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Schofield LG, Endacott SK, Delforce SJ, Lumbers ER, Pringle KG. Importance of the (Pro)renin Receptor in Activating the Renin-Angiotensin System During Normotensive and Preeclamptic Pregnancies. Curr Hypertens Rep 2024:10.1007/s11906-024-01316-1. [PMID: 39093387 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-024-01316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW For a healthy pregnancy to occur, a controlled interplay between the maternal circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), placental renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (iRAS) is necessary. Functionally, both the RAAS and iRAS interact to maintain blood pressure and cardiac output, as well as fluid and electrolyte balance. The placental RAS is important for placental development while also influencing the maternal circulating RAAS and iRAS. This narrative review concentrates on the (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) and its soluble form (s(P)RR) in the context of the hypertensive pregnancy pathology, preeclampsia. RECENT FINDINGS The (P)RR and the s(P)RR have become of particular interest as not only can they activate prorenin and renin, thus influencing levels of angiotensin II (Ang II), but s(P)RR has now been shown to directly interact with and stimulate the Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R). Levels of both placental (P)RR and maternal circulating s(P)RR are elevated in patients with preeclampsia. Furthermore, s(P)RR has been shown to increase blood pressure in non-pregnant and pregnant rats and mice. In preeclamptic pregnancies, which are characterised by maternal hypertension and impaired placental development and function, we propose that there is enhanced secretion of s(P)RR from the placenta into the maternal circulation. Due to its ability to both activate prorenin and act as an AT1R agonist, excess maternal circulating s(P)RR can act on both the maternal vasculature, and the kidney, leading to RAS over-activation. This results in dysregulation of the maternal circulating RAAS and overactivation of the iRAS, contributing to maternal hypertension, renal damage, and secondary changes to neurohumoral regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance, ultimately contributing to the pathophysiology of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan G Schofield
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, N.S.W, 2308, Australia
- Womens Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, N.S.W, 2305, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton, N.S.W, 2305, Australia
| | - Saije K Endacott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, N.S.W, 2308, Australia
- Womens Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, N.S.W, 2305, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton, N.S.W, 2305, Australia
| | - Sarah J Delforce
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, N.S.W, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton, N.S.W, 2305, Australia
| | - Eugenie R Lumbers
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, N.S.W, 2308, Australia
- Womens Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, N.S.W, 2305, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton, N.S.W, 2305, Australia
| | - Kirsty G Pringle
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, N.S.W, 2308, Australia.
- Womens Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, N.S.W, 2305, Australia.
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton, N.S.W, 2305, Australia.
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Yang TY, Chang PJ, Ko YS, Shen SR, Chang SF. Assessment of the (Pro)renin Receptor Protein Expression in Organs. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:1741-1753. [PMID: 38534729 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) is an essential component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) as a specific single-pass transmembrane receptor for prorenin and renin and has now emerged as a multifunctional protein implicated in a wide variety of developmental and physio-pathological processes and pathways. The (P)RR may be of pathological significance in metabolic syndrome. The (P)RR has received much consideration; substantial efforts have been made to understand the localization, regulation, and function of the (P)RR at both a molecular and system level. (P)RR regulation of cell function depends on whether it is intact or cleaved into its constituent forms. Therefore, the present chapter describes immunohistochemical approaches to examine the expression of (P)RR in various organs. It was shown that different molecular forms of (P)RR could be present in different tissue compartments in almost all organs. Among them, the liver has high PRR activity. Our findings could elucidate more detailed distribution of different (P)RR molecular forms in different organs, which could provide useful information to further investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of various diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Yao Yang
- Cardiovascular Department, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Pey-Jium Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shien Ko
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Siou-Ru Shen
- Cardiovascular Department, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fu Chang
- Department of Medical Research and Development, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
- Center for General Education, Chiayi Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
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Identification of Diagnostic CpG Signatures in Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus via Epigenome-Wide Association Study Integrated with Machine Learning. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:1984690. [PMID: 34104645 PMCID: PMC8162250 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1984690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most prevalent metabolic disease during pregnancy, but the diagnosis is controversial and lagging partly due to the lack of useful biomarkers. CpG methylation is involved in the development of GDM. However, the specific CpG methylation sites serving as diagnostic biomarkers of GDM remain unclear. Here, we aimed to explore CpG signatures and establish the predicting model for the GDM diagnosis. Methods DNA methylation data of GSE88929 and GSE102177 were obtained from the GEO database, followed by the epigenome-wide association study (EWAS). GO and KEGG pathway analyses were performed by using the clusterProfiler package of R. The PPI network was constructed in the STRING database and Cytoscape software. The SVM model was established, in which the β-values of selected CpG sites were the predictor variable and the occurrence of GDM was the outcome variable. Results We identified 62 significant CpG methylation sites in the GDM samples compared with the control samples. GO and KEGG analyses based on the 62 CpG sites demonstrated that several essential cellular processes and signaling pathways were enriched in the system. A total of 12 hub genes related to the identified CpG sites were found in the PPI network. The SVM model based on the selected CpGs within the promoter region, including cg00922748, cg05216211, cg05376185, cg06617468, cg17097119, and cg22385669, was established, and the AUC values of the training set and testing set in the model were 0.8138 and 0.7576. The AUC value of the independent validation set of GSE102177 was 0.6667. Conclusion We identified potential diagnostic CpG signatures by EWAS integrated with the SVM model. The SVM model based on the identified 6 CpG sites reliably predicted the GDM occurrence, contributing to the diagnosis of GDM. Our finding provides new insights into the cross-application of EWAS and machine learning in GDM investigation.
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Wang F, Luo R, Zou CJ, Xie S, Peng K, Zhao L, Yang KT, Xu C, Yang T. Soluble (pro)renin receptor treats metabolic syndrome in mice with diet-induced obesity via interaction with PPARγ. JCI Insight 2020; 5:128061. [PMID: 32271168 PMCID: PMC7205274 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapies available for management of obesity and associated conditions are limited, because they are often directed toward an individual component of metabolic syndrome and are associated with adverse effects. Here, we report the multifaceted therapeutic potential of histidine-tagged recombinant soluble (pro)renin receptor (sPRR), termed sPRR-His, in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). In the DIO model, 2-week administration of sPRR-His lowered body weight and remarkably improved multiple metabolic parameters in the absence of fluid retention. Conversely, inhibition of endogenous sPRR production by PF429242 induced diabetes and insulin resistance, both of which were reversed by the sPRR-His supplement. At the cellular level, sPRR-His enhanced insulin-induced increases in glucose uptake via upregulation of phosphorylated AKT and protein abundance of glucose transporter 4. Promoter and gene expression analysis revealed PRR as a direct target gene of PPARγ. Adipocyte-specific PPARγ deletion induced severe diabetes and insulin resistance associated with reduced adipose PRR expression and circulating sPRR. The sPRR-His supplement in the null mice nearly normalized blood glucose and insulin levels. Additionally, sPRR-His treatment suppressed DIO-induced renal sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) expression. Overall, sPRR-His exhibits a therapeutic potential in management of metabolic syndrome via interaction with PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Renfei Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Chang-Jiang Zou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Shiying Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kexin Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kevin T. Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Chuanming Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Watanabe D, Morimoto S, Morishima N, Kato Y, Nagashima Y, Shibata N, Ichihara A. Adrenal (Pro)renin Receptor Expression and Serum Soluble (Pro)renin Receptor Concentration in Primary Aldosteronism. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:9640103. [PMID: 33061968 PMCID: PMC7539071 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9640103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is a multifunctioning protein playing roles in various pathological conditions. A soluble form of (P)RR [s(P)RR] has been considered a biomarker for (P)RR expression in tissues. Expression of (P)RR has been described in aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA), but the roles of (P)RR have yet to be fully determined. This study investigated the significance of (P)RR and serum s(P)RR concentrations in patients with APA. We evaluated associations between (P)RR expression and expression of CYP11B2, an aldosterone synthase, and aldosterone production by the adrenal glands and assessed the relationships between serum s(P)RR concentration and background factors. (P)RR colocalized with CYP11B2 and expression levels of (P)RR were positively associated with those of CYP11B2 in APA tissues. (P)RR immunoreactivity in these tissues correlated positively with plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC) and urinary aldosterone excretion. Also, in APA, (P)RR mRNA abundance was positively correlated with β-catenin mRNA abundance. Significant positive correlations were identified between serum s(P)RR concentration and plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and serum creatinine levels, but not with PAC (in either peripheral vein or adrenal vein) or adrenal (P)RR expression level. This study showed that (P)RR expression level correlates with CYP11B2 expression in APA tissues and PAC and urinary aldosterone excretion, suggesting that (P)RR expression may contribute to aldosterone synthesis via CYP11B2 activation in APAs, although serum s(P)RR concentration failed to show any significant relationship with adrenal (P)RR expression. Adrenal (P)RR activity might offer a therapeutic target in the treatment of PA, although this issue needs to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Watanabe
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Noriko Morishima
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kato
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yoji Nagashima
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Shibata
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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Sugulle M, Heidecke H, Maschke U, Herse F, Danser AHJ, Mueller DN, Staff AC, Dechend R. Soluble (pro)renin receptor in preeclampsia and diabetic pregnancies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 11:644-652. [PMID: 29050747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Women with preexisting or gestational diabetes mellitus have an increased risk for developing preeclampsia. Diabetes and pregnancy are both characterized by very high prorenin levels and renin-angiotensin system activation. Prorenin bound to the (pro)renin receptor has enzymatic activity. We hypothesized that soluble (pro)renin receptor levels are elevated in high-risk pregnancies. Third trimester maternal blood samples from complicated pregnancies (n = 165), (preeclampsia [n = 76], diabetes mellitus [type I diabetes, n = 35; type II diabetes, n = 11; gestational diabetes mellitus, n = 43]), and healthy pregnancies (n = 49) were analyzed for prorenin, renin, and soluble (pro)renin receptor. There were no significant differences in prorenin or renin levels between the study groups in a multivariate model. In the group of women with gestational diabetes, soluble (pro)renin receptor concentrations were significantly higher compared with healthy pregnancies or preeclampsia. Soluble (pro)renin receptor did not correlate with renin or prorenin levels for any of the study groups. Our results show that soluble (pro)renin receptor is dysregulated in pregnancies affected by diabetes mellitus, but not in preeclampsia. Alterations in circulating soluble (pro)renin receptor are unrelated to renin/prorenin in pregnancy, but may be of pathophysiological relevance in diabetic pregnancies in a renin-angiotensin system-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryam Sugulle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ulrike Maschke
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation Between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Herse
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation Between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dominik N Mueller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation Between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Cathrine Staff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ralf Dechend
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation Between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS Klinikum Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Oztas E, Ozler S, Ersoy E, Ersoy AO, Tokmak A, Ergin M, Uygur D, Danisman N. Prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus by first trimester serum secreted frizzle-related protein-5 levels. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 29:1515-9. [PMID: 26100762 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1052399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main aim of this study was to investigate the first trimester maternal serum secreted frizzle-related protein-5 (Sfrp-5) levels and to evaluate the predictive value on the subsequently developed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS A total of 40 pregnant women who subsequently developed GDM and 44 age- and pre-pregnancy BMI-matched healthy pregnant women were enrolled in this prospective case-control study. First trimester serum Sfrp-5 levels were evaluated to determine if there is an association with the onset of GDM, by using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Decreased first trimester serum Sfrp-5 levels (OR = 14.332, 95%CI: 4.166-49.301, p < 0.001) were found to be significantly associated with the increased risk of GDM. There were no statistically significant differences in serum Sfrp-5 levels between the diet- and insulin-treated GDM groups and also serum Sfrp-5 levels were not found to be predictive for adverse perinatal outcomes (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Decreased first trimester serum Sfrp-5 levels are significantly associated with the increased risk of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efser Oztas
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey , and
| | - Sibel Ozler
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey , and
| | - Ebru Ersoy
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey , and
| | - Ali Ozgur Ersoy
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey , and
| | - Aytekin Tokmak
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey , and
| | - Merve Ergin
- b Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Dilek Uygur
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey , and
| | - Nuri Danisman
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey , and
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