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He Y, Wang B, Huang J, Zhang D, Yuan Y. Environmental pollutants and male infertility: Effects on CatSper. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 277:116341. [PMID: 38653022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Infertility is a growing health concern among many couples worldwide. Men account for half of infertility cases. CatSper, a sperm-specific Ca2+ channel, is expressed on the cell membrane of mammalian sperm. CatSper plays an important role in male fertility because it facilitates the entry of Ca2+ necessary for the rapid change in sperm motility, thereby allowing it to navigate the hurdles of the female reproductive tract and successfully locate the egg. Many pollutants present in the environment have been shown to affect the functions of CatSper and sperm, which is a matter of capital importance to understanding and solving male infertility issues. Environmental pollutants can act as partial agonists or inhibitors of CatSper or exhibit a synergistic effect. In this article, we briefly describe the structure, functions, and regulatory mechanisms of CatSper, and discuss the body of literature covering the effects of environmental pollutants on CatSper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin He
- Nanchang University Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Binhui Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Clinical Medical Experimental Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Dalei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yangyang Yuan
- Clinical Medical Experimental Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
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El-Gindy YM, Zahran SM, Hassan MA, Sabir SA. Effect on physiological parameters and semen quality upon oral administration of fresh onion juice to V-line rabbit buck during severe heat stress. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2073-2081. [PMID: 35544609 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2070184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Severe heat stress is recognized as a factor that severely influences the semen quality and antioxidant status of rabbits. In this context, fresh onion juice (FOJ) may be a safe and useful option to improve reproductive performance. This research was designed to evaluate the anti-stress effects of FOJ on physiological and semen parameters in heat-stressed bucks. Thirty-six V-line rabbit bucks were randomly distributed into three groups. The bucks received FOJ orally at different doses [0 (water), 1.5, and 3 ml/kg live body weight] every 2 days over a period of 2 months, with 3 weeks as an adaptation period. FOJ treatments significantly improved semen characteristics, such as libido, mass and individual sperm motility, semen concentration, sperm viability, and acrosome reaction with increased initial seminal fructose, via the oral administration of 1.5 and 3 mL FOJ/kg body weight, compared with the findings in control bucks. Seminal plasma antioxidant status was significantly enhanced by FOJ treatments. It was concluded that the oral administration of FOJ under severe heat stress can improve bucks' semen characteristics and sex hormone concentrations except for testosterone, and it is considered a good strategy for improving the heat resistance of rabbit bucks, possibly due to its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassmine M El-Gindy
- Fish and Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Soliman M Zahran
- Fish and Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Hassan
- Fish and Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Salem A Sabir
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Bieda, Libya
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Zhang Z, Sun Y, Yi Y, Bai X, Zhu L, Zhu J, Gu M, Zhu Y, Jiang L. Screening and Identification of a Streptomyces Strain with Quorum-Sensing Inhibitory Activity and Effect of the Crude Extracts on Virulence Factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2079. [PMID: 37630639 PMCID: PMC10458028 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Quorum-sensing (QS) is involved in numerous physiological processes in bacteria, such as biofilm formation, sporulation, and virulence formation. Therefore, the search for new quorum-sensing inhibitors (QSI) is a promising strategy that opens up a new perspective for controlling QS-mediated bacterial pathogens. To explore new QSIs, a strain named Streptomyces sp. D67 with QS inhibitory activity was isolated from the soil of the arid zone around the Kumutag Desert in Xinjiang. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that strain D67 shared the highest similarity with Streptomyces ardesiacus NBRC 15402T (98.39%), which indicated it represented a potential novel species in the Streptomyces genus. The fermentation crude extracts of strain D67 can effectively reduce the violacein production produced by Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 and the swarming and swimming abilities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It also has significant inhibitory activity on the production of virulence factors such as biofilm, pyocyanin, and rhamnolipids of P. aeruginosa in a significant concentration-dependent manner, but not on protease activity. A total of 618 compounds were identified from the fermentation crude extracts of strain D67 by LC-MS, and 19 compounds with significant QS inhibitory activity were observed. Overall, the strain with QS inhibitory activity was screened from Kumutag Desert in Xinjiang for the first time, which provided a basis for further research and development of new QSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.Z.)
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China;
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China;
| | - Yang Sun
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China;
| | - Yuanyang Yi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.Z.)
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China;
| | - Xiaoyu Bai
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.Z.)
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China;
| | - Liying Zhu
- College of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Meiying Gu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yanlei Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China;
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China;
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Cong S, Zhang J, Pan F, Pan L, Zhang A, Ma J. Research progress on ion channels and their molecular regulatory mechanisms in the human sperm flagellum. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23052. [PMID: 37352114 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300756r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The ion channels in sperm tail play an important role in triggering key physiological reactions, e.g., progressive motility, hyperactivation, required for successful fertilization. Among them, CatSper and KSper have been shown to be important ion channels for the transport of Ca2+ and K+ . Moreover, the voltage-gated proton channel Hv1, the sperm-specific sodium-hydrogen exchanger (sNHE), the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), members of the temperature-sensitive TRP channel family, and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) are also found in the flagellum. This review focuses on the latest advances in ion channels located at the flagellum, describes how they affect sperm physiological function, and summarizes some primary mutual regulation mechanism between ion channels, including PH, membrane potential, and cAMP. These ion channels may be promising targets for clinical application in infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Cong
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Feng Pan
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Lianjun Pan
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Aixia Zhang
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jiehua Ma
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Cooray A, Kim J, Nirujan BR, Jayathilake NJ, Lee KP. Pharmacological Evidence Suggests That Slo3 Channel Is the Principal K + Channel in Boar Spermatozoa. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097806. [PMID: 37175513 PMCID: PMC10178124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm ion channels are associated with the quality and type of flagellar movement, and their differential regulation is crucial for sperm function during specific phases. The principal potassium ion channel is responsible for the majority of K+ ion flux, resulting in membrane hyperpolarization, and is essential for sperm capacitation-related signaling pathways. The molecular identity of the principal K+ channel varies greatly between different species, and there is a lack of information about boar K+ channels. We aimed to determine the channel identity of boar sperm contributing to the primary K+ current using pharmacological dissection. A series of Slo1 and Slo3 channel modulators were used for treatment. Sperm motility and related kinematic parameters were monitored using a computer-assisted sperm analysis system under non-capacitated conditions. Time-lapse flow cytometry with fluorochromes was used to measure changes in different intracellular ionic concentrations, and conventional flow cytometry was used to determine the acrosome reaction. Membrane depolarization, reduction in acrosome reaction, and motility parameters were observed upon the inhibition of the Slo3 channel, suggesting that the Slo3 gene encodes the main K+ channel in boar spermatozoa. The Slo3 channel was localized on the sperm flagellum, and the inhibition of Slo3 did not reduce sperm viability. These results may aid potential animal-model-based extrapolations and help to ameliorate motility and related parameters, leading to improved assisted reproductive methods in industrial livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akila Cooray
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsook Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Beno Ramesh Nirujan
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Nishani Jayanika Jayathilake
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Pil Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Wang Y, Gao T, Shan L, Li K, Liang F, Yu J, Ni Y, Sun P. Iberiotoxin and clofilium regulate hyperactivation, acrosome reaction, and ion homeostasis synergistically during human sperm capacitation. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:129-140. [PMID: 36682071 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Potassium channels play essential roles in the regulation of male fertility. However, potassium channels mediating K+ currents in human sperm (IKSper ) remain controversial. Besides SLO3, the SLO1 potassium channel is a potential candidate for human sperm KSper. This study intends to elucidate the function of SLO1 potassium channel during human sperm capacitation. Human sperm were treated with iberiotoxin (IbTX, a SLO1 specific inhibitor) and clofilium (SLO3 inhibitor) separately or simultaneously during in vitro capacitation. A computer-assisted sperm analyzer was used to assess sperm motility. The sperm acrosome reaction (AR) was analyzed using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Pisum sativum agglutinin staining. Sperm protein tyrosine phosphorylation was studied using western blotting. Intracellular Ca2+ , K+ , Cl- , and pH were analyzed using ion fluorescence probes. Independent inhibition with IbTX or clofilium decreased the sperm hyperactivation, AR, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and was accompanied by an increase in [K+ ]i , [Cl- ]i , and pHi , but a decrease in [Ca2+ ]i . Simultaneously inhibition with IbTX and clofilium lower sperm hyperactivation and AR more than independent inhibition. The increase in [K+ ]i , [Cl- ]i , and pHi , and the decrease in [Ca2+ ]i were more pronounced. This study suggested that the SLO1 potassium channel may have synergic roles with SLO3 during human sperm capacitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijun Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Experimental Animal's & Nonclinical Laboratory Studies, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Experimental Animal's & Nonclinical Laboratory Studies, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianmin Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Experimental Animal's & Nonclinical Laboratory Studies, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ya Ni
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Experimental Animal's & Nonclinical Laboratory Studies, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peibei Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Experimental Animal's & Nonclinical Laboratory Studies, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Kim JH, Chae MR, Wijerathne TD, Cooray AD, Kim CY, Lee SW, Lee KP. In vitro assessment of Prunus japonica seed extract on human spermatozoa hypermotility and intracellular alkalization. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14471. [PMID: 35590125 DOI: 10.1111/and.14471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prunus japonica var. nakaii is used in traditional Korean medicine to treat various conditions; however, it has not been investigated for treating male infertility. In this study, we investigated the in vitro effects of the ethanolic extract of P. japonica seeds on human sperm motility and identified its mechanism of action. Eleven male volunteers were selected, and the effects of the extract on human spermatozoa were assessed through a computer-assisted semen analysis. The P. japonica seed extract increased the percentage of total and progressive motility of spermatozoa. To understand the mechanism of action, we monitored intracellular alkalization using flow cytometry and obtained electrophysiological recordings of human voltage-gated proton channels hHv1 that were overexpressed in HEK-293 cells. The extract shifted the activation curves in a concentration-dependent manner. Two major constituents of the extract, linoleic acid and oleic acid, exhibited proton channel activity. Our in vitro experiments suggested that P. japonica seed extract could be potentially used to rescue sperm motility in idiopathic infertility patients via pharmacological modulation of the proton channels during capacitation. Therefore, our results indicate the therapeutic potential of P. japonica seed extract for treating male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mee Ree Chae
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tharaka Darshana Wijerathne
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Akila Dushyantha Cooray
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chul Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Sung Won Lee
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu Pil Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Wiśniewski O, Rajczewski A, Szumigała A, Gibas-Dorna M. Diet-Induced Adipocyte Browning. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.31883/pjfns/143164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Cordero-Martínez J, Flores-Alonso JC, Aguirre-Alvarado C, Oviedo N, Alcántara-Farfán V, García-Pérez CA, Bermúdez-Ruiz KF, Jiménez-Gutiérrez GE, Rodríguez-Páez L. Influence of Echeveria gibbiflora DC aqueous crude extract on mouse sperm energy metabolism and calcium-dependent channels. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112321. [PMID: 31655146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE In traditional Mexican medicine, Echeveria gibbiflora DC has been used as a vaginal post-coital rinse to prevent pregnancy. The aqueous crude extract (OBACE) induces sperm immobilization/agglutination and a hypotonic-like effect, likely attributed to the high concentration of calcium bis-(hydrogen-1-malate) hexahydrate [Ca2+ (C4H5O5)2•6H2O]. Likewise, OBACE impedes the increase of [Ca2+]i during capacitation. AIM OF THE STUDY Evaluate the effect of OBACE on sperm energy metabolism and the underlying mechanism of action on sperm-specific channel. MATERIAL AND METHODS In vitro, we quantified the mouse sperm immobilization effect and the antifertility potential of OBACE. The energetic metabolism status was also evaluated by assessing the ATP levels, general mitochondrial activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and enzymatic activity of three key enzymes of energy metabolism. Furthermore, the effect of the ion efflux of Cl- and K+, as well as the pHi, were investigated in order to elucidate which channel is suitable to perform an in silico study. RESULTS Total and progressive motility notably decreased, as did fertility rates. ATP levels, mitochondrial activity and membrane potential were reduced. Furthermore, the activities of the three enzymes decreased. Neither Cl- or K+ channels activities were affected at low concentrations of OBACE; nevertheless, pHi did not alkalinize. Finally, an in silico analysis was performed between the Catsper channel and calcium bis-(hydrogen-1-malate) hexahydrate, which showed a possible blockade of this sperm cation channel. CONCLUSION The results were useful to elucidate the effect of OBACE and to propose it as a future male contraceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Cordero-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, 11340, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Flores-Alonso
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Hospital General de Zona #5, Metepec, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Metepec, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Charmina Aguirre-Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, 11340, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología e Infectología, Centro Médico Nacional, La Raza, IMSS, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Norma Oviedo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología e Infectología, Centro Médico Nacional, La Raza, IMSS, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Verónica Alcántara-Farfán
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, 11340, Mexico
| | | | - Karla Fernanda Bermúdez-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, 11340, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Elizabeth Jiménez-Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, 11340, Mexico
| | - Lorena Rodríguez-Páez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, 11340, Mexico.
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