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Lyons-Darden T, Heim KE, Han L, Haines L, Sayes CM, Oller AR. Bioaccessibility of Metallic Nickel and Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles in Four Simulated Biological Fluids. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:877. [PMID: 38786832 PMCID: PMC11123708 DOI: 10.3390/nano14100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility of metals from substances and alloys is increasingly used as part of the assessment to predict potential toxicity. However, data are sparse on the metal bioaccessibility from nanoparticle (NP) size metal substances. This study examines nickel ion release from metallic nickel and nickel oxide micron particles (MPs) and NPs in simulated biological fluids at various timepoints including those relevant for specific routes of exposure. The results suggest that MPs of both metallic nickel and nickel oxide generally released more nickel ions in acidic simulated biological fluids (gastric and lysosomal) than NPs of the same substance, with the largest differences being for nickel oxide. In more neutral pH fluids (interstitial and perspiration), nickel metal NPs released more nickel ions than MPs, with nickel oxide results showing a higher release for MPs in interstitial fluid yet a lower release in perspiration fluid. Various experimental factors related to the particle, fluid, and extraction duration were identified that can have an impact on the particle dissolution and release of nickel ions. Overall, the results suggest that based on nickel release alone, nickel NPs are not inherently more hazardous than nickel MPs. Moreover, analyses should be performed on a case-by-case basis with consideration of various experimental factors and correlation with in vivo data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Lyons-Darden
- NiPERA, Inc., 2525 Meridian Parkway, Suite 240, Durham, NC 27713, USA;
| | - Katherine E. Heim
- NiPERA, Inc., 2525 Meridian Parkway, Suite 240, Durham, NC 27713, USA;
| | - Li Han
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (L.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Laura Haines
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (L.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Christie M. Sayes
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, USA;
| | - Adriana R. Oller
- Oller Consulting, 722 Gaston Manor Drive, Durham, NC 27703, USA;
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Poland CA, Lombaert N, Mackie C, Renard A, Sinha P, Verougstraete V, Lourens NJJ. Bioaccessibility as a determining factor in the bioavailability and toxicokinetics of cadmium compounds. Toxicology 2021; 463:152969. [PMID: 34606952 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium toxicity occurs where there is absorption and accumulation of cadmium ions (Cd2+) in tissues beyond tolerable levels. Significant differences in the release of Cd2+ from cadmium compounds in biological fluids, like gastric fluid, may indicate differences in bioavailability and absorption. This means that direct read-across from high solubility cadmium compounds to lower solubility compounds may not accurately reflect potential hazards. Here, the relative bioaccessibility in gastric fluid of cadmium telluride and cadmium chloride was evaluated using in vitro bioelution tests whilst the toxicokinetic behavior of these two compounds were compared after dietary administration for 90 days in male and female Wistar Han rats following OECD TG 408. Cadmium chloride was highly bioaccessible, whilst cadmium telluride showed low solubility in simulated gastric fluid (90 % and 1.5 % bioaccessibility, respectively). This difference in bioaccessibility was also reflected by a difference in bioavailability as shown by the difference in the liver and kidney concentrations of cadmium after repeat oral exposure. Feeding at doses of 750 and 1500 ppm of cadmium telluride did not result in tissue cadmium levels above the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ). In contrast, feeding with a lower test substance concentration yet higher concentration of bioaccessible cadmium (30 ppm cadmium chloride) resulted in tissue accumulation of cadmium. Only slight, non-adverse changes in hematology and clinical chemistry parameters were seen at these doses, indicating an absence of significant cadmium mediated toxicity towards target organs (kidney and liver), reflected in minimal cadmium accumulation in these organs. This study demonstrates that bioelution tests can help determine the bioaccessibility of cadmium, which can be used to estimate the potential for target tissue toxicity based on known toxicokinetic profiles and threshold levels for cadmium toxicity, while reducing and refining animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Poland
- Regulatory Compliance Limited, 6 Dryden Road, Loanhead, Midlothian, EH20 9TY, UK; Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Noömi Lombaert
- International Zinc Association, Reach Cadmium Consortium, Avenue de Tervueren 168/Box 4, B-1150, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carol Mackie
- Regulatory Compliance Limited, 6 Dryden Road, Loanhead, Midlothian, EH20 9TY, UK
| | - Alain Renard
- 5N Plus Inc., 4385, Rue Garand, Saint-Laurent, QC, H4R 2B4, Canada
| | - Parikhit Sinha
- First Solar, 350 West Washington Street, Suite 600, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | | | - Nicky J J Lourens
- Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch B.V., 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
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Danzeisen R, Williams DL, Viegas V, Dourson M, Verberckmoes S, Burzlaff A. Bioelution, Bioavailability, and Toxicity of Cobalt Compounds Correlate. Toxicol Sci 2021; 174:311-325. [PMID: 32058562 PMCID: PMC7098370 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the wide use of cobalt substances in a range of important technologies, it has become important to predict the toxicological properties of new or lesser-studied substances as accurately as possible. We studied a group of 6 cobalt substances with inorganic ligands, which were tested for their bioaccessibility (surrogate measure of bioavailability) through in vitro bioelution in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. Representatives of the group also underwent in vivo blood kinetics and mass balance tests, and both oral acute and repeated dose toxicity (RDT) testing. We were able to show a good correlation between high in vitro bioaccessibility with high in vivo bioavailability and subsequent high in vivo toxicity; consequently, low in vitro bioaccessibility correlated well with low in vivo bioavailability and low in vivo toxicity. In vitro bioelution in simulated gastric fluid was the most precise predictor of the difference in the oral RDT lowest observed adverse effect levels of 2 compounds representing the highly and poorly bioaccessible subset of substances. The 2 compounds cobalt dichloride hexahydrate and tricobalt tetraoxide differed by a factor of 440 in their in vitro bioaccessibility and by a factor of 310 in their RDT lowest observed adverse effect level. In summary, this set of studies shows that solubility, specifically in vitro bioelution in simulated gastric fluid, is a good, yet conservative, predictor of in vivo bioavailability and oral systemic toxicity of inorganic cobalt substances. Bioelution data are therefore an invaluable tool for grouping and read across of cobalt substances for hazard and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Dourson
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, Cincinnati, Ohio 45102
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Dutton MD, Thorn R, Lau W, Vasiluk L, Hale B. Gastric bioaccessibility is a conservative measure of nickel bioavailability after oral exposure: Evidence from Ni-contaminated soil, pure Ni substances and Ni alloys. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115830. [PMID: 33162217 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oral bioaccessibility (BAc) is a surrogate for the bioavailability (BAv) of a broad range of substances, reflecting the value that the approach offers for assessing oral exposure and risk. BAc is generally considered to have been validated as a proxy for oral BAv for the important soil contaminants Pb, Cd, and As. Here, using literature data for Ni BAc and BAv, we confirmed that Ni BAc (gastric only, with HCl mimicking stomach conditions) is a conservative measure of BAv for the oral exposure pathway. Measured oral BAv of Ni in soil was shown to be 50-100 times less than the simplest oral BAc estimates (%BAv = 0.012(%BAc) - 0.023 (r = 0.701, 95%CI [0.456, 0.847], n = 30)) in rats, demonstrating a significant conservatism for exposure assessment. The relationship between the oral BAv and BAc of nickel sulfate hexahydrate (NSHH) was comparable to that of soil, with measured oral BAv of NSHH (1.94%) being a small fraction of NSHH gastric BAc (91.1%). BAc and BAv reflect the underlying Ni speciation of the sample, with the bioaccessible leaching limits being represented by the highly soluble Ni salts and the poorly soluble Ni monoxide, and the environmental (e.g. soil properties) or gastric (e.g. food present) conditions. BAc has potential utility for chemical classification purposes because pure Ni substances can be grouped by %BAc values(using standardized methodologies for the relevant exposure routes), these groupings reflecting the underlying chemistry and speciation of the samples of substances tested here, with 0.008% %BAc for alloys (SS304, SS316, Inconel, Monel), <1% in green NiO and Ni metal massives, 0.9-23.6% for Ni powders, 9.8-22.7% for Ni sulfides, 26.3-29.6% for black oxidic Ni, and 82-91% for the soluble Ni salts. Oral BAc provides realistic yet conservative estimates of BAv for the hazard classification and risk assessment of Ni substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Dutton
- BioProcess Assist (BPA) Ltd, 8579 Appleby Line, Campbellville, ON, L0P 1B0, Canada.
| | - Ryan Thorn
- Stantec, 420 Joseph Street, New Hamburg, ON, Canada.
| | - Wilson Lau
- Pinchin, 2470 Milltower Court, Mississauga, ON, L5N 7W5, Canada.
| | - Luba Vasiluk
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Beverly Hale
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Overview of REACH: Issues Involved in the Registration of Metals. Neurotoxicology 2020; 83:186-198. [PMID: 32057950 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
New European legislation known as REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals) was introduced in 2007 to increase the speed at which the health and/or environmental risks of industrial chemicals were being assessed and managed (REACH (EC) No 1907/2006). REACH consolidated earlier chemicals-control statutes and placed the burden of assessing, and identifying the means to manage risks on industry. This paper details the REACH process for controlling and managing hazardous chemicals and challenges encountered in applying the provisions of REACH and the guidance documents available from European Chemical Agency. Special attention is paid to challenges in evaluating potential health risks of metals such as aluminum and aluminum compounds. Lessons learned from over a decade of experience with REACH legislation are also noted.
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Dutton MD, Vasiluk L, Ford F, Bellantino Perco M, Taylor SR, Lopez K, Bolger GT, Gopalapillai Y, Hale B. Towards an exposure narrative for metals and arsenic in historically contaminated Ni refinery soils: Relationships between speciation, bioavailability, and bioaccessibility. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:805-818. [PMID: 31195288 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Archived soils contaminated with Ni, Cu, Co, and As from legacy operations of a nickel refinery at Port Colborne, Ontario, Canada were speciated using mineral liberation analysis. Four Ni minerals were identified as fingerprint compounds of the historical refinery emissions. Cu and Co were present in solid solution in these minerals due to their presence in the refinery's feed. The highest concentrations of Ni, Cu, Co, and As in these soils were 18,553, 1915, 196, and 79mg/kg, respectively, these elevated contaminant concentrations attesting to the importance of incidental soil ingestion to the oral exposure pathway in Port Colborne. The in vitro gastric bioaccessibility (BAc) was determined for these contaminants, as was in vivo oral bioavailability (BAv), using a mass balance approach in male Sprague-Dawley rats. In spite of the elevated soil concentrations of Cu, the BAv of this physiologically important metal could not be distinguished from that in commercial rat chow, suggesting low potential for exposure. Co and As also had low apparent BAv (<2%). For Ni, baseline oral BAv of naturally sourced dietary Ni was found to be approximately 2%, as was the oral BAv of Ni from nickel sulfate hexahydrate. The mass balances of NiSO4·6H2O were fully accounted-for in urine and feces after a single gavage dose, indicating little to no organ incorporation from this highly soluble salt. Therefore, the urinary estimates of Ni BAv for these soils were assumed to represent true BAv despite variable fecal recoveries. The high Ni concentrations enabled BAc-BAv relationships to be developed for these contaminated soils. For absolute bioavailability (ABA) and relative bioavailability (RBA) the relationships were: ABA=0.0116(BAc)-0.0479 and RBA=0.5542(BAc)-2.2817. These findings will advance the development of robust exposure narratives for soil metal contamination in Port Colborne and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Dutton
- BioProcess Assist (BPA) Ltd., 8579 Appleby Line, Campbellville, Ontario L0P 1B0, Canada.
| | - Luba Vasiluk
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Frederick Ford
- Vale Canada Limited, Technology Development, 2060 Flavelle Boulevard, Sheridan Park, Mississauga, Ontario L5K 1Z9, Canada
| | - Maria Bellantino Perco
- Vale Canada Limited, Port Colborne Refinery, 187 Davis Street, Port Colborne, Ontario L3K 5W2, Canada
| | - Simon R Taylor
- Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology, Nucro-technics, 2000 Ellesmere Road Unit #16, Scarborough, Ontario M1H 2W4, Canada
| | - Karen Lopez
- Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology, Nucro-technics, 2000 Ellesmere Road Unit #16, Scarborough, Ontario M1H 2W4, Canada
| | - Gordon T Bolger
- Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology, Nucro-technics, 2000 Ellesmere Road Unit #16, Scarborough, Ontario M1H 2W4, Canada
| | - Yamini Gopalapillai
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Beverly Hale
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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