played a pivotal role in the modification of electrodes, which substantially enhanced the
capability and sensitivity of electrochemical sensors. The proper modification of electrodes has materialized the swift
detection of electroactive compounds at very low limits and offered the feasible determination procedure without any kind
of signal fluctuation and over potential. In crux, due to their enhanced surface area and excellent catalytic properties,
nanomaterials recently appeared as the most promising candidates in the field of electrode modification and significantly
impacted the detection protocols for various environmental pollutants, viz. pesticides, metal ions and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil A. Buledi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, 76080, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Zia-ul-Hassan Shah
- Department of Soil Science, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Arfana Mallah
- M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, 76080, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Amber R. Solangi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, 76080, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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Seyfinejad B, Meshkini A, Habibolahi P, Ozkan SA, Jouyban A. Determination of phenytoin in exhaled breath condensate using electromembrane extraction followed by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:666-677. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Seyfinejad
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Ali Meshkini
- Neuroscience Research CenterTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Paria Habibolahi
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Sibel A. Ozkan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical ChemistryAnkara University Ankara Turkey
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Digestive Diseases Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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16
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Zhang J, Liu D, Meng X, Shi Y, Wang R, Xiao D, He H. Solid phase extraction based on porous magnetic graphene oxide/β-cyclodextrine composite coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for determination of antiepileptic drugs in plasma samples. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1524:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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17
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Engelbrecht L, Grobler CJ, Rheeders M. A simple and cost-effective HPLC-UV method for the detection of levetiracetam in plasma/serum of patients with epilepsy. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [PMID: 28294369 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A simple, fast and cost-effective method was developed and validated for the determination of levetiracetam (LEV) in plasma/serum of patients using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection. The stability of LEV plasma/serum samples over time and in different blood collection tubes was evaluated. Serum/plasma samples were deproteinized by methanol spiked with the internal standard, gabapentin. HPLC was carried out on a Venusil XBP C18 , 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm column, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and with mobile phase consisting of 50 mm potassium dihydrogen phosphate-acetonitrile at a pH of 5.5. The UV detector was set at 205 nm and 10 μL was injected. Total runtime was 15 min. Calibration curves were linear (correlation coefficient = 0.999) over a concentration range of 1-60 μg/mL. Relative standard deviation values for both the inter-day and intra-day precision and accuracy were <5% for the concentration range. The influence of different collection tubes and the effect of time on the stability of LEV was investigated. These factors may cause inaccuracies owing to drug-protein binding and interference in the matrix. This method is simple, fast, cost-effective, reliable and accurate with minimal sample preparation for daily routine use in therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette Engelbrecht
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, School of Pharmacy (Pharmacology), North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - C J Grobler
- Department of Health Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Malie Rheeders
- Clinical Pharmacokinetic Laboratory, School of Pharmacy (Pharmacology), North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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18
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Qu L, Fan Y, Wang W, Ma K, Yin Z. Development, validation and clinical application of an online-SPE-LC-HRMS/MS for simultaneous quantification of phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and its active metabolite carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide. Talanta 2016; 158:77-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Parveen B, Pillai KK, Tamboli ET, Ahmad S. Effect of piperine on pharmacokinetics of sodium valproate in plasma samples of rats using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2015; 7:317-20. [PMID: 26681892 PMCID: PMC4678974 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.168036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Piperine (PIP) is used as anticonvulsant in traditional Chinese medicine. Co-administration of low-dose sodium valproate with PIP has been regarded to have potential anticonvulsant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Parveen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - K K Pillai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - E T Tamboli
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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20
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Fazeli-Bakhtiyari R, Panahi-Azar V, Sorouraddin MH, Jouyban A. Determination of valproic acid in human plasma using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 18:979-88. [PMID: 26730332 PMCID: PMC4686582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detector was developed for the determination of valproic acid (VPA) in human plasma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a syringe, a mixture of suitable extraction solvent (40 µl chloroform) and disperser (1 ml acetone) was quickly added to 10 ml of diluted plasma sample containing VPA (pH, 1.0; concentration of NaCl, 4% (w/v)), resulting in a cloudy solution. After centrifugation (6000 rpm for 6 min), an aliquot (1 µl) of the sedimented organic phase was removed using a 1-µl GC microsyringe and injected into the GC system for analysis. One variable at a time optimization method was used to study various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of target analyte. Then, the developed method was fully validated for its accuracy, precision, recovery, stability, and robustness. RESULTS Under the optimum extraction conditions, good linearity range was obtained for the calibration graph, with correlation coefficient higher than 0.998. Limit of detection and lower limit of quantitation were 3.2 and 6 μg/ml, respectively. The relative standard deviations of intra and inter-day analysis of examined compound were less than 11.5%. The relative recoveries were found in the range of 97 to 107.5%. Finally, the validated method was successfully applied to the analysis of VPA in patient sample. CONCLUSION The presented method has acceptable levels of precision, accuracy and relative recovery and could be used for therapeutic drug monitoring of VPA in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Fazeli-Bakhtiyari
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Panahi-Azar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,Corresponding author: Abolghasem Jouyban. Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Tel: +98-41-33379323; Fax: +98-41- 33363231;
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21
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Dried blood spots for monitoring and individualization of antiepileptic drug treatment. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 75:25-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Sanavio B, Krol S. On the Slow Diffusion of Point-of-Care Systems in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:20. [PMID: 25767794 PMCID: PMC4341557 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in point-of-care (PoC) technologies show great transformative promises for personalized preventative and predictive medicine. However, fields like therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), that first allowed for personalized treatment of patients' disease, still lag behind in the widespread application of PoC devices for monitoring of patients. Surprisingly, very few applications in commonly monitored drugs, such as anti-epileptics, are paving the way for a PoC approach to patient therapy monitoring compared to other fields like intensive care cardiac markers monitoring, glycemic controls in diabetes, or bench-top hematological parameters analysis at the local drug store. Such delay in the development of portable fast clinically effective drug monitoring devices is in our opinion due more to an inertial drag on the pervasiveness of these new devices into the clinical field than a lack of technical capability. At the same time, some very promising technologies failed in the clinical practice for inadequate understanding of the outcome parameters necessary for a relevant technological breakthrough that has superior clinical performance. We hope, by over-viewing both TDM practice and its yet unmet needs and latest advancement in micro- and nanotechnology applications to PoC clinical devices, to help bridging the two communities, the one exploiting analytical technologies and the one mastering the most advanced techniques, into translating existing and forthcoming technologies in effective devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sanavio
- IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Silke Krol
- IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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23
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Karinen R, Vindenes V, Hasvold I, Olsen KM, Christophersen AS, Øiestad E. Determination of a selection of anti-epileptic drugs and two active metabolites in whole blood by reversed phase UPLC-MS/MS and some examples of application of the method in forensic toxicology cases. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:634-44. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritva Karinen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Division of Forensic Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Box 4404, Nydalen 0403 Oslo Norway
| | - Vigdis Vindenes
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Division of Forensic Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Box 4404, Nydalen 0403 Oslo Norway
| | - Inger Hasvold
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Division of Forensic Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Box 4404, Nydalen 0403 Oslo Norway
| | - Kirsten Midtbøen Olsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Division of Forensic Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Box 4404, Nydalen 0403 Oslo Norway
| | - Asbjørg S. Christophersen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Division of Forensic Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Box 4404, Nydalen 0403 Oslo Norway
| | - Elisabeth Øiestad
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Division of Forensic Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Box 4404, Nydalen 0403 Oslo Norway
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Deeb S, McKeown DA, Torrance HJ, Wylie FM, Logan BK, Scott KS. Simultaneous Analysis of 22 Antiepileptic Drugs in Postmortem Blood, Serum and Plasma Using LC–MS-MS with a Focus on Their Role in Forensic Cases. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:485-94. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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Moreno AMJ, Navas MJ, Asuero AG. HPLC-DAD Determination of CNS-Acting Drugs in Human Blood, Plasma, and Serum. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2013; 44:68-106. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.828570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Fortuna A, Alves G, Falcão A. Chiral chromatographic resolution of antiepileptic drugs and their metabolites: a challenge from the optimization to the application. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:27-58. [PMID: 23946142 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A large number of the antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) presently available for clinical practice are chiral compounds while others, although achiral, may originate pharmacologically active chiral metabolites in vivo. The well-known implications of chirality in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics demand the investigation of pharmacological properties for a racemic mixture and each enantiomer. To achieve these objectives, appropriate chiral analytical methods must be available. This article provides the first review of the current state of the art in chiral chromatographic methods available for quantifying enantiomers of AEDs in distinct matrices. Particular attention is paid to the methodological aspects and optimization strategies that successfully allow enantiomeric chromatographic separation of chiral AEDs and/or metabolites. Furthermore, the relevance of these methods in supporting the discovery and development of chiral AEDs is emphasized. In parallel and whenever available, the principal validation parameters are herein considered and related to the stage of drug discovery and development. In an attempt to optimize anticonvulsant activity and simultaneously diminish toxic effects, many pharmaceutical companies have started to manufacture single enantiomers. Therefore, chiral chromatographic techniques will be essential and the information herein compiled can be used as a framework for developing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fortuna
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
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Tonic – Ribarska J, Sterjev Z, Cvetkovska E, Kuzmanovski I, Kiteva G, Suturkova L, Trajkovic - Jolevska S. Optimization and validation of bioanalytical SPE – HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of carbamazepine and its main metabolite, carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide, in plasma. MAKEDONSKO FARMACEVTSKI BILTEN 2011. [DOI: 10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2011.57.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbamazepine is widely used as an antiepileptic drug in the treatment of partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide is the most important metabolite of carbamazepine, because it is a pharmacologically active compound with anticonvulsant properties. According to that, the routine analysis of carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide along with carbamazepine may provide optimal therapeutic monitoring of carbamazepine treatment. The aim of this study was to optimize and validate a simple and reliable solid - phase extraction method followed by RP-HPLC for the simultaneous determination of plasma levels of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, in order to assure the implementation of the method for therapeutic monitoring. The extraction of the analytes from the plasma samples was performed by means of a solid-phase extraction procedure. The separation was carried out on a reversed-phase column using isocratic elution with acetonitrile and water (35:65, v/v) as a mobile phase. The temperature was 30°C and UV detection was set at 220 nm. The extraction yield values were more than 98% for all analytes, measured at four concentration levels of the linear concentration range. The method displayed excellent selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, precision and accuracy. Stability studies indicate that stock solutions and plasma samples were stabile under different storage conditions at least during the observed period. The method was successfully applied to determine the carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in plasma of epileptic patients treated with carbamazepine as monotherapy and in polytherapy. In conclusion, the proposed method is suitable for application in therapeutic drug monitoring of epileptic patients undergoing treatment with carbamazepine.
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