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McMillan HP, Lundy FT, Dunne OM, McLoughlin KJ, About I, Curtis TM, El Karim I. Immunological isolation and characterization of neuronal progenitors from human dental pulp: A laboratory-based investigation. Int Endod J 2024; 57:1136-1146. [PMID: 38713428 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) contain a population of stem cells with a broad range of differentiation potentials, as well as more lineage-committed progenitors. Such heterogeneity is a significant obstacle to experimental and clinical applications. The aim of this study is to isolate and characterize a homogenous neuronal progenitor cell population from human DPSCs. METHODOLOGY Polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM+) neural progenitors were isolated from the dental pulp of three independent donors using magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) technology. Immunofluorescent staining with a panel of neural and non-neural markers was used to characterize the magnetically isolated PSA-NCAM+ fraction. PSA-NCAM+ cells were then cultured in Neurobasal A supplemented with neurotrophic factors: dibutyryl cyclic-AMP, neurotrophin-3, B27 and N2 supplements to induce neuronal differentiation. Both PSA-NCAM+ and differentiated PSA-NCAM+ cells were used in Ca2+ imaging studies to assess the functionality of P2X3 receptors as well as membrane depolarization. RESULTS PSA-NCAM+ neural progenitors were isolated from a heterogeneous population of hDPSCs using magnetic-activated cell sorting and anti-PSA-NCAM MicroBeads. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that immunomagnetic sorting significantly increased the purity of PSA-NCAM+ cells. Immunofluorescent staining revealed expression of pan-neuronal and mature neuronal markers, PGP9.5 and MAP2, respectively, as well as weak expression of the mature sensory markers, peripherin and islet1. ATP-induced response was mediated predominately by P2X3 receptors in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells, with a greater magnitude observed in the latter. In addition, membrane depolarizations were also detected in cells before and after differentiation when loaded with fast-voltage-responding fluorescent molecule, FluoVolt™ in response to potassium chloride. Interestingly, only differentiated PSA-NCAM+ cells were capable of spontaneous membrane oscillations. CONCLUSIONS In summary, DPSCs contain a population of neuronal progenitors with enhanced neural differentiation and functional neural-like properties that can be effectively isolated with magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley P McMillan
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Fionnuala T Lundy
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Orla M Dunne
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Kiran John McLoughlin
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Imad About
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Institute of Movement Sciences, Marseille, France
| | - T M Curtis
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ikhlas El Karim
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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2
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Wang Z, Huang M, Zhang Y, Jiang X, Xu L. Comparison of Biological Properties and Clinical Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from the Mesoderm and Ectoderm. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:4547875. [PMID: 37333060 PMCID: PMC10276766 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4547875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the 1970s, they have been widely used in the treatment of a variety of diseases because of their wide sources, strong differentiation potential, rapid expansion in vitro, low immunogenicity, and so on. At present, most of the related research is on mesoderm-derived MSCs (M-MSCs) such as bone marrow MSCs and adipose-derived MSCs. As a type of MSC, ectoderm-derived MSCs (E-MSCs) have a stronger potential for self-renewal, multidirectional differentiation, and immunomodulation and have more advantages than M-MSCs in some specific conditions. This paper analyzes the relevant research development of E-MSCs compared with that of M-MSCs; summarizes the extraction, discrimination and culture, biological characteristics, and clinical application of E-MSCs; and discusses the application prospects of E-MSCs. This summary provides a theoretical basis for the better application of MSCs from both ectoderm and mesoderm in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenning Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Meng Huang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lulu Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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3
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Darvishi M, Hamidabadi HG, Bojnordi MN, Saeednia S, Zahiri M, Niapour A, Alizadeh R. Differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells into functional motor neuron: In vitro and ex vivo study. Tissue Cell 2021; 72:101542. [PMID: 33964606 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There are several therapeutic options for spinal cord injury (SCI), among these strategies stem cell therapy is a potential treatment. The stem cells based therapies have been investigating in acute phase of clinical trials for promoting spinal repair in humans through replacement of functional neuronal and glial cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hDPSCs) into functional motor neuron like cells (MNLCs) and promote neuroregeneration by stimulating local neurogenesis in the adult spinal cord slice culture. The immunocytochemistry analysis demonstrated that hDPSCs were positive for mesenchymal stem cell markers (CD73, CD90 and CD105) and negative for the hematopoietic markers (CD34 and CD45). hDPSCs were induced to neurospheres (via implementing B27, EGF, and bFGF) and then neural stem cells (NSC). The NSC differentiated into MNLCs in two steps: first by Shh and RA and ; then with GDNF and BDNF administration. The NS and the NSC were assessed for Oct4, nestin, Nanog, Sox2 expression while the MNLCs were evaluated by ISLET1, Olig2, and HB9 genes. Our results showed that hDPSC can be differentiated into motor neuron phenotype with expression of the motor neuron genes. The functionality of MNLCs was demonstrated by FM1-43, intracellular calcium ion shift and co- culture with C2C12. We co-cultivated hDPSCs with adult rat spinal slices in vitro. Immunostaining and hoechst assay showed that hDPSCs were able to migrate, proliferate and integrate in both the anterolateral zone and the edges of the spinal slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Darvishi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hatef Ghasemi Hamidabadi
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Immunogenetic Research Center, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Maryam Nazm Bojnordi
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Immunogenetic Research Center, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sara Saeednia
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Maria Zahiri
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ali Niapour
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Rafieh Alizadeh
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Xiao Z, Lei T, Liu Y, Yang Y, Bi W, Du H. The potential therapy with dental tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in Parkinson's disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:5. [PMID: 33407864 PMCID: PMC7789713 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, is caused by the loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra resulting in a series of motor or non-motor disorders. Current treatment methods are unable to stop the progression of PD and may bring certain side effects. Cell replacement therapy has brought new hope for the treatment of PD. Recently, human dental tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells have received extensive attention. Currently, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are considered to have strong potential for the treatment of these neurodegenerative diseases. These cells are considered to be ideal cell sources for the treatment of PD on account of their unique characteristics, such as neural crest origin, immune rejection, and lack of ethical issues. In this review, we briefly describe the research investigating cell therapy for PD and discuss the application and progress of DPSCs and SHED in the treatment of PD. This review offers significant and comprehensive guidance for further clinical research on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Xiao
- 112 Lab, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 XueYuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tong Lei
- 112 Lab, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 XueYuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Kangyanbao (Beijing) Stem Cell Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Yanjie Yang
- 112 Lab, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 XueYuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wangyu Bi
- 112 Lab, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 XueYuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongwu Du
- 112 Lab, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 XueYuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
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5
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Mohan SP, Ramalingam M. Dental Pulp Stem Cells in Neuroregeneration. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2020; 12:S60-S66. [PMID: 33149432 PMCID: PMC7595495 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_229_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases and injuries affect the routine life of patients. Current medical and surgical treatment has not improved the quality of life to desired limits. Neural regeneration through stem cells may be ideal choice in current scenario. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), which are isolated from dental pulp, have shown excellent neuroregenerative properties in various animal studies. This review outlines the clinical perspective of DPSCs in neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Paramel Mohan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Sree Anjaneya Institute of Dental Sciences, Calicut, Kerala, India.,Department of Stems Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Malabar Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Biomaterials and Organ Engineering Group, Centre for BioMaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore institute of Technology (Deemed to be University), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells and Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells Display Action Potential Capacity In Vitro after Neuronogenic Differentiation. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:67-81. [PMID: 30324358 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-018-9854-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The potential of human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) including oral stem cells (OSCs) as a cell source to derive functional neurons has been inconclusive. Here we tested a number of human OSCs for their neurogenic potential compared to non-OSCs and employed various neurogenic induction methods. OSCs including dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs), stem cells from apical papilla and non-OSCs including bone marrow MSCs (BMMSCs), foreskin fibroblasts and dermal fibroblasts using non-neurosphere-mediated or neurosphere-mediated methods to guide them toward neuronal lineages. Cells were subjected to RT-qPCR, immunocytofluorescence to detect the expression of neurogenic genes or electrophysiological analysis at final stage of maturation. We found that induced DPSCs and GMSCs overall appeared to be more neurogenic compared to other cells either morphologically or levels of neurogenic gene expression. Nonetheless, of all the neural induction methods employed, only one neurosphere-mediated method yielded electrophysiological properties of functional neurons. Under this method, cells expressed increased neural stem cell markers, nestin and SOX1, in the first phase of differentiation. Neuronal-like cells expressed βIII-tubulin, CNPase, GFAP, MAP-2, NFM, pan-Nav, GAD67, Nav1.6, NF1, NSE, PSD95, and synapsin after the second phase of differentiation to maturity. Electrophysiological experiments revealed that 8.3% of DPSC-derived neuronal cells and 21.2% of GMSC-derived neuronal cells displayed action potential, although no spontaneous excitatory/inhibitory postsynaptic action potential was observed. We conclude that DPSCs and GMSCs have the potential to become neuronal cells in vitro, therefore, these cells may be used as a source for neural regeneration.
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Yurtsever MÇ, Kiremitci A, Gümüşderelioğlu M. Dopaminergic induction of human dental pulp stem cells by photobiomodulation: comparison of 660nm laser light and polychromatic light in the nir. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 204:111742. [PMID: 31982670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) are able to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons and help the maintenance of partially degenerated neurons, which makes them as an alternative cell source for treatment of Parkinsons' disease (PD) patients. Here, the effect of photobiomodulation with polychromatic light source in the near infrared (NIR) range (600-1200 nm) or low level 660 nm diode laser light on hDPSCs during dopaminergic induction was investigated. Real time RT-qPCR analysis indicated that expressions of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line derived neurotropic factor (GNDF), matrix associated protein 2 (MAP2), nuclear receptor related 1 protein (NURR1) and dopamine transporter (DAT) were increased, especially in the first 7 days of dopaminergic induction when 660 nm laser light was applied with a total energy density of 1.6 J/cm2. The activity of polychromatic light on hDPSCs depended on the differentiation media and protein type. BDNF, GDNF, NURR-1 and MAP2 expressions were increased in the presence of pre-induction factors, and decreased when the post-induction factors were added into the culture medium. In contrast with all these promising results, the dopaminergically induced hDPSCs did not show any functional characteristics of dopaminergic neurons and died after they were transferred to a new laminin coated culture plates. In conclusion, the expression of dopaminergic neuron protective protein mRNAs in hDPSCs was increased by photobiomodulation in defined conditions. However, the cells were not able to differentiate into functional dopaminergic neurons either in control or in photobiomodulated groups that are prone to cell death and exhibit immature dopaminergic neuron characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arlin Kiremitci
- Departments of Restorative Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Turkey
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8
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Alsaeedi HA, Koh AEH, Lam C, Rashid MBA, Harun MHN, Saleh MFBM, Teh SW, Luu CD, Ng MH, Isa HM, Leow SN, Then KY, Bastion MLC, Mok PL, Muthuvenkatachalam BS, Samrot AV, Swamy KB, Nandakumar J, Kumar SS. Dental pulp stem cells therapy overcome photoreceptor cell death and protects the retina in a rat model of sodium iodate-induced retinal degeneration. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 198:111561. [PMID: 31352000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Blindness and vision loss contribute to irreversible retinal degeneration, and cellular therapy for retinal cell replacement has the potential to treat individuals who have lost light sensitive photoreceptors in the retina. Retinal cells are well characterized in function, and are a subject of interest in cellular replacement therapy of photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium. However, retinal cell transplantation is limited by various factors, including the choice of potential stem cell source that can show variability in plasticity as well as host tissue integration. Dental pulp is one such source that contains an abundance of stem cells. In this study we used dental pulp-derived mesenchymal stem cells (DPSCs) to mitigate sodium iodate (NaIO3) insult in a rat model of retinal degeneration. Sprague-Dawley rats were first given an intravitreal injection of 3 × 105 DPSCs as well as a single systemic administration of NaIO3 (40 mg/kg). Electroretinography (ERG) was performed for the next two months and was followed-up by histological analysis. The ERG recordings showed protection of DPSC-treated retinas within 4 weeks, which was statistically significant (* P ≤ .05) compared to the control. Retinal thickness of the control was also found to be thinner (*** P ≤ .001). The DPSCs were found integrated in the photoreceptor layer through immunohistochemical staining. Our findings showed that DPSCs have the potential to moderate retinal degeneration. In conclusion, DPSCs are a potential source of stem cells in the field of eye stem cell therapy due to its protective effects against retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Amer Alsaeedi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Avin Ee-Hwan Koh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chenshen Lam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Munirah Binti Abd Rashid
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hairul Nizam Harun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Seoh Wei Teh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chi D Luu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, Melbourne 3002, Australia; Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), the University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia.
| | - Min Hwei Ng
- Tissue Engineering Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hazlita Mohd Isa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sue Ngein Leow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Sultanah Aminah, 80100 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Kong Yong Then
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mae-Lynn Catherine Bastion
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pooi Ling Mok
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, P.O Box 2014, Aljouf Province, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Antony V Samrot
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Sholinganallur, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, MAHSA University, Jalan SP2, Bandar Saujana Putra, 42810 Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - K B Swamy
- Faculty of Medicine, Lincoln University College, Wisma Lincoln, No. 12-18, Jalan SS 6/12, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Jaikumar Nandakumar
- Department of Microbiology, Karpagam University, Eachanari, Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suresh Subbiah Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Cancer, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
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9
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Alajbeg I, Alić I, Andabak-Rogulj A, Brailo V, Mitrečić D. Human- and mouse-derived neurons can be simultaneously obtained by co-cultures of human oral mucosal stem cells and mouse neural stem cells. Oral Dis 2018; 24:5-10. [PMID: 29480641 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe simultaneous differentiation and analyse possible interactions between co-cultured human oral mucosal stem cells (hOMSC) and mouse neural stem cells (mNSC). MATERIALS AND METHODS hOMSC and mNSC were co-cultured in mouse and in human medium, and their immunocytochemical characterization to detect survival rate and differentiation pattern was performed. Co-cultures in different media were compared to hOMSC in human medium and mNSC in mouse medium as controls. RESULTS Co-culture of hOMSC and mNSC in medium for human cells led to normal differentiation pattern of human cells, while mNSC were directed towards astrocytes. When the same cells were cultivated in the mouse medium, both cell types succeeded to form neurons, although mNSC showed a tendency to overgrow hOMSC. hOMSC alone in the human-specific medium differentiated towards ectodermal (Oct4, Map2) and mesodermal (Osterix) cell populations. mNSC in the mouse-specific medium differentiated towards Map2-, β3-tubulin- and NeuN-positive neurons. CONCLUSIONS hOMSC and mNSC can form co-cultures. Different media considerably affected the differentiation pattern of co-cultures, whereas one cell population itself modestly influenced differentiation of the other cell type. The in vitro differentiation pattern of hOMSC in the mouse neural tissue environment suggested that hOMSC could be beneficial in the brain tissue affected by ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Alajbeg
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Dentistry, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - I Alić
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Andabak-Rogulj
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - V Brailo
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Dentistry, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - D Mitrečić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Zagreb, Croatia
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10
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El Ayachi I, Zhang J, Zou XY, Li D, Yu Z, Wei W, O’Connell KM, Huang GTJ. Human dental stem cell derived transgene-free iPSCs generate functional neurons via embryoid body-mediated and direct induction methods. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:e1836-e1851. [PMID: 29139614 PMCID: PMC6482049 DOI: 10.1002/term.2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) give rise to neural stem/progenitor cells, serving as a good source for neural regeneration. Here, we established transgene-free (TF) iPSCs from dental stem cells (DSCs) and determined their capacity to differentiate into functional neurons in vitro. Generated TF iPSCs from stem cells of apical papilla and dental pulp stem cells underwent two methods-embryoid body-mediated and direct induction, to guide TF-DSC iPSCs along with H9 or H9 Syn-GFP (human embryonic stem cells) into functional neurons in vitro. Using the embryoid body-mediated method, early stage neural markers PAX6, SOX1, and nestin were detected by immunocytofluorescence or reverse transcription-real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). At late stage of neural induction measured at Weeks 7 and 9, the expression levels of neuron-specific markers Nav1.6, Kv1.4, Kv4.2, synapsin, SNAP25, PSD95, GAD67, GAP43, and NSE varied between stem cells of apical papilla iPSCs and H9. For direct induction method, iPSCs were directly induced into neural stem/progenitor cells and guided to become neuron-like cells. The direct method, while simpler, showed cell detachment and death during the differentiation process. At early stage, PAX6, SOX1 and nestin were detected. At late stage of differentiation, all five genes tested, nestin, βIII-tubulin, neurofilament medium chain, GFAP, and Nav, were positive in many cells in cultures. Both differentiation methods led to neuron-like cells in cultures exhibiting sodium and potassium currents, action potential, or spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potential. Thus, TF-DSC iPSCs are capable of undergoing guided neurogenic differentiation into functional neurons in vitro, thereby may serve as a cell source for neural regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikbale El Ayachi
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xiao-Ying Zou
- Department of Endodontics, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Zongdong Yu
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Kristen M.S. O’Connell
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - George T.-J. Huang
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Endodontics, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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11
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Mead B, Logan A, Berry M, Leadbeater W, Scheven BA. Concise Review: Dental Pulp Stem Cells: A Novel Cell Therapy for Retinal and Central Nervous System Repair. Stem Cells 2016; 35:61-67. [PMID: 27273755 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) are neural crest-derived ecto-mesenchymal stem cells that can relatively easily and non-invasively be isolated from the dental pulp of extracted postnatal and adult teeth. Accumulating evidence suggests that DPSC have great promise as a cellular therapy for central nervous system (CNS) and retinal injury and disease. The mode of action by which DPSC confer therapeutic benefit may comprise multiple pathways, in particular, paracrine-mediated processes which involve a wide array of secreted trophic factors and is increasingly regarded as the principal predominant mechanism. In this concise review, we present the current evidence for the use of DPSC to repair CNS damage, including recent findings on retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection and regeneration in optic nerve injury and glaucoma. Stem Cells 2017;35:61-67.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mead
- School of Dentistry, Oral Biology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Neurotrauma and Neurobiology Research Group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Logan
- Neurotrauma and Neurobiology Research Group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Berry
- Neurotrauma and Neurobiology Research Group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Leadbeater
- Neurotrauma and Neurobiology Research Group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ben A Scheven
- School of Dentistry, Oral Biology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Multipotent Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells: a Literature Review. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 12:511-523. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Clonal Heterogeneity in the Neuronal and Glial Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem/Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1290561. [PMID: 27313623 PMCID: PMC4899607 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1290561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity presents an important challenge to the development of cell-based therapies where there is a fundamental requirement for predictable and reproducible outcomes. Transplanted Dental Pulp Stem/Progenitor Cells (DPSCs) have demonstrated early promise in experimental models of spinal cord injury and stroke, despite limited evidence of neuronal and glial-like differentiation after transplantation. Here, we report, for the first time, on the ability of single cell-derived clonal cultures of murine DPSCs to differentiate in vitro into immature neuronal-like and oligodendrocyte-like cells. Importantly, only DPSC clones with high nestin mRNA expression levels were found to successfully differentiate into Map2 and NF-positive neuronal-like cells. Neuronally differentiated DPSCs possessed a membrane capacitance comparable with primary cultured striatal neurons and small inward voltage-activated K(+) but not outward Na(+) currents were recorded suggesting a functionally immature phenotype. Similarly, only high nestin-expressing clones demonstrated the ability to adopt Olig1, Olig2, and MBP-positive immature oligodendrocyte-like phenotype. Together, these results demonstrate that appropriate markers may be used to provide an early indication of the suitability of a cell population for purposes where differentiation into a specific lineage may be beneficial and highlight that further understanding of heterogeneity within mixed cellular populations is required.
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Demirci S, Doğan A, Şahin F. Dental Stem Cells vs. Other Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Their Pluripotency and Role in Regenerative Medicine. DENTAL STEM CELLS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28947-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wu W, Zhou J, Xu CT, Zhang J, Jin YJ, Sun GL. Derivation and growth characteristics of dental pulp stem cells from patients of different ages. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5127-34. [PMID: 26239849 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dental pulp contains a relatively low number of stem cells; however, it is considered to be a promising source of stem cells for use in regenerative therapy. To date, it has remained elusive whether there are certain differences in the dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) from donors of different ages. In the present study, DPSC lines were derived using teeth from children, adolescents, adults and aged donors. The derivation efficiency, the proliferative and apoptotic rate, cell marker expression and the differentiation capacity were investigated and compared among these DPSC lines. The derivation efficacy was decreased with increasing donor age. Although a large part of cell surface markers was expressed in all DPSC lines, the expression of CD29 was downregulated in the DPSCs from aged teeth. In addition, the doubling time of DPSCs from aged teeth was prolonged and the number of apoptotic cells was increased with the propagation. These DPSCs were able to differentiate into a neuronal linage, which positively expressed the neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin and microtubule‑associated protein 2, as well as into an osteogenic lineage, which positively expressed CD45; however, these DPSCs from aged teeth were completely or partially deprived of differentiation capacity. By contrast, DPSCs from younger teeth displayed significantly higher vitality and a higher potential for use in dental regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Chong-Tao Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Jiao Jin
- Department of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Geng-Lin Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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Mead B, Berry M, Logan A, Scott RAH, Leadbeater W, Scheven BA. Stem cell treatment of degenerative eye disease. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:243-57. [PMID: 25752437 PMCID: PMC4434205 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies are being explored extensively as treatments for degenerative eye disease, either for replacing lost neurons, restoring neural circuits or, based on more recent evidence, as paracrine-mediated therapies in which stem cell-derived trophic factors protect compromised endogenous retinal neurons from death and induce the growth of new connections. Retinal progenitor phenotypes induced from embryonic stem cells/induced pluripotent stem cells (ESCs/iPSCs) and endogenous retinal stem cells may replace lost photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and restore vision in the diseased eye, whereas treatment of injured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) has so far been reliant on mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Here, we review the properties of non-retinal-derived adult stem cells, in particular neural stem cells (NSCs), MSC derived from bone marrow (BMSC), adipose tissues (ADSC) and dental pulp (DPSC), together with ESC/iPSC and discuss and compare their potential advantages as therapies designed to provide trophic support, repair and replacement of retinal neurons, RPE and glia in degenerative retinal diseases. We conclude that ESCs/iPSCs have the potential to replace lost retinal cells, whereas MSC may be a useful source of paracrine factors that protect RGC and stimulate regeneration of their axons in the optic nerve in degenerate eye disease. NSC may have potential as both a source of replacement cells and also as mediators of paracrine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mead
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK.
| | - Martin Berry
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Robert A H Scott
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wendy Leadbeater
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ben A Scheven
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK
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Bray AF, Cevallos RR, Gazarian K, Lamas M. Human dental pulp stem cells respond to cues from the rat retina and differentiate to express the retinal neuronal marker rhodopsin. Neuroscience 2014; 280:142-55. [PMID: 25242642 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human adult dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are self-renewing stem cells that originate from the neural crest during development and remain within the dental pulp niche through adulthood. Due to their multi-lineage differentiation potential and their relative ease of access they represent an exciting alternative for autologous stem cell-based therapies in neurodegenerative diseases. In animal models, DPSCs transplanted into the brain differentiate into functional neurons or astrocytes in response to local environmental cues that appear to influence the fate of the surviving cells. Here we tested the hypothesis that DPSCs might be able to respond to factors present in the retina enabling the regenerative potential of these cells. We evaluated the response of DPSCs to conditioned media from organotypic explants from control and chemically damaged rat retinas. To evaluate cell differentiation, we analyzed the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), early neuronal and retinal markers (polysialic acid-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM); Pax6; Ascl1; NeuroD1) and the late photoreceptor marker rhodopsin, by immunofluorescence and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Exposure of DPSC cultures to conditioned media from control retinas induced a 39% reduction on the number of DPSCs that expressed GFAP; the expression of Pax6, Ascl1, PSA-NCAM or NeuroD1 was undetectable or did not change significantly. Expression of rhodopsin was not detectable in control or after exposure of the cultures with retinal conditioned media. By contrast, 44% of DPSCs exposed to conditioned media from damaged retinas were immunopositive to this protein. This response could not be reproduced when conditioned media from Müller-enriched primary cultures was used. Finally, quantitative RT-PCR was performed to compare the relative expression of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in DPSC co-cultured with retinal organotypic explants, where BDNF mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in retinal-exposed cultures. Our data demonstrate that DPSC cultures respond to cues from the rat retina and differentiate to express retinal neuronal markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Bray
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico; Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México D.F., Mexico
| | - R R Cevallos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico
| | - K Gazarian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico
| | - M Lamas
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México D.F., Mexico.
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Lee JH, Um S, Song IS, Kim HY, Seo BM. Neurogenic differentiation of human dental stem cells in vitro. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 40:173-80. [PMID: 25247147 PMCID: PMC4170666 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2014.40.4.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the neurogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), and stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP). Materials and Methods After induction of neurogenic differentiation using commercial differentiation medium, expression levels of neural markers, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), class III β-tubulin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were identified using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, and immunocytochemistry. Results The induced cells showed neuron-like morphologies, similar to axons, dendrites, and perikaryons, which are composed of neurons in DPSCs, PDLSCs, and SCAP. The mRNA levels of neuronal markers tended to increase in differentiated cells. The expression of MAP2 and β-tubulin III also increased at the protein level in differentiation groups, even though GFAP was not detected via immunocytochemistry. Conclusion Human dental stem cells including DPSCs, PDLSCs, and SCAP may have neurogenic differentiation capability in vitro. The presented data support the use of human dental stem cells as a possible alternative source of stem cells for therapeutic utility in the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hee Lee
- Biotooth Engineering Lab, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniomaxillofacial Life Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soyoun Um
- Biotooth Engineering Lab, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniomaxillofacial Life Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. ; Dental Regenerative Biotechnology, Department of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Seok Song
- Biotooth Engineering Lab, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniomaxillofacial Life Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. ; Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hui Young Kim
- Biotooth Engineering Lab, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniomaxillofacial Life Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung Moo Seo
- Biotooth Engineering Lab, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Craniomaxillofacial Life Science, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Houshmandi M, Ye P, Hunter N. Glial network responses to polymicrobial invasion of dentin. Caries Res 2014; 48:534-48. [PMID: 24993646 DOI: 10.1159/000360610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the distribution patterns of glial networks disclosed by reactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100B in healthy and carious human teeth. The objective was to determine the assembly and collapse of glial networks in response to encroaching infection. 15 healthy and 37 carious posterior teeth from adults were studied. Immediately after extraction, teeth were cleaned and vertically split and the half with pulp fixed and prepared for resin or frozen sections. Sections were stained with toluidine blue and for immunofluorescence, with observation by confocal laser microscopy and analysis by ImageJ software. Carious teeth were subdivided into three groups according to degree of carious involvement: microbial penetration through enamel (stage A), extension into dentin (stage B) and advanced penetration into dentin but without invasion of underlying pulp tissue (stage C). In stage A lesions there was marked increase in glial networks in dental pulp tissue that extended beyond the zone of microbial invasion. This response was maintained in stage B lesions. In advanced stage C lesions these networks were degraded in the zone of invasion in association with failure to contain infection. Cells expressing the glial markers GFAP and S100B showed a response to initial microbial invasion of dentin by increase in number and altered anatomical arrangement. The late stage of dentinal caries was marked by collapse of these networks in the region adjacent to advancing bacteria. This behaviour is important for understanding and explaining the defensive response of the neurosensory peripheral dental pulp apparatus to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Houshmandi
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Centre for Oral Health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, N.S.W., Australia
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Young F, Sloan A, Song B. Dental pulp stem cells and their potential roles in central nervous system regeneration and repair. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1383-93. [PMID: 23996516 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Functional recovery from injuries to the brain or spinal cord represents a major clinical challenge. The transplantation of stem cells, traditionally isolated from embryonic tissue, may help to reduce damage following such events and promote regeneration and repair through both direct cell replacement and neurotrophic mechanisms. However, the therapeutic potential of using embryonic stem/progenitor cells is significantly restricted by the availability of embryonic tissues and associated ethical issues. Populations of stem cells reside within the dental pulp, representing an alternative source of cells that can be isolated with minimal invasiveness, and thus should illicit fewer moral objections, as a replacement for embryonic/fetal-derived stem cells. Here we discuss the similarities between dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and the endogenous stem cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and their ability to differentiate into neuronal cell types. We also consider in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating the ability of DPSCs to help protect against and repair neuronal damage, suggesting that dental pulp may provide a viable alternative source of stem cells for replacement therapy following CNS damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser Young
- Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Human dental mesenchymal stem cells and neural regeneration. Hum Cell 2013; 26:91-6. [PMID: 23817972 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-013-0069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nerve tissue presents inherent difficulties for its effective regeneration. Stem cell transplantation is considered an auspicious treatment for neuronal injuries. Recently, human dental mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs) have received extensive attention in the field of regenerative medicine due to their accessibility and multipotency. Since their origin is within the neural crest, they can be differentiated into neural crest-derived cells including neuron and glia cells both in vitro and in vivo. DMSCs are also able to secrete a wide variety of neurotrophins and chemokines, which promote neuronal cells to survival and differentiation. Experimental evidence has shown that human DMSCs engraftment recovered neuronal tissue damage in animal models of central nervous system injuries. Human DMSCs can be a new hope for treatment of nervous system diseases and deficits such as spinal cord injury, stroke and Parkinson's disease.
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