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Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) gene polymorphism - 866 G/A in the promoter region is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus among Kashmiri population of Northern India. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:475-483. [PMID: 36346492 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08055-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to evaluate the association of UCP2 gene polymorphism - 866 G/A and its expression with diabetes predisposition in the North Indian population. METHODS The study involved 850 subjects, including 425 each T2DM and control subjects. The serum metabolic and clinical parameters were estimated using standard protocols. The PCR-RFLP based genotyping was performed to determine UCP2 gene polymorphism, while the expression was measured by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS The genotypic and allelic frequencies showed a significant difference in cases compared to controls (p < 0.05). The diabetes patients had a 4.2-fold decrease in UCP2 gene expression. The expression was 29.8 and 8.4 fold lower in diabetes patients with homozygous (AA) and heterozygous (GA) mutation at - 866 locus of UCP2 nucleotide sequence, respectively. When categorized according to age and BMI, the T2DM subjects with age ≥ 50 and BMI ≥ 25 had a 5.53 and 8.2-fold decrease in UCP2 expression, respectively. The diabetes subjects with homozygous and heterozygous mutation demonstrated a pathological increase in serum metabolic and clinical parameters, which corroborated with UCP2 gene expression, indicating a strong association between the two. Intriguingly, we did not find any association between - 866 G/A polymorphism of UCP2 with serum insulin levels. CONCLUSION Our investigation is the first among the studies conducted in Jammu and Kashmir to work on adipose tissue and UCP2 gene polymorphism. The association of - 866 G/A SNP of the UCP2 gene with its expression in diabetes patients appears to be an important genetic determinant in the progression of T2DM. Moreover, age ≥ 50 years and BMI ≥ 25 could be considered risk factors for developing T2DM in the studied population.
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Ethnicity Differences in the Association of UCP1-3826A/G, UCP2-866G/A and Ala55Val, and UCP3-55C/T Polymorphisms with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Susceptibility: An Updated Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:3482879. [PMID: 34712730 PMCID: PMC8548105 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3482879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background The relationship between uncoupling protein (UCP) 1-3 polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been extensively studied, while conclusions remain contradictory. Thus, we performed this meta-analysis to elucidate whether the UCP1-3826A/G, UCP2-866G/A, Ala55Val, and UCP3-55C/T polymorphisms are associated with T2DM. Methods Eligible studies were searched from PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science database before 12 July 2020. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the strength of the association. Heterogeneity analysis, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias were also performed. Results A total of 38 case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. The overall results revealed significant association between T2DM and the UCP2 Ala55Val polymorphism (recessive model: OR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.12-1.40, P < 0.01; homozygous model: OR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.03-1.72, P = 0.029, respectively). In subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity, T2DM risk was increased with the UCP2 Ala55Val polymorphism (allele model: OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.02-1.34, P = 0.023; recessive model: OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.13-1.45, P < 0.01; homozygous model: OR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.05-1.86, P = 0.023, respectively), while decreased with the UCP2-866G/A polymorphism in Asians (dominant model: OR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.74-1.00, P = 0.045). Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the UCP2-866G/A polymorphism is protective against T2DM, while the UCP2 Ala55Val polymorphism is susceptible to T2DM in Asians.
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Xu L, Chen S, Zhan L. Association of uncoupling protein-2 -866G/A and Ala55Val polymorphisms with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of case-control studies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24464. [PMID: 33578539 PMCID: PMC7886456 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the relationships between uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) -866G/A (rs659366) and Ala55Val (rs660339) polymorphisms and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been explored considerably, but the results are greatly inconsistent. This meta-analysis was performed to further identify the association of UCP2 rs659366 and rs660339 with the risk of T2DM. METHODS Eligible studies were searched from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, VIP database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Chinese WanFang database until March 8, 2020. The odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and P-values were used to assess the strength of the association. RESULTS A total of 26 studies were included in this study. UCP2 rs659366 was associated with the risk of T2DM in allele model (OR: 1.112, 95%CI: 1.009-1.224, P = 0.032), dominant model (OR: 1.189, 95%CI: 1.035-1.366, P = 0.014), and heterozygous model (OR: 1.177, 95%CI: 1.032-1.342, P = .015). A significantly increased risk of T2DM was detected in Asians by UCP2 rs659366 allele (OR: 1.132, 95%CI: 1.016-1.262, P = .025), dominant (OR: 1.218, 95%CI: 1.046-1.418, P = .011), homozygous (OR: 1.254, 95%CI: 1.022-1.540, P = .031) or heterozygous (OR: 1.198, 95%CI: 1.047-1.371, P = .009) models. There was no significant correlation between UCP2 rs660339 and the risk of T2DM (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS The UCP2 rs65366 is significantly associated with the risk of T2DM, especially in Asian population, while no evidence is found between the UCP2 rs660339 and the susceptibility to T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
- Xishanqiao Community Health Service Center of Yuhuatai
| | - Shuyan Chen
- Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Libin Zhan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
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Chen C, Yang Y, Ye X, Jin Y, Cai Z, Zheng J. Impact of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia during daily nursing: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e23876. [PMID: 33429747 PMCID: PMC7793402 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of aerobic exercise (AE) on cognition function in people with schizophrenia (SZ) during daily nursing. METHODS The literature search will be conducted via PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Weighted mean difference (WMD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) will be adopted to calculate the association between AE and cognitive function in patients with SZ. Publication bias will be performed by Begg test. When there is publication bias, "cut-and-fill method" will be adopted to adjust publication bias. Sensitivity analysis will be used to test the stability of the result. When the heterogeneity is large (I2 ≥ 50%), meta regression will be used to explore the source of inter-study heterogeneity. When the heterogeneity is large (I2 ≥ 50%) and the results are statistically significant (P < .05), age, sex, duration of disease, duration of intervention, amount of exercise per week, improvement of cardiopulmonary health, and other factors will be sub-analyzed. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis will evaluate the impact of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in patients with SZ during daily nursing on the basis of existing evidence. OSF REGISTRATION NUMBER 10.17605/OSF.IO/C8ABX.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ziyao Cai
- Department of Outpatient, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, P.R. China
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Pravednikova AE, Shevchenko SY, Kerchev VV, Skhirtladze MR, Larina SN, Kachaev ZM, Egorov AD, Shidlovskii YV. Association of uncoupling protein (Ucp) gene polymorphisms with cardiometabolic diseases. Mol Med 2020; 26:51. [PMID: 32450815 PMCID: PMC7249395 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hereditary aspect of obesity is a major focus of modern medical genetics. The genetic background is known to determine a higher-than-average prevalence of obesity in certain regions, like Oceania. There is evidence that dysfunction of brown adipose tissue (BAT) may be a risk factor for obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). A significant number of studies in the field focus on the UCP family. The Ucp genes code for electron transport carriers. UCP1 (thermogenin) is the most abundant protein of the UCP superfamily and is expressed in BAT, contributing to its capability of generating heat. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Ucp1-Ucp3 were recently associated with risk of cardiometabolic diseases. This review covers the main Ucp SNPs A-3826G, A-1766G, A-112C, Met229Leu, Ala64Thr (Ucp1), Ala55Val, G-866A (Ucp2), and C-55 T (Ucp3), which may be associated with the development of obesity, disturbance in lipid metabolism, T2D, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Pravednikova
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Y. Shevchenko
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor V. Kerchev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Manana R. Skhirtladze
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana N. Larina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zaur M. Kachaev
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander D. Egorov
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulii V. Shidlovskii
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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Zhou TC, Yang L, Liu YY, Qin Y, Li YP, Zhang L, Yang K, Yang Y. Polymorphisms in the Uncoupling Protein 2 Gene Are Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in Han Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2018; 22:637-643. [PMID: 30359091 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2018.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) gene plays an important role in the complications of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the association between variants in the UCP2 gene and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Han Chinese T2D patients remains unclear. METHODS Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) [rs659366 (-866G/A) and a 45-bp insertion/deletion (I/D) in the 3'-UTR] in the UCP2 gene were genotyped in a study cohort of 209 T2D patients with DR and 199 T2D patients without DR by direct DNA sequencing. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis showed that the AA and GA genotypes of rs659366 were significantly associated with an increased risk for nonproliferative DR (NPDR) in the codominant model (corrected p-value <0.01) and the dominant model (corrected p-value = 0.006). Patients harboring the II and DI genotypes had a higher risk for PDR in the codominant model (corrected p-value = 0.011) and the dominant model (corrected p-value = 0.006), and the DI genotype showed a higher risk for NPDR in the dominant model (corrected p-value = 0.007) or codominant model (corrected p-value = 0.006). Further, haplotype analyses verified that the A-I haplotype is a risk haplotype for NPDR and PDR. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the UCP2 gene may be involved in the pathogenesis of NPDR and PDR in Han Chinese patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Cheng Zhou
- 1 Central Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Kunming, China
| | - Lei Yang
- 2 Nuclear Medicine Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University , Kunming, China
| | - Yong-Ying Liu
- 3 First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University , Shihezi, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- 1 Central Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Kunming, China
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- 1 Central Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Kunming, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- 1 Central Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Kunming, China
| | - Ke Yang
- 4 Cardiology Laboratory of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yang
- 1 Central Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Kunming, China
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Gamboa R, Huesca-Gómez C, López-Pérez V, Posadas-Sánchez R, Cardoso-Saldaña G, Medina-Urrutia A, Juárez-Rojas JG, Soto ME, Posadas-Romero C, Vargas-Alarcón G. The UCP2 -866G/A, Ala55Val and UCP3 -55C/T polymorphisms are associated with premature coronary artery disease and cardiovascular risk factors in Mexican population. Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:371-378. [PMID: 29786102 PMCID: PMC6082227 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the role of UCP gene polymorphisms as susceptibility markers for premature coronary artery disease (pCAD). The UCP2 Ala55Val (C/T rs660339), UCP2 -866G/A (rs659366), and UCP3 -55C/T (rs1800849) polymorphisms were genotyped in 948 patients with pCAD, and 763 controls. The distribution of the UCP2 A55V (C/T rs660339) and UCP3 -55 (rs1800849) was similar in patients and controls. However, under a recessive model, the UCP2 -866 (rs659366) A allele was associated with increased risk of developing pCAD (OR = 1.43, Pc = 0.003). On the other hand, patients with pCAD and UCP2 A55V (rs660339) TT showed high levels of visceral abdominal fat (VAF) (Pc = 0.002), low levels of subcutaneous abdominal fat (SAF) (Pc = 0.001) and high VAT/SAT ratio (Pc < 0.001). Also, patients with UCP2 -866 (rs659366) AA showed increased levels of VAF (Pc = 0.003), low levels of SAF (Pc = 0.001) and a high VAT/SAT ratio (Pc = 0.002), whereas patients with the UCP3 -55 (rs1800849) TT presented high levels of VAF (Pc = 0.002). The results suggest the association of the UCP2 -866 (rs659366) polymorphism with risk of developing pCAD. Some polymorphisms were associated with abdominal fat levels and cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gamboa
- Instituto Nacional de
CardiologíaInstituto Nacional de
CardiologíaDepartment of PhysiologyMexicoD.F.MexicoDepartment of Physiology, Instituto
Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Claudia Huesca-Gómez
- Instituto Nacional de
CardiologíaInstituto Nacional de
CardiologíaDepartment of PhysiologyMexicoD.F.MexicoDepartment of Physiology, Instituto
Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Vanessa López-Pérez
- Instituto Nacional de
CardiologíaInstituto Nacional de
CardiologíaDepartment of PhysiologyMexicoD.F.MexicoDepartment of Physiology, Instituto
Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Rosalinda Posadas-Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de
CardiologíaInstituto Nacional de
CardiologíaDepartment of EndocrinologyMexicoD.F.MexicoDepartment of Endocrinology, Instituto
Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Guillermo Cardoso-Saldaña
- Instituto Nacional de
CardiologíaInstituto Nacional de
CardiologíaDepartment of EndocrinologyMexicoD.F.MexicoDepartment of Endocrinology, Instituto
Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Aida Medina-Urrutia
- Instituto Nacional de
CardiologíaInstituto Nacional de
CardiologíaDepartment of EndocrinologyMexicoD.F.MexicoDepartment of Endocrinology, Instituto
Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Juan Gabriel Juárez-Rojas
- Instituto Nacional de
CardiologíaInstituto Nacional de
CardiologíaDepartment of EndocrinologyMexicoD.F.MexicoDepartment of Endocrinology, Instituto
Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - María Elena Soto
- Instituto Nacional de
CardiologíaInstituto Nacional de
CardiologíaDepartment of ImmunologyMexicoD.F.MexicoDepartment of Immunology, Instituto
Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Carlos Posadas-Romero
- Instituto Nacional de
CardiologíaInstituto Nacional de
CardiologíaDepartment of EndocrinologyMexicoD.F.MexicoDepartment of Endocrinology, Instituto
Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Instituto Nacional de
CardiologíaInstituto Nacional de
CardiologíaDepartment of Molecular
BiologyMexicoD.F.MexicoDepartment of Molecular Biology, Instituto
Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico D.F., Mexico
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Shen Y, Wen Z, Wang N, Zheng Z, Liu K, Xia X, Gu Q, Shi Y, Xu X. Investigation of variants in UCP2 in Chinese type 2 diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112670. [PMID: 25396419 PMCID: PMC4232517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate variants in UCP2 genes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Chinese population. Materials and Methods We conducted a single nucleotide polymorphism-based and haplotype-based case-control study between the variants of UCP2 and DM and between the variants of UCP2 and DR in 479 Chinese patients with type 2 DM and 479 control subjects without DM. Two SNPs (rs660339 and rs659366) were selected as genetic markers. Results The risk allele C at UCP2 rs660339 was closely associated with DM in Chinese population. There was significant difference in rs660339 between DM and controls (P = 0.0016; OR [95%CI] = 1.37 (1.14–1.65)). Subjects who were homozygous of the C allele were more likely to develop DM. The frequency of C allele was higher in DM (58%) than in control (51%). But this locus didn't have a definite effect on the onset of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) (P = 0.44; OR [95%CI] = 0.80 (0.56–1.14)) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (P = 1.00; OR [95%CI] = 0.99 (0.74–1.34)) comparing to subjects with DM without retinopathy (DWR), respectively. Moreover, the UCP2 rs659366 polymorphism showed no significant difference between DM and control (P = 0.66; OR [95%CI] = 1.10 (0.91–1.32)). However, there was a significant difference between PDR and DWR (P = 0.016; OR [95%CI] = 0.66 (0.49–0.90)), but there was no difference between NPDR and DWR (P = 1.00; OR [95%CI] = 0.96 (0.67–1.37)). Participants who carried the G allele at rs659366 were more likely to develop PDR. For the haplotype, C-A was present more frequently in DM than in control (16% vs 7%), indicating that it was risky, and T-A was present less in DM than in control (29% vs 35%). Haplotype frequencies in DR and DWR showed no significant difference (P = 0.068). Conclusion It was indicated that UCP2 may be implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 DM and DR in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinchen Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zujia Wen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyong Shi
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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