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Rafat N, Satoh P, Worden RM. Electrochemical Biosensor for Markers of Neurological Esterase Inhibition. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11110459. [PMID: 34821676 PMCID: PMC8615868 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel, integrated experimental and modeling framework was applied to an inhibition-based bi-enzyme (IBE) electrochemical biosensor to detect acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors that may trigger neurological diseases. The biosensor was fabricated by co-immobilizing AChE and tyrosinase (Tyr) on the gold working electrode of a screen-printed electrode (SPE) array. The reaction chemistry included a redox-recycle amplification mechanism to improve the biosensor's current output and sensitivity. A mechanistic mathematical model of the biosensor was used to simulate key diffusion and reaction steps, including diffusion of AChE's reactant (phenylacetate) and inhibitor, the reaction kinetics of the two enzymes, and electrochemical reaction kinetics at the SPE's working electrode. The model was validated by showing that it could reproduce a steady-state biosensor current as a function of the inhibitor (PMSF) concentration and unsteady-state dynamics of the biosensor current following the addition of a reactant (phenylacetate) and inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride). The model's utility for characterizing and optimizing biosensor performance was then demonstrated. It was used to calculate the sensitivity of the biosensor's current output and the redox-recycle amplification factor as a function of experimental variables. It was used to calculate dimensionless Damkohler numbers and current-control coefficients that indicated the degree to which individual diffusion and reaction steps limited the biosensor's output current. Finally, the model's utility in designing IBE biosensors and operating conditions that achieve specific performance criteria was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Rafat
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 428 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (N.R.); (P.S.)
- The Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Dr, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Paul Satoh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 428 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (N.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Robert Mark Worden
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 428 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (N.R.); (P.S.)
- The Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Dr, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Dr, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Shauloff N, Teradal NL, Jelinek R. Porous Graphene Oxide-Metal Ion Composite for Selective Sensing of Organophosphate Gases. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1573-1581. [PMID: 32449345 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates are used as agricultural pesticides and also encountered as toxic nerve agents in chemical warfare. Accordingly, development of sensors for detecting and monitoring organophosphate vapors is highly sought after. We present a new capacitive gas sensor exhibiting remarkable specificity and sensitivity toward the organophosphate nerve gas simulants triethyl-phosphate (TEP) and dimethyl methyl phosphate and the pesticide dichlorvos. Specifically, the capacitive sensor comprises a composite porous graphene oxide matrix intercalating cobalt or nickel ions, prepared through a simple freeze-drying procedure. We demonstrate that the porous graphene oxide/metal ion electrode undergoes fast capacitance changes only upon exposure to organophosphate vapors. Moreover, the sensor exhibits extraordinary sensitivity upon interactions with TEP. Detailed mechanistic analyses, carried out in comparison to porous graphene oxide coupled to other transition metal ions, reveal that the remarkable sensing properties of the Co2+ or Ni2+/porous graphene oxide systems likely arise from the distinct mode of metal ion incorporation into the graphene oxide host matrix and substitution of metal-complexed water ligands with organophosphate molecules. The new metal ion/porous graphene oxide capacitive sensor may be employed for alerting and monitoring organophosphate gases in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Shauloff
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Nagappa L. Teradal
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanotechnology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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Xiang H, Cai Q, Li Y, Zhang Z, Cao L, Li K, Yang H. Sensors Applied for the Detection of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Freshwaters. JOURNAL OF SENSORS 2020; 2020:1-22. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8503491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Water is essential for every life living on the planet. However, we are facing a more serious situation such as water pollution since the industrial revolution. Fortunately, many efforts have been done to alleviate/restore water quality in freshwaters. Numerous sensors have been developed to monitor the dynamic change of water quality for ecological, early warning, and protection reasons. In the present review, we briefly introduced the pollution status of two major pollutants, i.e., pesticides and heavy metals, in freshwaters worldwide. Then, we collected data on the sensors applied to detect the two categories of pollutants in freshwaters. Special focuses were given on the sensitivity of sensors indicated by the limit of detection (LOD), sensor types, and applied waterbodies. Our results showed that most of the sensors can be applied for stream and river water. The average LOD was72.53±12.69 ng/ml (n=180) for all pesticides, which is significantly higher than that for heavy metals (65.36±47.51 ng/ml,n=117). However, the LODs of a considerable part of pesticides and heavy metal sensors were higher than the criterion maximum concentration for aquatic life or the maximum contaminant limit concentration for drinking water. For pesticide sensors, the average LODs did not differ among insecticides (63.83±17.42 ng/ml,n=87), herbicides (98.06±23.39 ng/ml,n=71), and fungicides (24.60±14.41 ng/ml,n=22). The LODs that differed among sensor types with biosensors had the highest sensitivity, while electrochemical optical and biooptical sensors showed the lowest sensitivity. The sensitivity of heavy metal sensors varied among heavy metals and sensor types. Most of the sensors were targeted on lead, cadmium, mercury, and copper using electrochemical methods. These results imply that future development of pesticides and heavy metal sensors should (1) enhance the sensitivity to meet the requirements for the protection of aquatic ecosystems and human health and (2) cover more diverse pesticides and heavy metals especially those toxic pollutants that are widely used and frequently been detected in freshwaters (e.g., glyphosate, fungicides, zinc, chromium, and arsenic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyong Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Qinghua Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Northwest Land and Resources Research Center, Shaanxi Normal Northwest University, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Lina Cao
- Ecology and Environment Department of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Kun Li
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- School of Life Science and Geology, Yili Normal University, Yili, Xinjiang 835000, China
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HUA QT, SHIBATA H, HIRUTA Y, CITTERIO D. Flow Control-based 3D μPADs for Organophosphate Pesticide Detection. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:393-399. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quoc Trung HUA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Hiroyuki SHIBATA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Yuki HIRUTA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Daniel CITTERIO
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
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Al-Qasmi N, Hameed A, Khan AN, Aslam M, Ismail IM, Soomro MT. Mercury meniscus on solid silver amalgam electrode as a sensitive electrochemical sensor for tetrachlorvinphos. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ghodsi J, Rafati AA. A voltammetric sensor for diazinon pesticide based on electrode modified with TiO2 nanoparticles covered multi walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Stoytcheva M, Zlatev R, Montero G, Velkova Z, Gochev V. A nanotechnological approach to biosensors sensitivity improvement: application to organophosphorus pesticides determination. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1389618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Stoytcheva
- Instituto De Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma De Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico
| | - Roumen Zlatev
- Instituto De Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma De Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico
| | - Gisela Montero
- Instituto De Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma De Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico
| | - Zdravka Velkova
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Velizar Gochev
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University “P. Hilendarski”, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Appah E, Elzey B, Fakayode SO. Investigation of the binding and simultaneous quantifications of propanil and bromoxynil herbicide concentrations in human serum albumin. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:495-504. [PMID: 28541121 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1303323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study reported the use of UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy and partial-least-square (PLS) multivariate regression for accurate and simultaneous quantifications of two widely used herbicides, propanil, 3',4'-dichloropropionanilide (PPL) and bromoxynil, 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (BXL) in human serum albumin (HSA) at physiological conditions. The binding affinity and thermodynamic properties of PPL-HSA and BXL-HSA complexes were also investigated. Partial-least-square (PLS) regression was used to collate the variability in the absorption or emission spectra of PPL-HSA and BXL-HSA complexes with PPL and/or BXL concentrations in HSA samples. The binding constants of 7.66× 108 M-1 for PPL-HSA and 4.88× 106 M-1 for BXL-HSA complexes were calculated at physiological conditions (temperature, 310 K; pH 7.4). Thermodynamic parameter values: enthalpy (ΔH) (13.99 kJ mol-1), entropy (ΔS) (0.078 kJ mol-1 K-1), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) (-10.19 kJ mol-1) were determined for PPL-HSA complexation at physiological conditions. However, differences in thermodynamic property values of: ΔH (-214.3 kJ mol-1), ΔS (-0.563 kJ mol-1 K-1), and ΔG (-39.70 kJ mol-1) were observed for BXL-HSA complexes. The binding constants and negative ΔG values indicated strong binding affinity and thermodynamically favorability of PPL-HSA and BXL-HSA complex formation. Results of the PLS regression calibration showed good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.998289), high sensitivity, and impressive low limit-of-detections (LODs) of 1.38× 10-8 M for PPL and 1.68× 10-8 M for BXL that are comparable and/or lower than many previously reported LODs for herbicide and pesticide analyses. Most importantly, PLS regression is capable of simultaneous quantifications of PPL and BXL concentrations in HSA samples with good accuracy and low errors of 3.66%. UV-visible spectrophotometers and spectrofluorometers are fairly inexpensive, easy to use, and are readily available in almost every laboratory, making this protocol excellent and affordable for routine analysis of weed/pest control chemical residues in humans. The results of this study are significant and remarkable that will provide critical insight into the binding mechanism of herbicide toxicity in humans and non-target organisms, which are of special interest in the area of biomedical study, environmental risk assessment, and ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Appah
- a Department of Chemistry , North Carolina A&T State University , Greensboro , North Carolina , USA
| | - Brianda Elzey
- a Department of Chemistry , North Carolina A&T State University , Greensboro , North Carolina , USA
| | - Sayo O Fakayode
- a Department of Chemistry , North Carolina A&T State University , Greensboro , North Carolina , USA
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Kaur N, Prabhakar N. Current scenario in organophosphates detection using electrochemical biosensors. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Bapat G, Labade C, Chaudhari A, Zinjarde S. Silica nanoparticle based techniques for extraction, detection, and degradation of pesticides. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 237:1-14. [PMID: 27780560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) find applications in the fields of drug delivery, catalysis, immobilization and sensing. Their synthesis can be mediated in a facile manner and they display broad range compatibility and stability. Their existence in the form of spheres, wires and sheets renders them suitable for varied purposes. This review summarizes the use of silica nanostructures in developing techniques for extraction, detection and degradation of pesticides. Silica nanostructures on account of their sorbent properties, porous nature and increased surface area allow effective extraction of pesticides. They can be modified (with ionic liquids, silanes or amines), coated with molecularly imprinted polymers or magnetized to improve the extraction of pesticides. Moreover, they can be altered to increase their sensitivity and stability. In addition to the analysis of pesticides by sophisticated techniques such as High Performance Liquid Chromatography or Gas chromatography, silica nanoparticles related simple detection methods are also proving to be effective. Electrochemical and optical detection based on enzymes (acetylcholinesterase and organophosphate hydrolase) or antibodies have been developed. Pesticide sensors dependent on fluorescence, chemiluminescence or Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic responses are also SiNP based. Moreover, degradative enzymes (organophosphate hydrolases, carboxyesterases and laccases) and bacterial cells that produce recombinant enzymes have been immobilized on SiNPs for mediating pesticide degradation. After immobilization, these systems show increased stability and improved degradation. SiNP are significant in developing systems for effective extraction, detection and degradation of pesticides. SiNPs on account of their chemically inert nature and amenability to surface modifications makes them popular tools for fabricating devices for 'on-site' applications.
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11
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Biosensors and their applications in detection of organophosphorus pesticides in the environment. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:109-130. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Nesakumar N, Ramachandra BL, Sethuraman S, Krishnan UM, Rayappan JBB. Evaluation of Inhibition Efficiency for the Detection of Captan, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Pentachlorophenol and Carbosulfan in Water: An Electrochemical Approach. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 96:217-223. [PMID: 26611369 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1705-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel bio-analytical method has been devised based on the change in catalytic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme induced by captan, carbosulfan, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) for the investigation of inhibition efficiency and sensitivity using Pt/ZnO/AChE/Chitosan bioelectrode. The inhibition curves of captan, carbosulfan, TCDD and PCP were similar to Michaelis-Menten curve. TCDD held the minimum inhibitor Michaelis-Menten constant ([Formula: see text]) value (10.2 nM) in comparison with PCP (10.9 nM), carbosulfan (14.5 nM) and captan (7.9 × 10(3) nM). The maximum inhibition of AChE enzyme by captan was about 100 %, which was much higher than that of TCDD (72.7 %), PCP (68.1 %) and carbosulfan (47.7 %). The calculated theoretical sensitivity was in the order of TCDD > PCP > carbosulfan > captan. Comparing with TCDD (35.3 %), PCP (47.8 %) and carbosulfan (20.9 %), only the inhibition efficiency of captan (55.0 %) was the maximum. The developed bioelectrode exhibited high recovery and low relative standard deviation in local tap water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Nesakumar
- Nanosensors Lab, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
| | - Bhat Lakshmishri Ramachandra
- Nanosensors Lab, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India
| | - John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan
- Nanosensors Lab, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India.
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India.
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613 401, India.
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PEREIRA NDM, OLIVEIRA FMD, PEREIRA NR, VERLY RM, SOUTO DEP, KUBOTA LT, TANAKA AA, DAMOS FS, LUZ RDCS. Ultrasensitive Biosensor for Detection of Organophosphorus Pesticides Based on a Macrocycle Complex/Carbon Nanotubes Composite and 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate as Binder Compound. ANAL SCI 2015; 31:29-35. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Si Y, Zhang N, Sun Z, Li S, Zhao L, Li R, Wang H. A phosphorylation-sensitive tyrosine-tailored magnetic particle for electrochemically probing free organophosphates in blood. Analyst 2014; 139:5466-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01074d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation-sensitive tyrosine was coated onto Fe3O4 particles, resulting in a “lab-on-a-particle”-based electrochemical detection protocol for probing free organophosphates in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Si
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu City, P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu City, P. R. China
| | - Zongzhao Sun
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu City, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Li
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu City, P. R. China
| | - Liyang Zhao
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu City, P. R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu City, P. R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu City, P. R. China
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