Changes and clinical significance of serum vaspin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes

Serum Vitamin D and Vaspin Levels Among Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Their Association with Risk Factors

Purpose

The current study investigated and compared serum levels of vitamin D (VD) and vaspin in AMI patients and healthy subjects and correlated these biomarkers with other biochemical risk factors for AMI.

Patients and Methods

The research was carried out at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) in Jeddah. Blood samples and additional information were gathered from 110 admitted AMI patients in the Intensive Coronary Care Unit (ICCU) (ages 40-65 years) and 50 adult, healthy volunteers whose BMI and age were similar to those of the patients.

Results

AMI patients had significantly lower vaspin (p < 0.001) and VD levels (p < 0.001) than the control group. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were shown to be significantly different between AMI patients and controls. Among the AMI patients, 15 (13.6%) had deficient serum VD levels (≤20 ng/mL), 60 (54.5%) had insufficient levels (>20 - <30 ng/mL), and 35 (31.8%) had sufficient levels (≥30 ng/mL). In healthy subjects, VD levels were deficient in 4(8%), insufficient in 13 (26%), and sufficient in 33 (66%). VD insufficiency was more prevalent in AMI patients compared to the healthy group (54.5% vs 26%; p < 0.001). In AMI patients, serum vaspin was found to be related to age and HbA1c in the control group. VD did not show a significant correlation with any variable in AMI patients and healthy subjects. Serum vaspin (p = 0.89) and VD levels (p = 0.29) did not differ significantly between female and male control groups.

Conclusion

Compared to the healthy group, AMI patients showed significantly lower vaspin and VD levels. Additionally, AMI patients had a higher prevalence of VD deficiency and insufficiency, suggesting its possible role in the occurrence of AMI.

Assessment of Serum Insulin and VASPIN Levels Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with or Without Obesity: A Cross-sectional Analytical Study

Introduction

A collection of diverse conditions together referred to as diabetes mellitus frequently manifest as periods of hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance, which can be caused by insufficient insulin, improper insulin action, or both. A medical condition known as obesity is the accumulation of excess body fat to the point that it may be harmful to one's health. It has been determined that the adipokine vaspin (visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin A12) belongs to the family of serine protease inhibitors. Insulin, a polypeptide hormone, is released by the pancreatic beta cells. This hormone is both anti-catabolic and anabolic. Insulin decreases blood glucose levels by preventing its synthesis and encouraging its storage and use.

Methodology

In total, 125 male and female participants of various ages participated in the current study. They included 25 healthy controls, 50 non-obese and 50 obese non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients, who visited the MDM Hospital's outpatient clinic in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Commercially available reagents and kits were utilized for the analysis of serum insulin and vaspin samples. Standard statistical tools were utilized to evaluate the parameters.

Results and Discussion

When results were compared with healthy participants and non-obese NIDDM subjects, obese NIDDM subjects showed statistically significant higher fasting serum insulin and serum vaspin levels (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Our study's conclusions demonstrated a strong correlation between blood insulin and vaspin levels and diabetes and obesity. Vaspin has a positive impact on insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. It also enhances glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, reducing diabetes complications. This novel biomarker has the potential to enhance diabetes mellitus outcomes by facilitating prompt diagnosis, improved management, and reduction of complications.

Association of Serum Vaspin Concentration with Metabolic Disorders in Obese Individuals

Vaspin, a molecule produced in visceral adipose tissue, seems to participate in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. The study aimed to determine the association of vaspin concentration with metabolic disorders in obese individuals. Forty obese patients and twenty normal-weight subjects underwent biochemical (fasting glucose, insulin, lipid profile, interleukin-6, hs-CRP, vaspin concentration), blood pressure, and anthropometric measurements. The HOMA-IR index was calculated. Serum vaspin concentrations in the obese group were significantly higher than in the control group (0.82 ± 0.62 vs. 0.43 ± 0.59; p < 0.001). Among the entire population, vaspin concentration was positively correlated with body weight, BMI, WHR, and the percentage and mass of adipose tissue. Positive correlations between vaspin concentration and triglyceride level, insulin concentration, and HOMA-IR value were found. Vaspin concentration was positively correlated with hs-CRP and IL-6 levels. In obese patients, positive correlations between vaspin concentration and the percentage of adipose tissue and hs-CRP level were demonstrated. Logistic regression analysis showed that increased BMI was the biggest factor stimulating vaspin concentrations (OR = 8.5; 95% CI: 1.18–61.35; p = 0.0338). An elevated vaspin level may imply its compensatory role against metabolic disorders in obese patients. Thus, vaspin appears to be a useful diagnostic parameter for new therapeutic approaches in obesity-related complications. Nevertheless, due to the small sample size, further studies are needed to confirm our results.

Review: Vaspin (SERPINA12) Expression and Function in Endocrine Cells

Proper functioning of the body depends on hormonal homeostasis. White adipose tissue is now known as an endocrine organ due to the secretion of multiple molecules called adipokines. These proteins exert direct effects on whole body functions, including lipid metabolism, angiogenesis, inflammation, and reproduction, whereas changes in their level are linked with pathological events, such as infertility, diabetes, and increased food intake. Vaspin-visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor, or SERPINA12 according to serpin nomenclature, is an adipokine discovered in 2005 that is connected to the development of insulin resistance, obesity, and inflammation. A significantly higher amount of vaspin was observed in obese patients. The objective of this review was to summarize the latest findings about vaspin expression and action in endocrine tissues, such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adipose tissue, thyroid, ovary, placenta, and testis, as well as discuss the link between vaspin and pathologies connected with hormonal imbalance.

PREDICTION OF PROGRESSION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND CHRONIC PANCREATITIS

The aim of the research was to study the relationship between the level of vaspin and the thickness of the intima-media of the carotid artery (CIMT), parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, functional state of the pancreas, markers of inflammation, and to create a mathematical model for the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) and chronic pancreatitis (CP). Materials and methods: Serum vaspin level in 114 people with DM-2 or CP and a combination of these diseases were obtained. The parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, inflammation and functional status of pancreas were studied. CIMT was measured by means of B-mode ultrasonography. The obtained data were processed by the methods of non-parametric statistics to study the dependence of the parameters on the group, questions of the statistical significance of differences between two unrelated groups, the tightness of the relationship between the analyzed parameters. Results: A statistically significant (p<0.05) increase in serum vaspin levels in patients with DM-2 compared with other studied groups was obtained. A reliable correlation between vaspin, carbohydrate metabolism and CIMT was obtained, and it appeared to be dependent on the presence of comorbid pathology. The value of vaspin / tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), starting from which CIMT increase is considered present, was calculated. Conclusions: Undertaken study confirmed the positive connection of vaspin with insulin resistance markers, but also demonstrated that serum vaspin levels is positively associated with CIMT. A mathematical model for predicting the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with the studied pathology was developed. It was demonstrated that the Vaspin/TNF-α ratio can be used as a marker of early atherosclerotic lesion of vascular wall, indicating the role of vaspin in atherogenesis

The investigation effect of weight loss on serum vaspin, apelin-13, and obestatin levels in obese individual

Objectives

It was aimed to investigate if there were any significant corresponding changes on adipokine levels in obese subjects who achieved a 10% reduction in body weight.

Methods

Thirty obese and 25 healthy adults were enrolled in present study, and serum levels of vaspin, apelin-13, obestatin, and insulin were determined with the ELISA method.

Results

The serum obestatin and apelin-13 values of the obese group obtained as basal and after weight loss was significantly lower than in controls (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively); however, weight loss did not cause significant changes on these parameters in obese groups (p>0.05). The vaspin level did not differ between the groups (p>0.05). The obese group had characterized increased serum insulin and insulin resistance assessment by the homeostatic assay (HOMA-IR) levels compared to controls (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively); also, weight loss caused a significant decrease in these parameters compared to basal levels (p<0.01). No significant correlation was detected among the vaspin, apelin-13 and obestatin levels in the obese group (p>0.05).

Conclusions

Obese individuals exhibited decreased levels of apelin-13 and obestatin. Moreover, 10% weight loss caused a significant reduction of insulin resistance, but no significant change was detected on apelin-13, obestatin, and vaspin levels.

The Usefulness of Diagnostic Panels Based on Circulating Adipocytokines/Regulatory Peptides, Renal Function Tests, Insulin Resistance Indicators and Lipid-Carbohydrate Metabolism Parameters in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Obesity

The quantitative analysis of selected regulatory molecules, i.e., adropin, irisin, and vaspin in the plasma of obese patients with newly diagnosed, untreated type 2 diabetes mellitus, and in the same patients after six months of using metformin, in relation to adropinemia, irisinemia and vaspinemia in obese individuals, was performed. The relationship between plasma concentration of the adipocytokines/regulatory peptides and parameters of renal function (albumin/creatinine ratio-ACR, estimated glomerular filtration rate-eGFR), values of insulin resistance indicators (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR2), Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity (HOMA-S), Homeostatic Model Assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-B), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), insulin), and parameters of carbohydrate-lipid metabolism (fasting plasma glucose-FPG, glycated hemoglobin-HbA_1C, estimated glucose disposal rate-eGDR, fasting lipid profile, TG/HDL ratio) in obese type 2 diabetic patients was also investigated. Circulating irisin and vaspin were found significantly different in subjects with metabolically healthy obesity and in type 2 diabetic patients. Significant increases in blood levels of both analyzed adipokines/regulatory peptides were observed in diabetic patients after six months of metformin treatment, as compared to pre-treatment levels. The change in plasma vaspin level in response to metformin therapy was parallel with the improving of insulin resistance/sensitivity parameters. An attempt was made to identify a set of biochemical tests that would vary greatly in obese non-diabetic subjects and obese patients with type 2 diabetes, as well as a set of parameters that are changing in patients with type 2 diabetes under the influence of six months metformin therapy, and thus differentiating patients' metabolic state before and after treatment. For these data analyses, both statistical measures of strength of the relationships of individual parameters, as well as multidimensional methods, including discriminant analysis and multifactorial analysis derived from machine learning methods, were used. Adropin, irisin, and vaspin were found as promising regulatory molecules, which may turn out to be useful indicators in the early detection of T2DM and differentiating the obesity phenotype with normal metabolic profile from T2DM obese patients. Multifactorial discriminant analysis revealed that irisin and vaspin plasma levels contribute clinically relevant information concerning the effectiveness of metformin treatment in T2D patients. Among the sets of variables differentiating with the highest accuracy the metabolic state of patients before and after six-month metformin treatment, were: (1) vaspin, HbA1c, HDL, LDL, TG, insulin, and HOMA-B (ACC = 88 [%]); (2) vaspin, irisin, QUICKI, and eGDR (ACC = 86 [%]); as well as, (3) vaspin, irisin, LDL, HOMA-S, ACR, and eGFR (ACC = 86 [%]).

Correlation between vaspin and PANSS scores in schizophrenia patients with obesity

OBJECTIVE

Metabolic abnormalities such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, and abnormal levels of plasma adipokines have been observed in patients with schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate the differences and correlations of plasma vaspin levels with metabolic parameters in patients with schizophrenia and to compare with healthy controls.

METHOD

We measured plasma levels of vaspin and metabolic parameters of 100 patients with schizophrenia and 95 healthy controls. Patients with schizophrenia were evaluated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and The Global Assessment of Functioning.

RESULTS

Mean levels of body mass index, waist circumference, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of the patients were statistically higher than those of the healthy controls (p = 0.002, p < 0.001, p = 0.03, and p = 0.002, respectively). Plasma levels of vaspin were 0.96 ± 0.73 ng/ml in patients with schizophrenia and 0.29 ± 0.15 ng/ml in the healthy controls (p < 0.001). Plasma vaspin levels were statistically higher in patients with schizophrenia than healthy controls both in groups with and without metabolic syndrome and obesity (p < 0.001). Plasma vaspin levels showed a positive correlation with triglyceride in patients with schizophrenia (r = 0.26, p = 0.007). There were positive correlations between vaspin and PANSS scores in schizophrenia patients with obesity (PANSS Positive: r = 0.42, p = 0.01; PANSS Negative: r = 0.42, p = 0.01; PANSS General: r = 0.43, p = 0.01; PANSS Total: r = 0.47, p = 0.006).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study showed a significant relationship and positive correlation between vaspin and PANSS scores in schizophrenia patients with obesity. Vaspin may play an important role in the metabolic processes of patients with schizophrenia.

An Electrochemical Aptasensor Platform Based on Flower-Like Gold Microstructure-Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode for Detection of Serpin A12 as a Type 2 Diabetes Biomarker

Purpose

In the present study, a highly sensitive and simple electrochemical (EC) aptasensor for the detection of serpin A12 as a novel biomarker of diabetes was developed on a platform where flower-like gold microstructures (FLGMs) are electrodeposited onto a disposable screen-printed carbon electrode. Meanwhile, serpin A12-specific thiolated aptamer was covalently immobilized on the FLGMs.

Methods

The electrochemical activity of a fabricated aptasensor under various conditions were examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Aptamer concentration, deposition time, self-assembly time, and incubation time were optimized for assay of serpin A12. The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was implemented for quantitative detection of serpin A12 in K₃ [Fe (CN) ₆]/K₄ [Fe (CN) ₆] solution (redox probe).

Results

The label-free aptasensor revealed a linear range of serpin A12 concentration (0.039–10 ng/mL), detection limit of 0.020 ng/mL (S/N=3), and 0.031 ng/mL in solution buffer and plasma, respectively.

Conclusion

The results indicate that this aptasensor has a high sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and acceptable reproducibility for detection of serpin A12 in diabetic patients.

Effects of Vaspin on Insulin Resistance in Rats and Underlying Mechanisms

Insulin resistance (IR) is the main pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and a shared pathophysiological change in conditions such as diabetes mellitus, adiposity, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin (Vaspin) is a newly discovered adipocytokine with insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects. To examine if vaspin can improve insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet via the insulin receptor substrate/phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B/glucose transport (IRS/PI3K/Akt/Glut) and inhibitory κB alpha/nuclear factor-kappa B (IκBα/NF-κB) signalling pathways, thirty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: the normal control group (NC group, n = 10), high-fat diet group (HFD group, n = 10) and vaspin intervention group (HFD + vaspin group, n = 10). Results showed that intervention with vaspin significantly decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting insulin (FINS) concentrations in HFD − fed rats without significantly affecting body weight or triglyceride (TG) or total cholesterol (TC) levels. The areas under the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and the insulin tolerance test (ITT) curves were significantly decreased in HFD + vaspin group compared with the HFD group, and the glucose infusion rate (GIR) showed the same trends. Western blot, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining showed that vaspin could improve insulin resistance in liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue by activating the IRS/PI3K/Akt/Glut signalling pathway and inhibiting the IκBα/NF-κB signalling pathway.

Evaluation of biologically active substances promoting the development of or protecting against endometrial cancer

Introduction

Adipose tissue is considered an endocrine organ and produces a number of biologically active substances.

Aims

To consider the role that four adipokines – leptin, omentin-1, vaspin, and galectin-3 – play in the diagnosis of endometrium cancer and to investigate the association between serum concentrations of adipose tissue metabolism products and the diagnostics and prognosis in endometrial cancer.

Patients and methods

The study included 168 patients with body mass index (BMI) >20 kg/m² admitted due to post-menopausal bleeding.

Results

A receiver operating characteristic curves test was performed to determine the diagnostic values of the proteins tested. For leptin and galectin-3 the area under the curve (AUC) values were 0.79/0.68, while for vaspin and omentin-1 the AUC values were 0.82/0.86 for all study patients. The final model identified the following independent risk factors: glucose concentration, BMI, waist circumference, leptin, and vaspin concentrations. Diagnostic values of leptin and galectin-3 with regard to differentiation between high (Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie Obstétrique [FIGO] III and IV) and low (FIGO I and II) stages of clinical tumor advancement and prediction of tumor grading (G1 vs G3) based on the AUC curve were 0.82/0.70 and 0.80/0.74. The AUC values for vaspin and omentin-1 with respect to differentiation between histopathological advancement and grading were 0.86/0.81 and 0.83/0.77, respectively. Significantly lower values of mean omentin-1 and vaspin concentrations were also demonstrated in cases of lymphatic vessel invasion, lymph node metastases, or deep endometrial infiltration (p=0.002, p=0.01, p=0.003, respectively).

Conclusion

It appears that elevated concentrations of leptin, vaspin, and omentin-1 may indicate the presence of endometrial cancer. Furthermore, leptin serum level and vaspin appear to be useful tools in the assessment of clinical staging of endometrial cancer.

Circulating omentin-1 might be associated with metabolic health status in different phenotypes of body size

OBJECTIVE

Adipokines are mediators of body composition and are involved in obesity complications. This study aimed to assess the association of circulating omentin-1, vaspin, and RBP-4 with body composition indices and metabolic health status (MHS) in different phenotypes of body size.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A total of 350 subjects were included in the current cross-sectional study. Body composition was measured using a body composition analyzer, and serum concentrations of omentin-1, vaspin, and RBP-4 were assessed by ELISA kits.

RESULTS

Circulating omentin-1 was significantly (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.00-1.91, P = 0.01) and marginally (OR = 1.63, 95%CI: 1.00-1.75, P = 0.06) associated with MHS in the overweight and obese subjects, respectively. But no association was seen between omentin-1 and MHS in normal-weight subjects. Serum levels of vaspin and RBP-4 were not correlated with MHS. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was observed between circulating omentin-1 and body mass index (BMI) as well as fat percentage (P = 0.02) in the MHS group. Serum vaspin concentrations were not related to body composition components in both groups. In addition, in the MHS group, circulating RBP-4 was positively correlated with fat percentage and fat mass (FM) (p < 0.0001) and was negatively correlated with fat-free mass (FFM) and total body water (TBW) (p < 0.0001). In contrast, in the metabolically unhealthy group, RBP-4 was negatively correlated with fat percentage, FM, and BMI (p < 0.0001) and was positively correlated with FFM and TBW (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that circulating levels of omentin-1 are useful predictors of metabolic health status in overweight and obese people.

Serum Vaspin Concentration in Elderly Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Differing Body Mass Index: A Cross-Sectional Study

Aims. This study was to evaluate the association of serum vaspin concentrations with body mass index (BMI) among elderly patients (>60 years old). Methods. A total of 227 elderly individuals included 76 healthy with normal glucose tolerance, which divided into normal weight control (BMI < 25, n = 38) and overweight or obese control (BMI ≥ 25, n = 38) subgroups, and 150 T2DM patients, which divided into normal weight diabetes (BMI < 25, n = 55), overweight diabetes (30 > BMI ≥ 25, n = 52), and obese diabetes (BMI ≥ 30, n = 43) subgroups. Relevant parameters were matched for age and gender ratio. Serum vaspin concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. Serum vaspin concentration was significantly higher in the T2DM than the healthy (451.9 ± 32.6 versus 284.2 ± 21.7, P < 0.01). In the diabetic patients, the vaspin concentration was significantly higher in the obese group than the normal weight group (498.2 ± 17.1 versus 382.1 ± 21.3, P < 0.05). In addition, the concentration of vaspin in normal weight T2DM was higher than in healthy control group with normal weight (382.1 ± 21.3 versus 192.5 ± 45.2, P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that BMI was independent factors influencing the serum vaspin concentration in all participants. Conclusion. Vaspin may play an important compensatory role in obesity and insulin resistance in elderly people. The clinical trial registration number is ChiCTR-OPC-14005698.