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Alwadai AS, Al Wahibi MS, Alsayed MF, Alshaikh NA, Perveen K, Elsayim R. Molecular characterization of plant growth-promoting Trichoderma from Saudi Arabia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:23236. [PMID: 39369094 PMCID: PMC11457496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73762-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungi in the genus Trichoderma are widespread in the environment, mainly in soils. They are used in agriculture because of their mycoparasitic potential; Trichoderma have the ability to increase plant health and provide protection against phytopathogens, making them desirable plant symbionts. We isolated, identified, and characterized Trichoderma from different regions of Saudi Arabia and evaluated the ability of Trichoderma to promote plant growth. Morphological and molecular characterization, along with phylogenetic studies, were utilized to differentiate between Trichoderma species isolated from soil samples in the Abha and Riyadh regions, Saudi Arabia. Then, plant growth-promoting traits of the isolated Trichoderma species were assessed. Eight Trichoderma isolates were characterized via morphological and molecular analysis; six (Trichoderma koningiopsis, Trichoderma lixii, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma brevicompactum, and Trichoderma velutinum) were from Abha and two (T. lixii and T. harzianum) were from Riyadh. The isolated Trichoderma strains belonged to three different clades (Clade 1: Harzianum, Clade 2: Brevicompactum, and Clade 3: Viride). The Trichoderma isolates varied in plant growth-promoting traits. Seeds treated with most isolates exhibited a high percentage of germination, except seeds treated with the T3-T. koningii isolate. 100% germination was reported for seeds treated with the T4-T. harzianum and T6-T. brevicompactum isolates, while seeds treated with the T1-T. koniniopsis and T5-T. lixii isolates showed 91.1% and 90.9% germination, respectively. Seeds treated with the T8-T. velutinum, T2-T. lixii, and T7-T. harzianum isolates had germination rates of 84.1%, 82.2%, and 72.7%, respectively. The Trichoderma isolate T5-T. lixii stimulated tomato plant growth the most, followed by T7-T. harzianum, T8-T. velutinum, T4-T. harzianum, T1-T. koniniopsis, T2-T. lixii, and T6-T. brevicompactum; the least effective was T3-T. koningii. A maximum fresh weight of 669.33 mg was observed for the T5-T. lixii-treated plants. The Abha region had a higher diversity of Trichoderma species than the Riyadh region, and most isolated Trichoderma spp. promoted tomato growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Saleh Alwadai
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona S Al Wahibi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashail Fahad Alsayed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najla A Alshaikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kahkashan Perveen
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha Elsayim
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Lee K, Missaoui A, Mahmud K, Presley H, Lonnee M. Interaction between Grasses and Epichloë Endophytes and Its Significance to Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance and the Rhizosphere. Microorganisms 2021. [PMID: 34835312 DOI: 10.1007/10.3390/microorganisms9112186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cool-season grasses are the most common forage types in livestock operations and amenities. Several of the cool-season grasses establish mutualistic associations with an endophytic fungus of the Epichloë genus. The grasses and endophytic fungi have evolved over a long period of time to form host-fungus specific relationships that confer protection for the grass against various stressors in exchange for housing and nutrients to the fungus. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms by which Epichloë endophytes and grasses interact, including molecular pathways for secondary metabolite production. It also outlines specific mechanisms by which the endophyte helps protect the plant from various abiotic and biotic stressors. Finally, the review provides information on how Epichloë infection of grass and stressors affect the rhizosphere environment of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall Lee
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ali Missaoui
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kishan Mahmud
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Holly Presley
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Marin Lonnee
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Lee K, Missaoui A, Mahmud K, Presley H, Lonnee M. Interaction between Grasses and Epichloë Endophytes and Its Significance to Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance and the Rhizosphere. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2186. [PMID: 34835312 PMCID: PMC8623577 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cool-season grasses are the most common forage types in livestock operations and amenities. Several of the cool-season grasses establish mutualistic associations with an endophytic fungus of the Epichloë genus. The grasses and endophytic fungi have evolved over a long period of time to form host-fungus specific relationships that confer protection for the grass against various stressors in exchange for housing and nutrients to the fungus. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms by which Epichloë endophytes and grasses interact, including molecular pathways for secondary metabolite production. It also outlines specific mechanisms by which the endophyte helps protect the plant from various abiotic and biotic stressors. Finally, the review provides information on how Epichloë infection of grass and stressors affect the rhizosphere environment of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall Lee
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (K.L.); (H.P.)
| | - Ali Missaoui
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (K.L.); (H.P.)
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Kishan Mahmud
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Holly Presley
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (K.L.); (H.P.)
| | - Marin Lonnee
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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Simbaña J, Portero-Barahona P, Carvajal Barriga EJ. Wild Ecuadorian Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains and Their Potential in the Malt-Based Beverages Industry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2021.1945366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simbaña
- Neotropical Center for Biomass Research, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, The Catholic University Yeasts Collection-Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Portero-Barahona
- Neotropical Center for Biomass Research, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, The Catholic University Yeasts Collection-Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Enrique Javier Carvajal Barriga
- Neotropical Center for Biomass Research, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, The Catholic University Yeasts Collection-Quito, Quito, Ecuador
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Asis A, Shahriar SA, Naher L, Saallah S, Fatihah HNN, Kumar V, Siddiquee S. Identification patterns of Trichoderma strains using morphological characteristics, phylogenetic analyses and lignocellulolytic activities. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3285-3301. [PMID: 33880673 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma is a genus of soil-borne fungus with an abundance of reports of its economic importance in the agriculture industry. Thus, the correct identification of Trichoderma species is necessary for its commercial purposes. Globally, Trichoderma species are routinely identified from micro-morphological descriptions which can be tedious and prone to errors. Thus, we emphasize that the accurate identification of Trichoderma strains requires a three-pronged approach i.e. based on its morphological characteristics, multilocus gene sequences of the rDNA [internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 2 regions], translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF-1α), Calmodulin (CAL) and its lignocellulolytic activities. We used this approach to identify a total of 53 Trichoderma strains which were isolated from a wet paddy field located at Tuaran, Sabah, Malaysia. The 53 strains were positively identified as belonging to three Trichoderma species, namely T. asperellum (43 strains), T. harzianum (9 strains), and T. reesei (one strain) on the basis of its morphological characteristics and multilocus gene sequences. Phylogenetic trees constructed based on the UPGMA method of the ITS 1 and 2 regions of the rDNA, TEF-1α and CAL revealed three distinct groups with the T. asperellum, T. harzianum and T. reesei strains placed under the section of Trichoderma, Pachybasium and Longibrachiatum, respectively. In addition, the lignocellulolytic activities of the isolates were measured based on the diameters of the halo zones produced when degrading cellulose, lignin, and starch, respectively. This diagnostic assay can be used to identify Trichoderma as it produces polyphenol oxidase when Tannic Acid Media is used for the lignin test, endoglucanases when Jensen media is used for cellulose, and it hydrolyzes starch to glucose when the modified Melin-Nokrans media is used for the starch test. Accurate identification of Trichoderma species is needed as these strains can potentially be used as a biocontrol agent to prevent diseases and to increase yield in agriculture crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azriah Asis
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Saleh Ahmed Shahriar
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Laila Naher
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600 Pengkalan Chepa, Jeli Campus, Kelantan Darul Naim, Malaysia
| | - Suryani Saallah
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Hasan Nudin Nur Fatihah
- Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kampus Besut, 22200, Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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El Enshasy HA, Ambehabati KK, El Baz AF, Ramchuran S, Sayyed RZ, Amalin D, Dailin DJ, Hanapi SZ. Trichoderma: Biocontrol Agents for Promoting Plant Growth and Soil Health. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48474-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sallam NMA, Eraky AMI, Sallam A. Effect of Trichoderma spp. on Fusarium wilt disease of tomato. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4463-4470. [PMID: 31197638 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Seven isolates of Trichoderma spp. (T1 to T7) from Egypt were evaluated in vitro by bioassay for their potential to antagonize Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL, the causal pathogen of tomato wilt disease). The highest percentage of inhibition against the tested pathogenic isolate were obtained with Trichoderma isolate (T7) followed by Trichoderma isolate (T3). In greenhouse experiments, the application of the highly antagonistic isolates of Trichoderma spp. (T3 and T7) led to a significant decrease of disease severity compared to the untreated control treatment. The lowest severity was achieved with the T3 isolate (24.8%) followed by isolate T7 (34.6%) compared with the other tested isolates. To understand the ability of Trichoderma isolates to protect against wilt disease, its induced systemic resistance in tomato plants has been studied. The expression of a defense-related gene (β-1,3-glucanase gene) was assessed by real-time RT-PCR in tomato plants to test the accumulation kinetics of transcripts encoding PR proteins in the roots of tomato in control (only with the pathogen), T3&FOL, and T7&FOL treatments. The highest degree of gene expression was found in tomato plants which were treated with T3&FOL compared with control (pathogen only). Two species of antagonistic Trichoderma (T3& T7) were characterized based on molecular tools using internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS4). The results of genetic characterization identified two different species of Trichoderma (T. atroviride and T. longibrachiatum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa M A Sallam
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Amal M I Eraky
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Sallam
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Corral P, Esposito FP, Tedesco P, Falco A, Tortorella E, Tartaglione L, Festa C, D'Auria MV, Gnavi G, Varese GC, de Pascale D. Identification of a Sorbicillinoid-Producing Aspergillus Strain with Antimicrobial Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus: a New Polyextremophilic Marine Fungus from Barents Sea. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 20:502-511. [PMID: 29651633 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9821-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of poorly studied areas of Earth can highly increase the possibility to discover novel bioactive compounds. In this study, the cultivable fraction of fungi and bacteria from Barents Sea sediments has been studied to mine new bioactive molecules with antibacterial activity against a panel of human pathogens. We isolated diverse strains of psychrophilic and halophilic bacteria and fungi from a collection of nine samples from sea sediment. Following a full bioassay-guided approach, we isolated a new promising polyextremophilic marine fungus strain 8Na, identified as Aspergillus protuberus MUT 3638, possessing the potential to produce antimicrobial agents. This fungus, isolated from cold seawater, was able to grow in a wide range of salinity, pH and temperatures. The growth conditions were optimised and scaled to fermentation, and its produced extract was subjected to chemical analysis. The active component was identified as bisvertinolone, a member of sorbicillonoid family that was found to display significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 30 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Corral
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR)-Institute of Protein Biochemistry (IBP), Naples, Italy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Pietro Tedesco
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR)-Institute of Protein Biochemistry (IBP), Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Falco
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR)-Institute of Protein Biochemistry (IBP), Naples, Italy
| | - Emiliana Tortorella
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR)-Institute of Protein Biochemistry (IBP), Naples, Italy
| | | | - Carmen Festa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Gnavi
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Donatella de Pascale
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR)-Institute of Protein Biochemistry (IBP), Naples, Italy.
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Influence of plant genotype on the cultivable fungi associated to tomato rhizosphere and roots in different soils. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:862-72. [PMID: 27268246 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rhizosphere and root-associated microbiota are crucial in determining plant health and in increasing productivity of agricultural crops. To date, research has mainly focused on the bacterial dimension of the microbiota. However, interest in the mycobiota is increasing, since fungi play a key role in soil ecosystems. We examined the effect of plant genotype, soil, and of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) on the cultivable component of rhizosphere and root-associated mycobiota of tomato. Resistant and susceptible varieties were cultivated on two different soils (A and B), under glasshouse conditions. Isolated fungi were identified by morphological and molecular approaches. Differences were found between the rhizosphere and the roots, which in general displayed a lower number of species. The structure of the mycobiota was significantly affected by the soil type in the rhizosphere as well as by the plant genotype within the roots (NPERMANOVA, p < 0.05). The addition of Fol changed the community structure, particularly in soil A, where Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp. were the dominant responding fungi. Overall, the results indicated that i) soil type and plant genotype affect the fungal communities; ii) plant roots select few species from the rhizosphere; and iii) the fungal community structure is influenced by Fol.
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