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Hellal MS, El-Kamah HM, Doma HS. High-performance internal circulation anaerobic granular sludge reactor for cattle slaughterhouse wastewater treatment and simultaneous biogas production. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:29. [PMID: 38720285 PMCID: PMC11080252 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00849-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This research investigates the efficacy of a high-performance pilot-scale Internal Circulation Anaerobic Reactor inoculated with Granular Sludge (ICAGSR) for treating cattle slaughterhouse wastewater while concurrently generating biogas. The primary objective is to assess the efficiency and performance of ICAGSR in terms of organic pollutant removal and biogas production using granular anaerobic sludge. The research methodology entails operating the ICAGSR system under ambient conditions and systematically varying key parameters, including different Hydraulic Retention Times (HRTs) (24, 12, and 8 h) and Organic Loading Rates (OLRs) (3.3, 6.14, and 12.83 kg COD/m³. d). The study focuses on evaluating pollutants' removal and biogas production rates. Results reveal that the ICAGSR system achieves exceptional removal efficiency for organic pollutants, with Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal exceeding 74%, 67%, and 68% at HRTs of 24, 12, and 8 h, respectively. Furthermore, the system demonstrates stable and sustainable biogas production, maintaining average methane contents of 80%, 76%, and 72% throughout the experimental period. The successful operation of the ICAGSR system underscores its potential as a viable technology for treating cattle slaughterhouse wastewater and generating renewable biogas. In conclusion, this study contributes to wastewater treatment and renewable energy production by providing a comprehensive analysis of the ICAGSR system's hydrodynamic properties. The research enhances our understanding of the system's performance optimization under varying conditions, emphasizing the benefits of utilizing ICAGSR reactors with granular sludge as an effective and sustainable approach. Identifying current gaps, future research directions aim to further refine and broaden the application of ICAGSR technology in wastewater treatment and renewable energy initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Saad Hellal
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Behooth St, Dokki, Cairo, P.O. Box 12622, Egypt.
| | - Hala M El-Kamah
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Behooth St, Dokki, Cairo, P.O. Box 12622, Egypt
| | - Hala Salah Doma
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Behooth St, Dokki, Cairo, P.O. Box 12622, Egypt
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2
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Obi CC, Nwabanne JT, Igwegbe CA, Abonyi MN, Umembamalu CJ, Kamuche TT. Intelligent algorithms-aided modeling and optimization of the deturbidization of abattoir wastewater by electrocoagulation using aluminium electrodes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 353:120161. [PMID: 38290261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The removal of turbidity from abattoir wastewater (AWW) by electrocoagulation (EC) was modeled and optimized using Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms. Artificial neural networks (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and genetic algorithms (GA) were the AI tools employed. Five input variables were considered: pH, current intensity, electrolysis time, settling time, and temperature. The ANN model was evaluated using the Levenberg-Marquardt (trainlm) algorithm, while the ANFIS modeling was accomplished using the Sugeno-type FIS. The ANN and ANFIS models demonstrated linear adequacy with the experimental data, with an R2 value of 0.9993 in both cases. The corresponding statistical error indices were RMSE (ANN = 5.65685E-05; ANFIS = 2.82843E-05), SSE (ANN = 1.60E-07; ANFIS = 3.4E-08), and MSE (ANN = 3.2E-09; ANFIS = 8E-10). The error indices revealed that the ANFIS model had the least performance error and is considered the most reliable of the two. The process optimization performed with GA and PSO considered turbidity removal efficiency, energy requirement, and electrode material loss. An optimal turbidity removal efficiency of 99.39 % was predicted at pH (3.1), current intensity (2 A), electrolysis time (20 min), settling time (50 min), and operating temperature (50 °C). This represents a potential for the delivery of cleaner water without the use of chemicals. The estimated power consumption and the theoretical mass of the aluminium electrode dissolved at the optimum condition were 293.33 kW h/m3 and 0.2237 g, respectively. The work successfully affirmed the effectiveness of the EC process in the removal of finely divided suspended particles from AWW and demonstrated the suitability of the AI algorithms in the modeling and optimization of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Tagbo Nwabanne
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, 420218, Nigeria.
| | - Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, 420218, Nigeria; Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Matthew Ndubuisi Abonyi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, 420218, Nigeria.
| | | | - Toochukwu ThankGod Kamuche
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria.
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Vaishnav S, Saini T, Chauhan A, Gaur GK, Tiwari R, Dutt T, Tarafdar A. Livestock and poultry farm wastewater treatment and its valorization for generating value-added products: Recent updates and way forward. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 382:129170. [PMID: 37196748 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Livestock and poultry wastewater poses a potent risk factor for environmental pollution accelerating disease load and premature deaths. It is characterized by high chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, suspended solids, heavy metals, pathogens, and antibiotics, among other contaminants. These contaminants have a negative impact on the quality of soil, groundwater, and air, and is a potential hazard to human health. Depending on the specific characteristics of wastewater, such as the type and concentration of pollutants present; several physical, chemical and biological strategies have been developed for wastewater treatment. This review aims at providing comprehensive overview of the profiling of livestock wastewater from the dairy, swine and poultry sub-sectors along with the biological (annamox and genetically modified bacteria) and physico-chemical treatment methodologies, and valorisation for the generation of value-added products such as bioplastics, biofertilizers, biohydrogen and microalgal-microbial fuel cells. Additionally, future perspectives for efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment are contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Vaishnav
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tapendra Saini
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gyanendra Kumar Gaur
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rupasi Tiwari
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Triveni Dutt
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ayon Tarafdar
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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4
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Lúcio DSG, Dias MES, Ribeiro R, Tommaso G. Evaluating the potential of a new reactor configuration to enhance simultaneous organic matter and nitrogen removal in dairy wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:57490-57502. [PMID: 36966249 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The dairy industry is a very productive sector worldwide and known for producing great volumes of wastewater that is rich in organic matter and nutrients. Apart from fat, the organic matter in such effluents is easily degradable, demanding an external carbon source for conventional denitrification. In this manner, new configurations of reactors promoting a suitable environment for more sustainable nitrogen removal are beyond required-they are paramount. Therefore, the performance of a structured-bed hybrid baffled reactor (SBHBR) with anaerobic and oxic/anoxic chambers was designed and assessed for treating different dairy wastewaters. A combination of baffled and biofilm-structured systems under intermittent aeration was the solution proposed to obtain a new method for nitrogen removal under low COD/TN ratios. The COD/TN ratios tested were 2.1 ± 0.6, 0.84 ± 0.5, and 0.35 ± 0.1 in the inlet of the O/A chambers for operational stages I, II, and III, respectively. The SBHBR provided COD removal efficiencies above 90% in all experimental stages. During stage III, the process had nitrification and denitrification efficiencies of 85.9 ± 17% and 85.2 ± 9%, respectively, resulting in a TN removal efficiency of 74.6 ± 14.7%. Stoichiometric calculations were used to corroborate the activity of bacteria that could perform the anammox pathways as their main mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo S G Lúcio
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda S Dias
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Rogers Ribeiro
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovana Tommaso
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
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Assessment of Bacterial Diversity of Industrial Poultry Wastewater by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and the Cultivation Method in Order to Inform Its Reuse in Agriculture. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:6065305. [PMID: 36177057 PMCID: PMC9514947 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6065305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Effluents discharged by poultry meat industries are heavily polluted with raw materials, such as fat, blood residues, and proteins. Thus, untreated effluents directly discharged into the environment may constitute a public health threat. This study aims to evaluate the bacterial diversity of three water qualities: industrial poultry wastewater (PWW), tap water (TW), and PWW diluted with TW (50 : 50) (V/V) (TWPWW) by the combination of culture-independent and culture-dependent approaches. The total bacterial DNA was extracted using phenol/chloroform method. The hypervariable 16S rRNA region V3-V5 was amplified by PCR using universal primers. The amplicons were separated by vertical electrophoresis on a polyacrylamide gel of increasing denaturing gradient according to their richness in GC bases. Selected bands were reamplified and sequenced. Pure isolated bacteria from nutrient agar medium were characterized according to their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Genomic DNA from pure strains was extracted by boiling method, and a molecular amplification of the 16S–23S ITS region of the 16S rRNA gene was performed using the universal primers. Selected isolates were identified by sequencing. Results showed a high bacterial load and diversity in PWW in comparison with TW and TWPWW. A collection of 44 strains was obtained, and 25 of them were identified by sequencing. Proteobacteria represented 76% of isolated bacteria Gamma-Proteobacteria was the predominate isolate (68%). Other isolates were Firmicutes (8%), Bacteroidetes (12%), and Actinobacteria (8%). These isolates belong to different genera, namely, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Proteus, Empedobacter, Corynebacterium, Enterobacter, Comamonas, Frondibacter, Leclercia, Staphylococcus, Atlantibacter, Klebsiella, and Microbacterium.
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A Pilot Model for the Treatment of Slaughterhouse Wastewater Using Zeolite or Psidium-Leaf Powder as a Natural Coagulant, Followed by Filtration with Rice Straw, in Comparison with an Inorganic Coagulant. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Slaughterhouse wastewater (SHWW) is classified as industrial waste, which is exceptionally harmful to the environment due to its high content of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and suspended solids, which result from high organic and nutrient loading. This study used a pilot system to treat SHWW from the Kafrelsheikh Governorate slaughterhouse, which includes a three-step process. It started with sedimentation, then coagulation and flocculation using different concentrations of each: natural zeolites (Z) and Psidium guajava-leaf powder (GLP) as green and environmentally friendly agents, and alum (A) as an inorganic coagulant. The final step was filtration with physically treated rice straw (RS). Each step was judged separately by measuring the removal percentages of each analyzed pollutant, and finally, the overall process was evaluated using the same method. A jar test was used to determine the best concentration of each coagulant used. The measured pollutants were physico-chemical, such as COD, BOD, TSS, TKN, and turbidity. The bacteriological examination included TBC, TCC, and FC. The jar-test results determined that Z 1200 mg/L SHWW, GLP 1 g/L, and A 6 g/L were the best concentrations for each coagulant used. In the coagulation step, GLP 1 g/L gave the highest removal percentage of TSS, TKN, EC, and turbidity, while Z 1200 mg/L gave the highest removal percentage of COD, TDS, TBC, and TCC. From these results, it was concluded that a natural coagulant performs better than a chemical one. Finally, judging the overall pilot test system after applying the filtration with physically treated RS, we found that the best removal efficiencies were obtained from Z 1200 mg/L combined with RS. This combination resulted in 90.58, 83.47, 88.75, 54.89, 21.39, 34.49, 84.16, 99.98, and 99.93 removal percentages for BOD, COD, TSS, TKN, EC, turbidity, TBC, and TCC, respectively.
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Sustainable Treatment of Food Industry Wastewater Using Membrane Technology: A Short Review. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13233450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Water is needed for food processing facilities to carry out a number of tasks, including moving goods, washing, processing, and cleaning operations. This causes them to produce wastewater effluent, and they are typically undesirable since it contains a high volume of suspended solids, bacteria, dyestuffs, salts, oils, fats, chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand. Therefore, treatment of food industry wastewater effluent is critical in improving process conditions, socio-economic benefits and our environmental. This short review summarizes the role of available membrane technologies that have been employed for food wastewater treatment and analyse their performance. Particularly, electrospun nanofiber membrane technology is revealed as an emerging membrane science and technology area producing materials of increasing performance and effectiveness in treating wastewater. This review reveals the challenges and perspectives that will assist in treating the food industry wastewater by developing novel membrane technologies.
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Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment: A Review on Recycling and Reuse Possibilities. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13223175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Slaughterhouses produce a large amount of wastewater, therefore, with respect to the increasing water scarcity, slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) recycling seems to be a desirable goal. The emerging challenges and opportunities for recycling and reuse have been examined here. The selection of a suitable process for SWW recycling is dependent on the characteristics of the wastewater, the available technology, and the legal requirements. SWW recycling is not operated at a large scale up to date, due to local legal sanitary requirements as well as challenges in technical implementation. Since SWW recycling with single-stage technologies is unlikely, combined processes are examined and evaluated within the scope of this publication. The process combination of dissolved air flotation (DAF) followed by membrane bioreactor (MBR) and, finally, reverse osmosis (RO) as a polishing step seems to be particularly promising. In this way, wastewater treatment for process water reuse could be achieved in theory, as well as in comparable laboratory experiments. Furthermore, it was calculated via the methane production potential that the entire energy demand of wastewater treatment could be covered if the organic fraction of the wastewater was used for biogas production.
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Nwabueze AA, Ekelemu JK. Anthropogenic Influences on Physico-Chemical Quality, Fish and Macrophyte Diversities of River Adofi, Southern Nigeria. Pak J Biol Sci 2021; 24:507-515. [PMID: 34486310 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2021.507.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Freshwater systems support agriculture, industry and even human existence. Pollution due to human activities affect the quality of water bodies thereby threatening biodiversity. This study, therefore, investigated the anthropogenic influences on physico-chemical quality, fish and macrophyte diversities of River Adofi. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Three sampling stations along River Adofi at Ejeme-Aniogor (Station 1), Utagba-Uno (Station 2) and Umuleke-Ossissa (Station 3) were selected based on ecological features and the presence of human activities. Water samples were collected fortnightly for 6 months and water quality was determined. Fish and macrophyte species were collected and diversity indices were calculated. <b>Results:</b> Physico-chemical parameters were significantly different (p<0.05) in all three stations except for magnesium, calcium and nitrate. Temperature, total dissolved solids, conductivity, COD, total alkalinity and magnesium were higher (p<0.05) in Station 2 at Utagba-Uno where a rubber factory effluent discharges into the river. Out of 15 families, 18 genera and 26 species of fish collected <i>Oreochromis </i>species were more abundant, followed by <i>Gymnarchus niloticus</i>. Mokochidae and Clariidae had higher diversities than other families. Macrophytes recorded were 53 taxa from 21 families and 33 genera with emergent and submerged life forms dominating. Poaceae dominated with nine species. Shannon index increased with increasing species richness and evenness with both fish and macrophytes evenly distributed. <b>Conclusion:</b> Lower diversity of fish species observed in Station 2 may be due to influences of effluent discharges into the river while domestic and agricultural activities enhanced abundance and diversity of fish and macrophytes at Station 3.
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Treatment of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater with Membrane Technologies: A Review. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13141905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Poultry slaughterhouses produce a large amount of wastewater, which is usually treated by conventional methods. The traditional techniques face some challenges, especially the incapability of recovering valuable nutrients and reusing the treated water. Therefore, membrane technology has been widely adopted by researchers due to its enormous advantages over conventional methods. Pressure-driven membranes, such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO), have been studied to purify poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSWW) as a standalone process or an integrated process with other procedures. Membrane technology showed excellent performance by providing high efficiency for pollutant removal and the recovery of water and valuable products. It may remove approximately all the pollutants from PSWW and purify the water to the required level for discharge to the environment and even reuse for industrial poultry processing purposes while being economically efficient. This article comprehensively reviews the treatment and reuse of PSWW with MF, UF, NF, and RO. Most valuable nutrients can be recovered by UF, and high-quality water for reuse in poultry processing can be produced by RO from PSWW. The incredible performance of membrane technology indicates that membrane technology is an alternative approach for treating PSWW.
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Njoya M, Basitere M, Ntwampe SKO, Lim JW. Performance evaluation and kinetic modeling of down-flow high-rate anaerobic bioreactors for poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:9529-9541. [PMID: 33145736 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) was evaluated using two new down-flow high-rate anaerobic bioreactor systems (HRABS), including the down-flow expanded granular bed reactor (DEGBR) and the static granular bed reactor (SGBR). These two bioreactors have demonstrated a good performance for the treatment of PSW with removal percentages of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), the chemical oxygen demand (COD), and fats, oil, and grease (FOG) exceeding 95% during peak performance days. This performance of down-flow HRABS appears as a breakthrough in the field of anaerobic treatment of medium to high-strength wastewater because down-flow anaerobic bioreactors have been neglected for the high-rate anaerobic treatment of such wastewater due to the success of up-flow anaerobic reactors such as the UASB and the EGSB as a result of the granulation of a consortium of anaerobic bacteria required for efficient anaerobic digestion and biogas production. Hence, to promote the recourse to such technologies and provide further explanation to their performance, this study approached the kinetic analysis of these two down-flow HRABS using the modified Stover-Kincannon and the Grau second-order multi-component substrate models. From a comparison between the two models investigated, the modified Stover-Kincannon model provided the best prediction for the concentration of the substrate in the effluent from the two HRABS. This analysis led to the determination of the kinetic parameters of the two models that can be used for the design of the two HRABS and the prediction of the performance of the SGBR and DEGBR. The kinetic parameters determined using the Modified Stover-Kincannon were Umax = 40.5 gCOD/L.day and KB = 47.3 gCOD/L.day for the DEGBR and Umax = 33.6 gCOD/L.day and KB = 44.9 gCOD/L.day for the SGBR; while, using the Grau second-order model, the kinetic models determined were a = 0.058 and b = 1.112 for the DEGBR and a = 0.135 and b = 1.33 for the SGBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahomet Njoya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P. O. Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P. O. Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Moses Basitere
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P. O. Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P. O. Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Seteno Karabo Obeb Ntwampe
- School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North West University, Private BagX1290, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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Potential Viable Products Identified from Characterisation of Agricultural Slaughterhouse Rendering Wastewater. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The composition of challenging matrices must be fully understood in order to determine the impact of the matrix and to establish suitable treatment methods. Rendering condensate wastewater is a complex matrix which is understudied. It is produced when the vapour from rendering facilities (heat processing of slaughterhouse waste material) is cooled as a liquid for discharge. This study offers a full physicochemical characterisation of rendering condensate wastewater and its potential for valorisation via production of viable by-products. A study of seasonal variation of levels of dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and ammonia was carried out on the wastewater. The results show that the wastewater was high strength all year-round, with a chemical oxygen demand of 10,813 ± 427 mg/L and high concentrations of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (1745 ± 90 mg/L), ammonia (887 ± 21 mg/L), crude protein (10,911 ± 563 mg/L), total phosphorous (51 ± 1 mg/L), fat and oil (11,363 ± 934 mg/L), total suspended solids (336 ± 73 mg/L) and total dissolved solids (4397 ± 405 mg/L). This characterisation demonstrates the requirement for adequate treatment of the condensate before releasing it to the environment. While there is a reasonably constant flow rate and dissolved oxygen level throughout the year, higher chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and ammonia levels were found in the warmer summer months. From this study, rendering condensate slaughterhouse wastewater is shown to have potential for production of marketable goods. These products may include ammonium sulphate fertilizer, protein supplements for animal feeds and recovery of acetic acid calcium hydroxyapatite, thus enhancing both the financial and environmental sustainability of slaughterhouse operations. This work demonstrates a valuable assessment of a complex wastewater, while taking advantage of on-site access to samples and process data to inform the potential for wastewater reuse.
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Damian CM, Ott C, Stan R, Hanganu A, Trusca R, Balanuca B. Harnessing a byproduct from wastewater treatment to obtain improved starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) composites. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 238:115777. [PMID: 32299578 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A rational method to harness a triglyceride-based by-product containing chicken fat traces, extracted from the simulated slaughterhouses wastewater was adopted. Methacrylated linseed oil was used as photo-reactive monomer to "catch" the grease molecules, resulting in a polymeric network (PFrec), further embedded in starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) (St/PVA)-based composites, with or without plasticizer (glycerol-Gly), with enhanced properties. Hydrophobic additive improved the thermal stability of St/PVA blends, an 18 ⁰C increase of Td3 % being registered for PFrec-loaded sample. Mechanical tests revealed that association of PFrec with Gly improved the flexibility and also reinforced the systems, although, no plasticizing effect was observed at PFrec addition. Solubility determinations for the St/PVA-based composite films showed that hydrophobic PFrec increased the water resistance with at least 40 %. According to contact angle measurements a good dispersion of PFrec in the St/PVA network was mediated at the interface by hydrophilic Gly molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Maria Damian
- University Politehnica of Bucharest, Advanced Polymer Materials Group, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Ott
- University Politehnica of Bucharest, Department of Organic Chemistry "C. Nenitescu", 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Stan
- University Politehnica of Bucharest, Department of Organic Chemistry "C. Nenitescu", 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anamaria Hanganu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry "C.D. Nenitescu" of the Romanian Academy, 202B Spl. Independentei, 060023, Bucharest, Romania; University of Bucharest, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Sos. Panduri 90, 050663, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana Trusca
- University Politehnica of Bucharest, Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, Splaiul Independenţei 313 Street, 060042, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Brindusa Balanuca
- University Politehnica of Bucharest, Advanced Polymer Materials Group, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061, Bucharest, Romania; University Politehnica of Bucharest, Department of Organic Chemistry "C. Nenitescu", 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061, Bucharest, Romania.
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Azam R, Kothari R, Singh HM, Ahmad S, Ashokkumar V, Tyagi VV. Production of algal biomass for its biochemical profile using slaughterhouse wastewater for treatment under axenic conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 306:123116. [PMID: 32203901 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Slaughterhouse produce large amount of wastewater, containing high pollutant load in terms of protein, fats and meat pieces, might lead to source of non-point contamination. Various concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of slaughterhouse wastewater were used to increase the algal biomass production, pollutants removal and biochemical profile analysis under controlled conditions of C. pyrenoidosa. Results showed that the maximum biomass yield 430 mg L-1 was achieved at 50% concentration of wastewater to other concentration of wastewater. Direct relation was observed in between pollution load and nutrient load of SHWW with biochemical profile of C. pyrenoidosa. The COD/BOD ratio (1.9) was found to be significant on the scale of degradability by algal biomass. Sufficient nutrient removal efficiencies (23-42%, 18-48%) and pollutant load efficiencies (17-31%, 7-29%) were observed. Findings showed that slaughterhouse wastewater is rich in nutrients, which can be utilized for algal biomass production and wastewater remediation for future endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Azam
- Bioenergy and Wastewater Treatment Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, U.P, India
| | - Richa Kothari
- Bioenergy and Wastewater Treatment Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, U.P, India; Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Samba, J&K, India.
| | - Har Mohan Singh
- School of Energy Management, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, J&K, India
| | - Shamshad Ahmad
- Bioenergy and Wastewater Treatment Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, U.P, India
| | | | - V V Tyagi
- School of Energy Management, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, J&K, India
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Generation of non-toxic, chemical functional bio-polymer for desalination, metal removal and antibacterial activities from animal meat by-product. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 58:159-165. [PMID: 33505060 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The meat industry produces a lot of waste, which contains large amounts of the organics and nutrients. Animal by-products have potential for biomaterial extraction. The use of bio-material, which can be obtained from plant sources, microorganisms, agricultural, and animal waste are nowadays favored because of their compatible, cost-effective, and low-risk for removal of pollutants, compared to chemical and physical methods. In this study, a biopolymer from meat by-product extracted by methanol-chloroform and characterized by FTIR, GC-MS, HPLC, and SDS-PAGE analyzes. The extracted biomaterial was useful in water desalination by calcium carbonate precipitation and heavy metals removal, which was confirmed by FTIR and ICP analyzes. The extracted biomaterial also has antibacterial properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli without toxicity to human blood cells, which can make it useful in industries such as its application in fish ponds.
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Baker BR, Mohamed R, Al-Gheethi A, Aziz HA. Advanced technologies for poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment: A systematic review. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2020.1721007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bakar Radhi Baker
- Micro-Pollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Malaysia
- Department of Structures and Water Resources, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
| | - Radin Mohamed
- Micro-Pollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Malaysia
| | - Adel Al-Gheethi
- Micro-Pollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Malaysia
| | - Hamidi Abdul Aziz
- School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
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17
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Salehi R, Chaiprapat S. Single-/triple-stage biotrickling filter treating a H 2S-rich biogas stream: Statistical analysis of the effect of empty bed retention time and liquid recirculation velocity. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:1429-1437. [PMID: 31343389 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2019.1645761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biogas containing H2S has limited use in electricity and heat production as H2S can be corrosive to metal equipment. Bio-filtration has proved to be a suitable technology for biogas desulfurization because of economical and environmental benefits over physicochemical techniques. In the present study, a response surface methodology using 32 full factorial design was employed to determine the effects of two operating parameters, namely empty bed retention time (EBRT: 100-180 sec) and liquid recirculation velocity (LRV: 2.4-7.1 m3 m-2 h-1) on H2S removal efficiency (%) in single-stage and triple-stage bio-trickling filters (SBTF and TBTF) treating an H2S-rich biogas. Quadratic model was found to be the best predictive model for H2S removal efficiency. The results indicated that H2S removal efficiency was significantly influenced by the synergistic effect of linear terms of EBRT and LRV with a greater effect associated with EBRT. However, the quadratic term of LRV had an antagonistic effect. The quadratic term of EBRT and cross-product term between EBRT and LRV did not exhibit a significant effect on H2S removal efficiency. The predicted values from the established models showed a close agreement with the experimental data with the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.99 for H2S removal efficiency in both SBTF and TBTF. Response analysis demonstrated that the performance of TBTF was superior compared to SBTF.Implications: Bio-trickling filter technology has gained a lot of attention for biogas desulfurization because it is economically and environmentally superior over chemical methods. Empty bed retention time (EBRT) and liquid recirculation velocity (LRV) are crucial variables influencing the performance of bio-trickling filters. In this work, the authors established a model that can properly predict H2S removal efficiency in a single/triple bio-trickling filter (SBTF and TBTF) treating H2S-rich biogas with regard to the individual and interaction effects between EBRT and LRV. Analysis with the help of response surface methodology indicated that TBTF was more efficient compared to SBTF for H2S removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Salehi
- Independent Researcher, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sumate Chaiprapat
- Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Campus, Hat Yai, Thailand
- PSU Energy Systems Research Institute, Research and Development Office, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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Sidabalok HA, Macfud M, Ramli N, Pandjaitan NK. Slaughterhouses sustainability analysis in special capital region of Jakarta Province, Indonesia. Vet World 2019; 12:748-757. [PMID: 31439988 PMCID: PMC6661482 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.748-757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The objective of this research was understanding slaughterhouses sustainability and the prospection status in special region of Jakarta Province Indonesia. Materials and Methods The concept of sustainable slaughterhouse was formed based on social, economy, ecology, technology, and institutional dimension. Research objects were three types of slaughterhouses in Special Capital Region of Jakarta Indonesia; pig slaughterhouse, chicken slaughterhouse, and ruminant slaughterhouse. Tools used were questionnaires to assess the perception of people living around slaughterhouses, assessment of the knowledge, attitude, and practice from slaughterhouse management, along with assessment and focus group discussion for sustainability test. Methods used were descriptive analysis and sustainability test by multidimensional scaling method. Data collected consisted of primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained by field survey, interview, questionnaire, measurement of the waste threshold, and microbe contamination, whereas secondary data were obtained from slaughterhouse agency. Data were analyzed with IBM statistical package for the social sciences (SPSSÒ) version 18 to calculate characteristic, variables correlation, sustainability test with RapfishÒ modified into Rap slaughterhouse, and prospective analysis with PPA. Results The level of sustainability for pig slaughterhouse was moderately sustainable with 0.5173 index value, ruminant slaughterhouse was moderately sustainable with 0.5171 index value, and chicken slaughterhouse was moderately unsustainable with 0.4530 index value. Conclusion Scenario on policies that should be applied in ruminant slaughterhouse was increasing the use of waste as biogas; for chicken slaughterhouse was increasing promotion and for pig slaughterhouse was increasing product quality control. The implication of this research was to provide input based on a scientific study for the local government of Jakarta in managing the slaughterhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Sidabalok
- Study Program of School of Environment Science, IPB Graduate School, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Macfud Macfud
- Department of Agroindustrial Technology Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - N Ramli
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Science Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - N K Pandjaitan
- Department of Communication and Community Development Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
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Al-Omari A, Farhan I, Kandakji T, Jibril F. Zarqa River pollution: impact on its quality. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:166. [PMID: 30772924 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pollutants released to the Zarqa River have been identified, quantified, and linked to their sources. The methodology included field observation of the river, collection of available quality data, literature review, and grab sampling. Identified pollution sources to the Zarqa River are wastewater treatment plants, overflow of wastewater pumping stations, and leaks from sewer lines and manholes that pass through the riverbed, in addition to industrial, commercial, domestic, and agricultural activities along the river course. The main pollutants released to the river from these sources are organics, nutrients, heavy metals, raw wastewater, solids, and solid waste. The results showed that the concentrations of organics, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in the river are within the Jordanian standards for reclaimed water use in restricted irrigation. Between the river confluence with As Samra wastewater treatment plant effluent and King Talal Dam, where the river water is used for restricted irrigation, B, Cr, Mn, and Ni have exceeded the Jordanian guidelines for reclaimed water use in irrigation; however, frequencies of exceedances were low. Immediately downstream of King Talal Dam, cadmium and nickel concentrations have exceeded the recommended limits once, while boron concentration has exceeded the recommended limit 15 times during the sampling period between 2003 and 2010. However, exceedances in this zone are expected to disappear after the river water mixes with King Abdulla Canal freshwater. The mixed water is then used for unrestricted irrigation in the middle Jordan Valley. Upstream of As Samra, where exceedances occurred more frequently, groundwater is used for irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Al-Omari
- Water, Energy and Environment Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Ibrahim Farhan
- Department of Geography, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Dlangamandla C, Ntwampe SKO, Basitere M. A bioflocculant-supported dissolved air flotation system for the removal of suspended solids, lipids and protein matter from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 78:452-458. [PMID: 30101780 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two previously identified isolates, i.e. Comamonas aquatica (BF-3) and Bacillus sp. BF-2, were determined to be suitable candidates to utilise in a bioflocculant-supported dissolved air flotation (Bio-DAF) system as a pretreatment system for poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW). A 2% (v/v) (bioflocculant:PSW) strategy was used for the DAF to reduce total suspended solids (TSS), lipids and proteins in the PSW, by supplementing the bioflocculants produced and the co-culture (C. aquatica BF-3 and Bacillus sp. BF-2) directly into the DAF. The Bio-DAF was able to reduce 91% TSS, 79% proteins and 93% lipids when the DAF system was operating at steady state, in comparison with a chemical DAF operated using 2% (v/v) alum that was able to only reduce 84% TSS, 71% proteins and 92% lipids. It was concluded that the Bio-DAF system worked efficiently for the removal of suspended solids, lipids and proteins, achieving better results than when alum was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dlangamandla
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, South Africa E-mail:
| | - S K O Ntwampe
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, South Africa E-mail:
| | - M Basitere
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, South Africa E-mail:
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21
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Madureira J, Melo R, Pimenta AI, Verde SC, Borrely SI. Evaluation of e-beam irradiation effects on the toxicity of slaughterhouse wastewaters. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:873-877. [PMID: 28357925 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1313887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Slaughterhouse industry produces large volumes of polluted wastewater, which cause negative impacts on the environment. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of electron-beam irradiation on the ecotoxicity of slaughterhouse effluents with absorbed doses up to 35 kGy. Two acute toxicity assays were applied to evaluate the efficiency of irradiation onto toxicity of wastewater. The exposed living-organisms were a luminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri, and a freshwater microcrustacean Daphnia similis. Also, the total organic carbon was analysed in order to determine any possible organic carbon removal after irradiation. The ecotoxicological results evidenced that both living-organisms were suitable for the measurements. Therefore, the results demonstrated the toxicity of the effluent and its similarity for both organisms as well as the potential of radiation to reduce these effects. The 35 kGy dose was very effective for reducing toxic effects of slaughterhouse wastewater for daphnids suggesting that ionizing radiation could be used as a tool for removing toxic charge of such effluents. The type of contamination presented by the effluent justify the needs for alternatives of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Madureira
- a Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico , Universidade de Lisboa , Loures , Portugal
| | - Rita Melo
- a Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico , Universidade de Lisboa , Loures , Portugal
| | - Andreia I Pimenta
- a Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico , Universidade de Lisboa , Loures , Portugal
| | - Sandra Cabo Verde
- a Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico , Universidade de Lisboa , Loures , Portugal
| | - Sueli I Borrely
- b Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP , Radiation Technology Center, CTR , São Paulo , Brazil
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22
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Naderi KV, Bustillo-Lecompte CF, Mehrvar M, Abdekhodaie MJ. Combined UV-C/H 2O 2-VUV processes for the treatment of an actual slaughterhouse wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:314-325. [PMID: 28277086 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1281650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design with response surface methodology were used to maximize the TOC removal and minimize the H2O2 residual in the effluent of the combined UV-C/H2O2-VUV system for the treatment of an actual slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) collected from one of the meat processing plants in Ontario, Canada. The irradiation time and the initial concentrations of total organic carbon (TOCo) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2o) were the three predictors, as independent variables, studied in the design of experiments. The multiple response approach was used to obtain desirability response surfaces at the optimum factor settings. Subsequently, the optimum conditions to achieve the maximum percentage TOC removal of 46.19% and minimum H2O2 residual of 1.05% were TOCo of 213 mg L-1, H2O2o of 450 mg L-1, and irradiation time of 9 min. The attained optimal operating conditions were validated with a complementary test. Consequently, the TOC removal of 45.68% and H2O2 residual of 1.03% were achieved experimentally, confirming the statistical model reliability. Three individual processes, VUV alone, VUV/H2O2, and UV-C/H2O2, were also evaluated to compare their performance for the treatment of the actual SWW using the optimum parameters obtained in combined UV-C/H2O2-VUV processes. Results confirmed that an adequate combination of the UV-C/H2O2-VUV processes is essential for an optimized TOC removal and H2O2 residual. Finally, respirometry analyses were also performed to evaluate the biodegradability of the SWW and the BOD removal efficiency of the combined UV-C/H2O2-VUV processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambiz Vaezzadeh Naderi
- a Graduate Programs in Environmental Applied Science and Management , Ryerson University , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | | | - Mehrab Mehrvar
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , Ryerson University , Toronto , ON , Canada
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