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Alkuraythi DM, Alkhulaifi MM, Binjomah AZ, Alarwi M, Mujallad MI, Alharbi SA, Alshomrani M, Gojobori T, Alajel SM. Comparative genomic analysis of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients and retail meat. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1339339. [PMID: 38282615 PMCID: PMC10811269 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1339339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Staphylococcus aureus is a significant human pathogen that poses a threat to public health due to its association with foodborne contamination and a variety of infections. The factors contributing to the pathogenicity of S. aureus include virulence, drug resistance, and toxin production, making it essential to monitor their prevalence and genetic profiles. This study investigated and compared the genomic characteristics of S. aureus isolates from retail meat and patients in Saudi Arabia. Methods A total of 136 S. aureus isolates were obtained between October 2021 and June 2022:84 from patients and 53 from meat samples in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. S. aureus isolates were identified using conventional methods and MALDI-TOF MS, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was identified using VITEK2 and BD Phoenix systems. MRSA was confirmed phenotypically using chromogenic agar, and genotypically by detecting mecA. Genomic data were analyzed using BactopiaV2 pipeline, local BLAST, and MLST databases. Results Antibiotic resistance genes were prevalent in both meat and patient S. aureus isolates, with high prevalence of tet38, blaZ, and fosB. Notably, all S. aureus isolates from patients carried multidrug-resistant (MDR) genes, and a high percentage of S. aureus isolates from meat also harbored MDR genes. Phenotypically, 43% of the S. aureus isolates from meat and 100% of the patients' isolates were MDR. Enterotoxin genes, including selX, sem, and sei, exhibited high compatibility between meat and patient S. aureus isolates. Virulence genes such as cap, hly/hla, sbi, and isd were found in all S. aureus isolates from both sources. Conclusion Our study established a genetic connection between S. aureus isolates from meat and patients, showing shared antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. The presence of these genes in meat derived isolates underscores its role as a reservoir. Genomic relatedness also suggests potential transmission of resistance between different settings. These findings emphasize the necessity for a comprehensive approach to monitor and control S. aureus infections in both animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal M. Alkuraythi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal M. Alkhulaifi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahab Z. Binjomah
- Microbiology Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alarwi
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saleh Ali Alharbi
- Microbiology Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Alshomrani
- Microbiology Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman M. Alajel
- Reference Laboratory for Microbiology, Executive Department for Reference Laboratories, Research and Laboratories Sector, Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alnafisah R, Alnasiri F, Alzaharni S, Alshikhi I, Alqahtani A. Food Safety Practices during Hajj: On-Site Inspections of Food-Serving Establishments. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:480. [PMID: 37888608 PMCID: PMC10610560 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of crowds during Hajj increases the risk of foodborne infection. Yet, research on the practices of food handlers during Hajj is limited. This study aimed to assess compliance with food safety practices and its associated factors during Hajj 2022. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in Mecca and Madinah before and during Hajj 2022 and involved 195 food-serving establishments (FSEs) contracted for Hajj catering. Collected data included visit time, establishment location, licensure, whether food handlers had food safety training (professional training), and whether FSEs were under supervision from a consulting office (professional supervision). The included FSEs were 168/195 (86.2%). Two-thirds of FSEs surveyed (113, 67.3%) were under professional supervision, and 91 (54.2%) hired trained food safety workers. Compliance rates varied between outcomes (72.67 ± 17.21% to 88.3 ± 18.8%). Compared to Mecca, Madinah FSEs were more adherent to cleanliness (80.5 ± 27.9% vs. 91.5 ± 19.9%, respectively, p = 0.006). FSEs with trained workers were more likely to comply with proper food safety practices compared to those with untrained workers: cleanliness (OR: 7.2, 95% CI [2.6-20.23], p < 0.001); workers' commitment to health requirements (OR: 2.8, 95% CI [1.1-6.9], p = 0.025); handling of refrigerated and frozen food (OR: 5.27, 95% CI [1.83-15.20], p = 0.004); and food storage practices (OR: 12.5, 95% CI [2.0-12.5], p < 0.001). The role of professional training in increasing food safety practices compliance was highlighted. FSEs in Madinah were more compliant with food safety practices than those in Mecca. Therefore, Mecca FSEs may need stringent safety measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyuf Alnafisah
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (S.A.); (I.A.)
| | | | | | | | - Amani Alqahtani
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (S.A.); (I.A.)
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A Bukhari M, M Banasser T, El-Bali M, A Bulkhi R, A Qamash R, Trenganno A, Khayyat M, A Kurdi M, Al Majrashi A, Bahewareth F. Assessment of microbiological quality of food preparation process in some restaurants of Makkah city. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5993-5997. [PMID: 34588916 PMCID: PMC8459123 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiological contamination of food processing surfaces and utensils increases considerably the risk of food-borne illnesses via cross-contamination. Hence, the safety of served meals and beverages can be evaluated through the assessment of the microbiological quality of food contact surfaces in food-serving establishments. This study carried out in Makkah city aimed to assess the microbiological contamination levels on food processing surfaces and utensils in 43 restaurants from the 9 main districts in the city. A total of 294 swab preparations were taken from 16 types of food contact surfaces including cutting boards, food containers, knives, serving dishes and other utensils were examined. Ninety samples (31%) showed more than 10 CFU/cm2 which were considered positive for microbiological contamination. Meat chopping devices and cutting boards were found as the most contaminated food contact surfaces (60% and 50%), while washed serving dishes and fridge handles were the least contaminated (21% and 18%). Microorganisms detected in the study were Klebsiella spp. (18.7%), Escherichia coli (17,7%), Staphylococcus aureus (4,4%), Pseudomonas spp. (1.7%), Proteus spp. (0.7%), Bacillus cereus (0.7%), and Candida sp. (0.3%). Klebsiella spp. and E. coli were observed in at least one sample from each of the sixteen different food contact surfaces. The incidence of restaurants with contaminated food contact surfaces was significantly variable among the different districts, with a value as high as 57% in the most affected district and 20% in the less affected. No contamination with Salmonella spp. or Listeria spp. was detected, however, the detection of Bacillus cereus, a toxin-forming microorganism, in two different restaurants underlines the need for continuous microbiological assessment to ensure standard sanitation levels in restaurants and catering establishments of Makkah city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdouh A Bukhari
- Regional Laboratory of Makkah, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talib M Banasser
- Regional Laboratory of Makkah, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed El-Bali
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha A Bulkhi
- Regional Laboratory of Makkah, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razaz A Qamash
- Regional Laboratory of Makkah, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Trenganno
- Regional Laboratory of Makkah, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher Khayyat
- Regional Laboratory of Makkah, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Kurdi
- Regional Laboratory of Makkah, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al Majrashi
- Regional Laboratory of Makkah, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayez Bahewareth
- King Faisal Hospital, Makkah, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA. The Emergence, Persistence, and Dissemination of Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria in Environmental Hajj Settings and Implications for Public Health. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:33. [PMID: 33802167 PMCID: PMC8005974 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is causing the loss of what was once considered the miracle cure. The transmission of antimicrobial resistance during mass gathering is a potential threat in addition to other infectious diseases. Here, we review the English language literature on the rate and the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance during the Hajj. There is a variable incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacteriaceae. There had been no report of multi-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Continued surveillance of antimicrobial resistance coupled with public health measures are needed to decrease the rate of emergence of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq
- Specialty Internal Medicine and Quality Division, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia;
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21093, USA
| | - Ziad A. Memish
- Director Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
- Al-Faisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Gautret P, Benkouiten S, Sridhar S, Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA. Diarrhea at the Hajj and Umrah. Travel Med Infect Dis 2015; 13:159-66. [PMID: 25765485 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to summarize the incidence and etiology of diarrheal illness among pilgrims attending the Hajj and Umrah. Gastroenteritis and diarrhea have been potential threats during previous Hajj pilgrimages. The last cases of Hajj related cholera were reported in 1989. Currently, respiratory tract infections account for the majority of health problems during the Hajj. This shift in epidemiology reflects the improvement of sanitary conditions in Saudi Arabia in general, and at religious sites in particular. Nevertheless, gastrointestinal diseases, food-poisoning outbreaks, and diarrhea continue to occur among pilgrims. Available studies about diarrhea among Hajj pilgrims indicate a mean prevalence of 2% with the highest prevalence of 23% among a group of French pilgrims in 2013. There is an obvious lack of information about the etiology of diarrheal disease at the Hajj. Further studies addressing this issue in hospitalized patients as well as prospective cohort studies would be of interest. During the Hajj, hand washing is regularly carried out by pilgrims under a ritual purification, often called ablution. We recommend implementation of effective hand hygiene practices focusing on the regular use of alcohol-based hand rubs, as they require less time than traditional hand washing, act more rapidly, and contribute to sustained improvement in compliance associated with decreased infection rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gautret
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Samir Benkouiten
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Shruti Sridhar
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA. Potential risk for drug resistance globalization at the Hajj. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 21:109-14. [PMID: 25682276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics were once considered the miracle cure for infectious diseases. The tragedy would be the loss of these miracles as we witness increased antibiotic resistance throughout the world. One of the concerns during mass gatherings is the transmission of antibiotic resistance. Hajj is one of the most common recurring mass gatherings, attracting millions of people from around the world. The transmission of drug-resistant organisms during the Hajj is not well described. In the current review, we summarize the available literature on the transmission and acquisition of antibiotic resistance during the Hajj and present possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Al-Tawfiq
- Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Z A Memish
- Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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