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Klementova S, Poncarova M. Selected widely prescribed pharmaceuticals: toxicity of the drugs and the products of their photochemical degradation to aquatic organisms. J Appl Biomed 2024; 22:1-11. [PMID: 38505965 DOI: 10.32725/jab.2024.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-lowering drugs, antidiabetics, antiarrhythmics, antidepressants, and antibiotics belong to the most prescribed drugs worldwide. Because of the manufacture, excretion, and improper disposal of leftover drugs, the drugs enter waste waters and, subsequently, surface waters. They have been detected in surface waters all over the world, from concentrations of ng/l to concentrations several orders of magnitude higher. Since pharmaceuticals are designed to be both biologically and chemically stable, photochemical degradation by sun radiation represents a way of transformation in the natural environment. This review provides a survey of how selected drugs of the above-mentioned classes affect aquatic organisms of different trophic level. The emphasis is on the harmful effects of phototransformation products, an area of scientific investigation that has only attracted attention in the past few years, revealing the surprising fact that products of photochemical degradation might be even more toxic to aquatic organisms than the parent drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarka Klementova
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Poncarova
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Royano S, de la Torre A, Navarro I, Martínez MÁ. Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in surface water: Occurrence, trends and risk assessment in the Tagus River Basin (Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167422. [PMID: 37774880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the presence of 23 pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) including antibiotics, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, psychiatric and cardiovascular drugs, antifungals and metabolites was investigated in surface waters. A total of 89 samples were collected during 3 years (2020, 2021 and 2022) from a European representative river basin (Tagus, Spain). To elucidate PhAC potential sources, sampling points located in areas with low, median and high anthropogenic influence were selected. The analytical method based on solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis was validated meeting SANTE/2020/12830 and SANTE/12682/2019 performance criteria. PhACs were quantified above limits of quantification (LOQs) in 96 % of water samples, being the antihypertensives valsartan (648 ng/L, 87 % quantification frequency) and irbesartan (390 ng/L, 75 %) and the antidepressant o-desmethylvenlafaxine (495 ng/L, 76 %) the predominant pollutants. The rest of the target PhACs showed median concentrations between 4 and 172 ng/L with quantification frequencies ranging from 35 to 75 %. ∑PhAC concentrations did not show temporal or seasonal trends. However, valsartan and naproxen presented lower levels in drier (spring and summer) compared to the wetter. Source identification revealed a clear anthropogenic origin since concentrations obtained in highly populated areas were statistically higher (p < 0.01) than those quantified in sparsely populated ones. This finding was also confirmed by calculating PhACs mass flow rates, which ranged between 1.4 and 235 kg/y. Finally, data generated were used to estimate the potential risk to the aquatic ecosystem for three trophic levels (phototrophic, invertebrate and vertebrate organisms). Risk quotient ratios (RQs) were calculated for all PhACs at the median (P50) and worst-case (max) scenarios. Up to 7 PhACs (acetaminophen, carbamazepine, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, irbesartan, ketoprofen and venlafaxine) showed high risk for the highest trophic level (fish) in >45 % of investigated locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Royano
- Unit of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Pollutants in the Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain; International Doctoral School of the UNED (EIDUNED), National University of Distance Education (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián de la Torre
- Unit of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Pollutants in the Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Irene Navarro
- Unit of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Pollutants in the Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Martínez
- Unit of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Pollutants in the Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Loll A, Reinwald H, Ayobahan SU, Göckener B, Salinas G, Schäfers C, Schlich K, Hamscher G, Eilebrecht S. Short-Term Test for Toxicogenomic Analysis of Ecotoxic Modes of Action in Lemna minor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11504-11515. [PMID: 35926083 PMCID: PMC9386900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the environmental risk assessment of substances, toxicity to aquatic plants is evaluated using, among other methods, the 7 dayLemna sp. growth inhibition test following the OECD TG 221. So far, the test is not applicable for short-term screening of toxicity, nor does it allow evaluation of toxic modes of action (MoA). The latter is also complicated by the lack of knowledge of gene functions in the test species. Using ecotoxicogenomics, we developed a time-shortened 3 day assay inLemna minor which allows discrimination of ecotoxic MoA. By examining the changes in gene expression induced by low effect concentrations of the pharmaceutical atorvastatin and the herbicide bentazon at the transcriptome and proteome levels, we were able to identify candidate biomarkers for the respective MoA. We developed a homology-based functional annotation pipeline for the reference genome ofL. minor, which allowed overrepresentation analysis of the gene ontologies affected by both test compounds. Genes affected by atorvastatin mainly influenced lipid synthesis and metabolism, whereas the bentazon-responsive genes were mainly involved in light response. Our approach is therefore less time-consuming but sensitive and allows assessment of MoA in L. minor. Using this shortened assay, investigation of expression changes of the identified candidate biomarkers may allow the development of MoA-specific screening approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Loll
- Fraunhofer
Attract Eco’n’OMICs, Fraunhofer
Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Auf dem Aberg 1, Schmallenberg 57392, Germany
- Institute
of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Hannes Reinwald
- Fraunhofer
Attract Eco’n’OMICs, Fraunhofer
Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Auf dem Aberg 1, Schmallenberg 57392, Germany
- Department
Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Steve U. Ayobahan
- Fraunhofer
Attract Eco’n’OMICs, Fraunhofer
Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Auf dem Aberg 1, Schmallenberg 57392, Germany
| | - Bernd Göckener
- Department
of Food and Feed Safety, Fraunhofer Institute
for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg 57392, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS-Services
for Integrative Genomics, University of
Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Christoph Schäfers
- Department
Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for
Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg 57392, Germany
| | - Karsten Schlich
- Department
Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for
Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg 57392, Germany
| | - Gerd Hamscher
- Institute
of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eilebrecht
- Fraunhofer
Attract Eco’n’OMICs, Fraunhofer
Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Auf dem Aberg 1, Schmallenberg 57392, Germany
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Ping S, Lin W, Liu A, Gao Z, Lin H, Ren Y. Ultraviolet photolysis of four typical cardiovascular drugs: mechanisms, influencing factors, degradation pathways, and toxicity trends. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:60663-60675. [PMID: 34164790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15000-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cardiovascular drugs (CDDs), such as metoprolol (MET), atenolol (ATE), bezafibrate (BZB), and atorvastatin (ATO), have been frequently detected in the water environment. They can cause potential threats to the ecological environment and human health due to their "pseudo-persistence" effect. In this study, the photolysis kinetics, degradation mechanisms, by-products, influencing factors, and acute toxicity of these four typical CDDs under polychromatic ultraviolet irradiation (200-400 nm) were investigated. The results showed that the photolysis of ATE, BZB, MET, and ATO all followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, and their average photon quantum yields of the wavelength studied were 0.14×10-2, 0.33×10-3, 0.78×10-4, and 0.24×10-4 mol einstein-1, respectively. Singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl radical (·OH), and the triplet-excited state of the cardiovascular drug (3CDD*) were all involved in the photolysis while 1O2 was the dominator. The effects of NO3-, Cl-, HCO3-, and humic acid (HA) on the photolysis were the combination of light-shielding, quenching, and excitation of reactive species. Seven, four, four, and nine photolysis products of ATO, BZB, ATE, and MET were identified, respectively, and their possible degradation pathways were proposed. The acute toxicity of ATE was basically unchanged during photolysis; however, ATO, BZB, and MET toxicity all increased due to the generation of ketonization and hydroxylation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senwen Ping
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenting Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Anchen Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhihan Gao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Han Lin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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