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Zuin M, Chiastra C, Morbiducci U, Gallo D, Bilato C, Rigatelli G. Carina: A major determinant in the pathophysiology and treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2024. [PMID: 39354881 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.31254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the last decade, several in vivo and computational investigations have significantly advanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of coronary bifurcations, contributing to the enhancement of their percutaneous revascularization. The carina of the coronary bifurcations plays a substantial role in generating their main hemodynamic features, including distinctive flow patterns with secondary flows and specific shear stress patterns. These factors play a pivotal role in determining the susceptibility, development, and progression of atherosclerosis. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of atherosclerosis in coronary bifurcations are complex and multifactorial. Understanding these mechanisms is fundamental to comprehending lesions at the bifurcation level and informing future treatment strategies. This review aims to present the currently available data regarding the pathophysiological and prognostic role of the carina in coronary bifurcations, offering an interpretation of these findings from the perspective of interventional cardiologists, providing valuable insights for their clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zuin
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Chiastra
- PoliToBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Umberto Morbiducci
- PoliToBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Diego Gallo
- PoliToBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Bilato
- Division of Cardiology, West Vicenza Hospital, Arzignano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Rigatelli
- Interventional Cardiology Unit, Department of Cardiology, Madre Teresa Hospital, Padova, Italy
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2
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Radunović A, Vidaković R, Timčić S, Odanović N, Stefanović M, Lipovac M, Krupniković K, Mandić A, Kojić D, Tomović M, Ilić I. Multislice computerized tomography coronary angiography can be a comparable tool to intravascular ultrasound in evaluating "true" coronary artery bifurcations. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1292517. [PMID: 38028491 PMCID: PMC10657987 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1292517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Coronary bifurcation atherosclerosis depends on its angles, flow, and extensive branching. We investigate the ability of CT coronary angiography (CTCA) to determine atherosclerotic plaque characteristics of "true" bifurcation compared with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and the influence on side branch (SB) fate after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods and results The study included 70 patients with 72 "true" bifurcations. Most of the bifurcations were in the left anterior descending-diagonal (Dg) territory [50 out of 72 (69.4%)]. Longitudinal plaque evaluation at the polygon of confluence [carina and 5 mm proximal and distal in the main branch (MB)] showed that carina side MB and SB plaque had occurred with the lowest incidence with fibro-lipid structure (115 ± 63 HU and 89 ± 73 HU, p < 0.001 for all). Bland-Altman analysis showed a discrepancy in measuring mainly the lumen area between CTCA and IVUS in proximal MB [lumen 5.10, 95% CI (95% confidence interval, 4.53-5.68) mm2, p < 0.001; vessel -1.42, 95% CI (-2.63 to -0.21) mm2, p = 0.023], carina MB [lumen 3.74, 95% CI (3.37-4.10) mm2, p < 0.001; vessel -0.48, 95% CI (-1.45 to 0.48) mm2, p = 0.322], and distal MB [lumen 4.72, 95% CI (4.27-5.18) mm2, p < 0.001; vessel 0.62, 95% CI (-0.53 to 1.77) mm2, p = 0.283]. A significant correlation existed between average plaque density on CTCA with a percentage of calcified plaque on IVUS tissue characterization (proximal r = 0.307/p = 0.024, carina 0.469/0.008, distal 0.339/0.024, minimal lumen diameter 0.318/0.020). Circumferential plaque in the proximal MB segment remained an independent predictor of SB compromise [OR 3.962 (95% CI 1.170-13.418)]. Conclusion Detection and characterization of atherosclerotic plaque by CTCA in non-left main "true" coronary bifurcations can provide useful information about bifurcation anatomy and plaque distribution that can predict outcomes after provisional stenting, thus guiding the interventional strategy to bifurcation PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Radunović
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases Dedinje, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radosav Vidaković
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Hospital Center Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefan Timčić
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases Dedinje, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natalija Odanović
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases Dedinje, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Stefanović
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Hospital Center Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirko Lipovac
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases Dedinje, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kosta Krupniković
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases Dedinje, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Mandić
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases Dedinje, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Kojić
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases Dedinje, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milosav Tomović
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases Dedinje, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Ilić
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases Dedinje, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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3
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Moniripiri M, Hassani Soukht Abandani M, Firoozabadi B. Simulation of LDL permeation into multilayer wall of a coronary bifurcation using WSS-dependent model: effects of hemorheology. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 22:711-727. [PMID: 36525181 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, due to the permeation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles into the arterial wall, is one of the most common and deadly diseases in today's world. Due to its importance, numerous studies have been conducted on the factors affecting this disease. In this study, using numerical simulation, the effects of Wall Shear Stress (WSS), non-Newtonian behavior of blood, different values of hematocrit and blood pressure on LDL permeation into the arterial wall layers are investigated in a 4-layer wall model of a coronary bifurcation. To obtain the velocity and concentration fields in the fluid domain, the Navier-Stokes, Brinkman, and mass transfer equations are numerically solved in the lumen and wall layers. Results show that it is important to consider the effects of WSS on transport properties of endothelium layer in bifurcations and this leads to completely different concentration profiles compared to the constant properties model. Our computations show that a giant accumulation of LDL in the intima layer of the outer wall of the left anterior descending artery, especially in low WSS regions, may lead to atherosclerosis. It is also, necessary to consider the non-Newtonian behavior of blood in bifurcations due to its direct effect on WSS. A pressure-induced increase in the half-width of leaky junctions may be responsible for the higher risk of atherosclerosis in hypertension. In addition, it is shown that the dominant mechanism in LDL permeation into the wall is convection, and also, hypertension increases the effect of mass transfer by convection mechanism more than the diffusion mechanism. Furthermore, our results are consistent with various clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moniripiri
- Center of Excellence in Energy Conversion, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Bahar Firoozabadi
- Center of Excellence in Energy Conversion, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Prediction of All-Cause Mortality Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Bifurcation Lesions Using Machine Learning Algorithms. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060990. [PMID: 35743777 PMCID: PMC9224705 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stratifying prognosis following coronary bifurcation percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is an unmet clinical need that may be fulfilled through the adoption of machine learning (ML) algorithms to refine outcome predictions. We sought to develop an ML-based risk stratification model built on clinical, anatomical, and procedural features to predict all-cause mortality following contemporary bifurcation PCI. Multiple ML models to predict all-cause mortality were tested on a cohort of 2393 patients (training, n = 1795; internal validation, n = 598) undergoing bifurcation PCI with contemporary stents from the real-world RAIN registry. Twenty-five commonly available patient-/lesion-related features were selected to train ML models. The best model was validated in an external cohort of 1701 patients undergoing bifurcation PCI from the DUTCH PEERS and BIO-RESORT trial cohorts. At ROC curves, the AUC for the prediction of 2-year mortality was 0.79 (0.74–0.83) in the overall population, 0.74 (0.62–0.85) at internal validation and 0.71 (0.62–0.79) at external validation. Performance at risk ranking analysis, k-center cross-validation, and continual learning confirmed the generalizability of the models, also available as an online interface. The RAIN-ML prediction model represents the first tool combining clinical, anatomical, and procedural features to predict all-cause mortality among patients undergoing contemporary bifurcation PCI with reliable performance.
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5
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Stankovic G, Mehmedbegovic Z, Milasinovic D. Bifurcation Lesion Stenting. Interv Cardiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119697367.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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6
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Boussoussou M, Vattay B, Szilveszter B, Kolossváry M, Simon J, Vecsey-Nagy M, Merkely B, Maurovich-Horvat P. Functional assessment of coronary plaques using CT based hemodynamic simulations: Current status, technical principles and clinical value. IMAGING 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/1647.2020.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn recent years, coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) has emerged as an accurate and safe non-invasive imaging modality in terms of detecting and excluding coronary artery disease (CAD). In the latest European Society of Cardiology Guidelines CCTA received Class I recommendation for the evaluation of patients with stable chest pain with low to intermediate clinical likelihood of CAD. Despite its high negative predictive value, the diagnostic performance of CCTA is limited by the relatively low specificity, especially in patients with heavily calcified lesions. The discrepancy between the degree of stenosis and ischemia is well established based on both invasive and non-invasive tests. The rapid evolution of computational flow dynamics has allowed the simulation of CCTA derived fractional flow reserve (FFR-CT), which improves specificity by combining anatomic and functional information regarding coronary atherosclerosis. FFR-CT has been extensively validated against invasively measured FFR as the reference standard. Due to recent technological advancements FFR-CT values can also be calculated locally, without offsite processing. Wall shear stress (WSS) and axial plaque stress (APS) are additional key hemodynamic elements of atherosclerotic plaque characteristics, which can also be measured using CCTA images. Current evidence suggests that WSS and APS are important hemodynamic features of adverse coronary plaques. CCTA based hemodynamic calculations could therefore improve prognostication and the management of patients with stable CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Boussoussou
- MTA-SE Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Borbála Vattay
- MTA-SE Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Szilveszter
- MTA-SE Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márton Kolossváry
- MTA-SE Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Simon
- MTA-SE Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Milán Vecsey-Nagy
- MTA-SE Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Merkely
- MTA-SE Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Maurovich-Horvat
- MTA-SE Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Suleiman S, Coughlan JJ, Touma G, Szirt R. Contemporary Management of Isolated Ostial Side Branch Disease: An Evidence-based Approach to Medina 001 Bifurcations. Interv Cardiol 2021; 16:e06. [PMID: 33897832 PMCID: PMC8054348 DOI: 10.15420/icr.2020.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimal management of bifurcation lesions has received significant interest in recent years and remains a matter of debate among the interventional cardiology community. Bifurcation lesions are encountered in approximately 21% of percutaneous coronary intervention procedures and are associated with an increased risk of major adverse cardiac events. The Medina classification has been developed in an attempt to standardise the terminology when describing bifurcation lesions. The focus of this article is on the management of the Medina 0,0,1 lesion (‘Medina 001’), an uncommon lesion encountered in <5% of all bifurcations. Technical considerations, management options and interventional techniques relating to the Medina 001 lesion are discussed. In addition, current published data supporting the various proposed interventional treatment strategies are examined in an attempt to delineate an evidence-based approach to this uncommon lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman Suleiman
- Department of Cardiology, Tallaght University Hospital Dublin, Ireland
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8
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Gijsen F, Katagiri Y, Barlis P, Bourantas C, Collet C, Coskun U, Daemen J, Dijkstra J, Edelman E, Evans P, van der Heiden K, Hose R, Koo BK, Krams R, Marsden A, Migliavacca F, Onuma Y, Ooi A, Poon E, Samady H, Stone P, Takahashi K, Tang D, Thondapu V, Tenekecioglu E, Timmins L, Torii R, Wentzel J, Serruys P. Expert recommendations on the assessment of wall shear stress in human coronary arteries: existing methodologies, technical considerations, and clinical applications. Eur Heart J 2020; 40:3421-3433. [PMID: 31566246 PMCID: PMC6823616 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Gijsen
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yuki Katagiri
- Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Barlis
- Department of Medicine and Radiology, Melbourne Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Northern Hospital, 185 Cooper Street, Epping, Australia.,St Vincent's Heart Centre, Building C, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Christos Bourantas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College of London, London, UK.,Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, London, UK.,School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Carlos Collet
- Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Umit Coskun
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joost Daemen
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jouke Dijkstra
- LKEB-Division of Image Processing, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elazer Edelman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Kim van der Heiden
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rod Hose
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, UK.,Department of Circulation and Imaging, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bon-Kwon Koo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Rob Krams
- School of Engineering and Materials Science Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alison Marsden
- Departments of Bioengineering and Pediatrics, Institute of Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Francesco Migliavacca
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS), Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Yoshinobu Onuma
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew Ooi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric Poon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Habib Samady
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter Stone
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kuniaki Takahashi
- Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dalin Tang
- Department of Mathematics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Mathematical Sciences Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Vikas Thondapu
- Department of Medicine and Radiology, Melbourne Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erhan Tenekecioglu
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Thoraxcentre, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lucas Timmins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.,Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Ryo Torii
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, UK
| | - Jolanda Wentzel
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Serruys
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Imperial College London, London, UK.,Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Genkel VV, Kuznetcova AS, Shaposhnik II. Biomechanical Forces and Atherosclerosis: From Mechanism to Diagnosis and Treatment. Curr Cardiol Rev 2019; 16:187-197. [PMID: 31362692 PMCID: PMC7536809 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x15666190730095153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The article provides an overview of current views on the role of biomechanical forces in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The importance of biomechanical forces in maintaining vascular homeostasis is considered. We provide descriptions of mechanosensing and mechanotransduction. The roles of wall shear stress and circumferential wall stress in the initiation, progression and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaque are described. The data on the possibilities of assessing biomechanical factors in clinical practice and the clinical significance of this approach are presented. The article concludes with a discussion on current therapeutic approaches based on the modulation of biomechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim V Genkel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "South-Ural State Medical University" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alla S Kuznetcova
- Department of Hospital Therapy Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "South-Ural State Medical University" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Igor I Shaposhnik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "South-Ural State Medical University" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
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10
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Razavi SE, Farhangmehr V, Babaie Z. Numerical investigation of hemodynamic performance of a stent in the main branch of a coronary artery bifurcation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 9:97-103. [PMID: 31334041 PMCID: PMC6637217 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2019.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The effect of a bare-metal stent on the hemodynamics in the main branch of a coronary artery bifurcation with a particular type of stenosis was numerically investigated by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Methods: Three-dimensional idealized geometry of bifurcation was constructed in Catia modelling commercial software package. The Newtonian blood flow was assumed to be incompressible and laminar. CFD was utilized to calculate the shear stress and blood pressure distributions on the wall of main branch. In order to do the numerical simulations, a commercial software package named as COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3 was employed. Two types of stent , namely, one-part stent and two-part stent were applied to prevent the build-up and progression of the atherosclerotic plaques in the main branch. Results: A particular type of stenosis in the main branch was considered in this research. It occurred before and after the side branch. Moreover, it was found that the main branch with an inserted one-part stent had the smallest region with the wall shear stress (WSS) below 0.5 Pa which was the minimum WSS in the main branch without the stenosis. Conclusion: The use of a one-part stent in the main branch of a coronary artery bifurcation for the aforementioned type of stenosis is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vahid Farhangmehr
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab 5551761167, Iran
| | - Zahra Babaie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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11
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Onuma Y, Katagiri Y, Burzotta F, Holm NR, Amabile N, Okamura T, Mintz GS, Darremont O, Lassen JF, Lefèvre T, Louvard Y, Stankovic G, Serruys PW. Joint consensus on the use of OCT in coronary bifurcation lesions by the European and Japanese bifurcation clubs. EUROINTERVENTION 2019; 14:e1568-e1577. [DOI: 10.4244/eij-d-18-00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Zhang W, Ji F, Yu X, Wang X. Long-term treatment effect and adverse events of a modified jailed-balloon technique for side branch protection in patients with coronary bifurcation lesions. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2019; 19:12. [PMID: 30630420 PMCID: PMC6327459 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-018-0995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) of bifurcation lesions is technically challenging and associated with lower success rates and higher frequency of adverse outcomes. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the immediate and long-term treatment effect and adverse events of a new modified jailed-balloon technique on side branch (SB) during PCI on coronary bifurcation lesions. Methods This was a prospective study of 60 patients (49 males, 11 females, mean age 66 ± 10 years) with coronary bifurcation lesions treated at the Beijing Hospital between September 2014 and October 2015. They underwent main vessel (MV) stenting and modified jailed-balloon technique on the SB. All patients were followed with hospital visits at 9 months. Angiographic success, major adverse cardiac events (MACE), SB occlusion, and angina were evaluated. Results The majority of the patients had acute coronary syndrome (91.7%) and Medina 1.1.1. bifurcation lesions (71.7%). After MV stenting, thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 3 flow was established 100% of MV and 93.3% of SB. No SB occlusion occurred. The jailed SB balloon and wire could be successfully removed in all patients without damage or entrapment. The majority (91.7%) of patients achieved Canadian Cardiovascular Society I stage. There was no MACE during in-hospital stay and 9-month follow-up. Conclusion The modified JBT provided high rate of procedural success, excellent SB protection during MV stenting, and excellent immediate and long-term clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenduo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, National Center of Gerontology, China, Beijing Hospital, NO.1 DaHua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Fusui Ji
- Department of Cardiology, National Center of Gerontology, China, Beijing Hospital, NO.1 DaHua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xue Yu
- Department of Cardiology, National Center of Gerontology, China, Beijing Hospital, NO.1 DaHua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Department of Cardiology, National Center of Gerontology, China, Beijing Hospital, NO.1 DaHua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
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13
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Morbiducci U, Kok AM, Kwak BR, Stone PH, Steinman DA, Wentzel JJ. Atherosclerosis at arterial bifurcations: evidence for the role of haemodynamics and geometry. Thromb Haemost 2018; 115:484-92. [DOI: 10.1160/th15-07-0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryAtherosclerotic plaques are found at distinct locations in the arterial system, despite the exposure to systemic risk factors of the entire vascular tree. From the study of arterial bifurcation regions, emerges ample evidence that haemodynamics are involved in the local onset and progression of the atherosclerotic disease. This observed co-localisation of disturbed flow regions and lesion prevalence at geometrically predisposed districts such as arterial bifurcations has led to the formulation of a ‘haemodynamic hypothesis’, that in this review is grounded to the most current research concerning localising factors of vascular disease. In particular, this review focuses on carotid and coronary bifurcations because of their primary relevance to stroke and heart attack. We highlight reported relationships between atherosclerotic plaque location, progression and composition, and fluid forces at vessel’s wall, in particular shear stress and its ‘easier-tomeasure’ surrogates, i.e. vascular geometric attributes (because geometry shapes the flow) and intravascular flow features (because they mediate disturbed shear stress), in order to give more insight in plaque initiation and destabilisation. Analogous to Virchow’s triad for thrombosis, atherosclerosis must be thought of as subject to a triad of, and especially interactions among, haemodynamic forces, systemic risk factors, and the biological response of the wall.
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14
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15
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Pakravan HA, Saidi MS, Firoozabadi B. A multiscale approach for determining the morphology of endothelial cells at a coronary artery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017; 33. [PMID: 28445003 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of endothelial cells (ECs) may be an indication for determining atheroprone sites. Until now, there has been no clinical imaging technique to visualize the morphology of ECs in the arteries. The present study introduces a computational technique for determining the morphology of ECs. This technique is a multiscale simulation consisting of the artery scale and the cell scale. The artery scale is a fluid-structure interaction simulation. The input for the artery scale is the geometry of the coronary artery, that is, the dynamic curvature of the artery due to the cardiac motion, blood flow, blood pressure, heart rate, and the mechanical properties of the blood and the arterial wall, the measurements of which can be obtained for a specific patient. The results of the artery scale are wall shear stress (WSS) and cyclic strains as the mechanical stimuli of ECs. The cell scale is an inventive mass-and-spring model that is able to determine the morphological response of ECs to any combination of mechanical stimuli. The results of the multiscale simulation show the morphology of ECs at different locations of the coronary artery. The results indicate that the atheroprone sites have at least 1 of 3 factors: low time-averaged WSS, high angle of WSS, and high longitudinal strain. The most probable sites for atherosclerosis are located at the bifurcation region and lie on the myocardial side of the artery. The results also indicated that a higher dynamic curvature is a negative factor and a higher pulse pressure is a positive factor for protection against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ali Pakravan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Said Saidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahar Firoozabadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Sakellarios A, Bourantas C, Papadopoulou SL, Kitslaar P, Girasis C, Stone G, Reiber J, Michalis L, Serruys P, de Feyter P, Garcia-Garcia H, Fotiadis D. The effect of coronary bifurcation and haemodynamics in prediction of atherosclerotic plaque development: a serial computed tomographic coronary angiographic study. EUROINTERVENTION 2017; 13:e1084-e1091. [DOI: 10.4244/eij-d-16-00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Nakatsuma K, Watanabe S, Tokushige A, Yamamoto E, Bao B, Watanabe H, Kimura T, Saito N. Coronary bifurcation model created using a novel directional heat injury catheter. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2017; 19:102-105. [PMID: 28606788 DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to develop a swine coronary bifurcation model. BACKGROUND In human coronary bifurcation lesion, atherosclerotic plaques are usually observed in the lateral wall, whereas the flow divider regions are spared. There is currently no suitable coronary bifurcation animal model, on which a new stent can be tested. METHODS We developed a novel directional heat injury catheter, which comprised of a non-compliant balloon catheter (diameter: 3.0mm, length: 15mm), and two electrode cables, that were attached to either side of the balloon catheter. The technique was performed on 4 healthy pigs, and assessed in 7 lesions. We inflated the balloon at the main bifurcation branch, following which a high frequency generator was used to transmit heat to the opposite side of the electrode, towards the bifurcation carina (duration: 5min, frequency: 2 times). We performed a post-angiography 28days after the pre-angiography, to observe the distribution of neointima. The neointimal area was divided into the carina side and the opposite side of carina, and the 2 sides were compared. RESULTS The neointimal area at the opposite side of the carina was significantly larger than the carina side (1.51±0.40mm2 vs. 0.95±0.27mm2, p<0.0001). The percentage of area of stenosis on the opposite side of carina was also higher than that on the carina side (55.4±7.0% vs. 34.9±4.2%, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS We successfully developed a novel swine coronary bifurcation model using directional heat injury catheter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nakatsuma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shin Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tokushige
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of the Ryukyu School of Medicine, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Erika Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Bingyuan Bao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naritatsu Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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18
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Rajani R, Modi B, Ntalas I, Curzen N. Non-invasive fractional flow reserve using computed tomographic angiography: where are we now and where are we going? Heart 2017; 103:1216-1222. [PMID: 28559426 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-311029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Rajani
- Department of Cardiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Bhavik Modi
- Department of Cardiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ioannis Ntalas
- Department of Cardiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nick Curzen
- Wessex Cardiac Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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19
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Louvard Y, Lefevre T, Chevalier B, Garot P. Bifurcation Lesion Stenting. Interv Cardiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118983652.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Louvard
- Institut Cardiovasculaire Paris Sud, Hôpital Privé Jacques Cartier, Massy and Hôpital Privé Claude Galien; Quincy France
| | - Thierry Lefevre
- Institut Cardiovasculaire Paris Sud, Hôpital Privé Jacques Cartier, Massy and Hôpital Privé Claude Galien; Quincy France
| | - Bernard Chevalier
- Institut Cardiovasculaire Paris Sud, Hôpital Privé Jacques Cartier, Massy and Hôpital Privé Claude Galien; Quincy France
| | - Philippe Garot
- Institut Cardiovasculaire Paris Sud, Hôpital Privé Jacques Cartier, Massy and Hôpital Privé Claude Galien; Quincy France
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20
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Chen Z, Liu AF, Chen H, Yuan C, He L, Zhu Y, Guan M, Jiang WJ, Zhao X. Evaluation of basilar artery atherosclerotic plaque distribution by 3D MR vessel wall imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 44:1592-1599. [PMID: 27249041 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Basilar artery (BA) atherosclerosis is an important cause of perforator stroke in the brainstem due to plaque involvement of the perforator ostia in BA dorsal or lateral walls. Therefore, to acquire information on plaque distribution is important to better understand and prevent the perforator stroke. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate BA plaque distribution with 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) vessel wall imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Consecutive patients with cerebrovascular symptoms and stenosis or irregular luminal surface of BA were recruited and underwent BA 3D proton density-weighted volume isotropic turbo spin echo acquisition (VISTA) imaging at 3T. The cross-sectional and longitudinal distribution of BA plaque were analyzed with a custom-developed tool. RESULTS In all, 85 BA plaques were detected in 61 recruited patients. For cross-sectional distribution, the prevalence of plaque involvement in the ventral, left, dorsal, and right quadrant of BA wall was 74.1%, 70.6%, 67.1%, and 62.4%, respectively. Of the 85 plaques, 17.7% involved one quadrant and 82.3% involved two or more quadrants. The most severe plaque region was more commonly situated at lateral walls (66.1%) as compared to ventral (23.2%, P < 0.001) and dorsal walls (10.6%, P < 0.001). Longitudinally, plaques were more frequently found to occur at BA segment distal than proximal to anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) (63.5% vs. 36.5%). CONCLUSION Taking advantage of 3D MR vessel wall imaging, BA plaques were found to more likely affect lateral walls and form in BA distal to AICA, where most perforators originate, suggesting that it might be useful to characterize BA plaque distribution before aggressive treatment for prevention of perforator stroke. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1592-1599.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhensen Chen
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ao-Fei Liu
- New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Chen
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Yuan
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Le He
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yandong Zhu
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Maobin Guan
- Department of Radiology, Yangzhou First People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Jian Jiang
- New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, China
| | - Xihai Zhao
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
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21
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Beier S, Ormiston J, Webster M, Cater J, Norris S, Medrano-Gracia P, Young A, Cowan B. Impact of bifurcation angle and other anatomical characteristics on blood flow - A computational study of non-stented and stented coronary arteries. J Biomech 2016; 49:1570-1582. [PMID: 27062590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The hemodynamic influence of vessel shape such as bifurcation angle is not fully understood with clinical and quantitative observations being equivocal. The aim of this study is to use computational modeling to study the hemodynamic effect of shape characteristics, in particular bifurcation angle (BA), for non-stented and stented coronary arteries. Nine bifurcations with angles of 40°, 60° and 80°, representative of ±1 SD of 101 asymptomatic computed tomography angiogram cases (average age 54±8 years; 57 females), were generated for (1) a non-stented idealized, (2) stented idealized, and (3) non-stented patient-specific geometry. Only the bifurcation angle was changed while the geometries were constant to eliminate flow effects induced by other vessel shape characteristics. The commercially available Biomatrix stent was used as a template and virtually inserted into each branch, simulating the T-stenting technique. Three patient-specific geometries with additional shape variation and ±2 SD BA variation (33°, 42° and 117°) were also computed. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed for all 12 geometries to simulate physiological conditions, enabling the quantification of the hemodynamic stress distributions, including a threshold analysis of adversely low and high wall shear stress (WSS), low time-averaged WSS (TAWSS), high spatial WSS gradient (WSSG) and high Oscillatory Shear Index (OSI) area. The bifurcation angle had a minor impact on the areas of adverse hemodynamics in the idealized non-stented geometries, which fully disappeared once stented and was not apparent for patient geometries. High WSS regions were located close to the carina around peak-flow, and WSSG increased significantly after stenting for the idealized bifurcations. Additional shape variations affected the hemodynamic profiles, suggesting that BA alone has little effect on a patient׳s hemodynamic profile. Incoming flow angle, diameter and tortuosity appear to have stronger effects. This suggests that other bifurcation shape characteristics and stent placement/strategy may be more important than bifurcation angle in atherosclerotic disease development, progression, and stent outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Beier
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - John Ormiston
- Mercy Angiography, 98 Mountain Rd, Mt Eden, 1023, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Mark Webster
- Green Lane Cardiovascular Service, Auckland City Hospital, Park Rd, Auckland 1030, New Zealand.
| | - John Cater
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Stuart Norris
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Pau Medrano-Gracia
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Alistair Young
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Brett Cowan
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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22
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Nørgaard BL, Leipsic J, Koo BK, Zarins CK, Jensen JM, Sand NP, Taylor CA. Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Derived Fractional Flow Reserve and Plaque Stress. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2016; 9:2. [PMID: 26941886 PMCID: PMC4751165 DOI: 10.1007/s12410-015-9366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fractional flow reserve (FFR) measured during invasive coronary angiography is an independent prognosticator in patients with coronary artery disease and the gold standard for decision making in coronary revascularization. The integration of computational fluid dynamics and quantitative anatomic and physiologic modeling now enables simulation of patient-specific hemodynamic parameters including blood velocity, pressure, pressure gradients, and FFR from standard acquired coronary computed tomography (CT) datasets. In this review article, we describe the potential impact on clinical practice and the science behind noninvasive coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography derived fractional flow reserve (FFRCT) as well as future applications of this technology in treatment planning and quantifying forces on atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathon Leipsic
- Department of Radiology and Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Bon-Kwon Koo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Christopher K Zarins
- Heart Flow, Inc., Redwood City, CA USA ; Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | | | - Niels Peter Sand
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital of South West Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark ; Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Charles A Taylor
- Heart Flow, Inc., Redwood City, CA USA ; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
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23
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PAKRAVAN HOSSEINALI, SAIDI MOHAMMADSAID, FIROOZABADI BAHAR. FSI SIMULATION OF A HEALTHY CORONARY BIFURCATION FOR STUDYING THE MECHANICAL STIMULI OF ENDOTHELIAL CELLS UNDER DIFFERENT PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. J MECH MED BIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s021951941550089x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a world-spread and well-known disease. This disease strongly relates to the endothelial cells (ECs) function. Normally, the endothelial cells align in the flow direction in the atheroprotected sites; however, in the case of atheroprone sites these cells orient randomly. The mechanical stimuli such as wall shear stress and strains could determine the morphology and function of the endothelial cells. In the present study, we numerically simulated the left main coronary artery (LCA) and its branches to left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex coronary (LCX) artery using fluid–structure interaction (FSI) modeling. The results were presented as longitudinal and circumferential strains of ECs as well as wall shear stress. Wide ranges of heart rate, cardiac motion, systolic and diastolic pressures were considered and their effects on mechanical stimuli were described in detail. The results showed that these factors could greatly influence the risk of atherosclerosis and the location of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- HOSSEIN ALI PAKRAVAN
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - MOHAMMAD SAID SAIDI
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - BAHAR FIROOZABADI
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Bourantas CV, Papafaklis MI, Athanasiou L, Kalatzis FG, Naka KK, Siogkas PK, Takahashi S, Saito S, Fotiadis DI, Feldman CL, Stone PH, Michalis LK. A new methodology for accurate 3-dimensional coronary artery reconstruction using routine intravascular ultrasound and angiographic data: implications for widespread assessment of endothelial shear stress in humans. EUROINTERVENTION 2015; 9:582-93. [PMID: 23608530 DOI: 10.4244/eijv9i5a94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop and validate a new methodology that allows accurate 3-dimensional (3-D) coronary artery reconstruction using standard, simple angiographic and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) data acquired during routine catheterisation enabling reliable assessment of the endothelial shear stress (ESS) distribution. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-two patients (22 arteries: 7 LAD; 7 LCx; 8 RCA) who underwent angiography and IVUS examination were included. The acquired data were used for 3-D reconstruction using a conventional method and a new methodology that utilised the luminal 3-D centreline to place the detected IVUS borders and anatomical landmarks to estimate their orientation. The local ESS distribution was assessed by computational fluid dynamics. In corresponding consecutive 3 mm segments, lumen, plaque and ESS measurements in the 3-D models derived by the centreline approach were highly correlated to those derived from the conventional method (r>0.98 for all). The centreline methodology had a 99.5% diagnostic accuracy for identifying segments exposed to low ESS and provided similar estimations to the conventional method for the association between the change in plaque burden and ESS (centreline method: slope= -1.65%/Pa, p=0.078; conventional method: slope= -1.64%/Pa, p=0.084; p =0.69 for difference between the two methodologies). CONCLUSIONS The centreline methodology provides geometrically correct models and permits reliable ESS computation. The ability to utilise data acquired during routine coronary angiography and IVUS examination will facilitate clinical investigation of the role of local ESS patterns in the natural history of coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos V Bourantas
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Unit, University of Hull, Kingston-upon-Hull, United Kingdom
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25
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Antoniadis AP, Giannopoulos AA, Wentzel JJ, Joner M, Giannoglou GD, Virmani R, Chatzizisis YS. Impact of local flow haemodynamics on atherosclerosis in coronary artery bifurcations. EUROINTERVENTION 2015; 11 Suppl V:V18-22. [DOI: 10.4244/eijv11sva4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Ehara S, Matsumoto K, Hasegawa T, Otsuka K, Sakaguchi M, Shimada K, Yoshikawa J, Yoshiyama M. Characteristic patterns of the longitudinal and circumferential distribution of calcium deposits by parent coronary arteries observed from computed tomography angiography. Heart Vessels 2015; 31:508-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-015-0652-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Papadopoulou SL, Girasis C, Gijsen FJ, Rossi A, Ottema J, van der Giessen AG, Schuurbiers JC, Garcia-Garcia HM, de Feyter PJ, Wentzel JJ. A CT-based medina classification in coronary bifurcations: Does the lumen assessment provide sufficient information? Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2014; 84:445-52. [DOI: 10.1002/ccd.25496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stella-Lida Papadopoulou
- Department of Cardiology; Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Chrysafios Girasis
- Department of Cardiology; Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. Gijsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Alexia Rossi
- Department of Cardiology; Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jade Ottema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Alina G. van der Giessen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Johan C. Schuurbiers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Pim J. de Feyter
- Department of Cardiology; Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda J. Wentzel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
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Assessing vulnerable plaque: Is shear stress enough? Int J Cardiol 2014; 172:e135-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Costa RA, Feres F, Staico R, Abizaid A, Costa JR, Siqueira D, Tanajura LF, Damiani LP, Sousa A, Sousa JE, Colombo A. Vessel remodeling and plaque distribution in side branch of complex coronary bifurcation lesions: a grayscale intravascular ultrasound study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 29:1657-66. [PMID: 23868286 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-013-0263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate vessel remodeling and plaque distribution in side branch (SB) of true coronary bifurcation lesions with SB disease extending from its ostium. A total of 62 patients with single de novo true bifurcation lesions with SB with severe and extensive disease were enrolled. Of that, 45 patients/lesions underwent pre-intervention intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) at the SB. Left anterior descending was the most prevalent target vessel (>85%). All lesions had significant involvement of both branches of the bifurcation, and the majority were classified as type 1,1,1 according to the Medina classification. Considering the subset with IVUS imaging, mean lesion length, reference diameter and % diameter stenosis in the SB were 8.88 ± 4.61 mm, 2.68 ± 0.59, and 70.2 ± 16.0%, respectively. Also, mean proximal (take-off) and distal (carina) angles were 142.3 ± 21.9° and 60.7 ± 22.4°, respectively. At minimum lumena area (MLA) site, mean external elastic membrane and MLA cross-sectional areas were 6.70 ± 2.08 and 1.87 ± 0.93 mm2, respectively; given that the mean distance measured between the SB origin and MLA site was <1 mm. In addition, mean plaque burden was 67.9% and mean remodeling index was 0.78 ± 0.21. Importantly, only 9 cases out of 45 presented remodeling index > 1.0. Also, plaque distribution analysis within the SB ostium demonstrated preferable plaque positioning in the opposite side to the flow divider. In conclusions, significant negative remodeling is a frequent encounter in SB of complex coronary bifurcation lesions presenting with extensive and severe disease; in addition, plaque distribution in the SB ostium appears to be asymmetric in relation to the parent vessel, as plaque burden is mostly found in regions of low wall shear stress including the opposite side to the flow divider within the bifurcation anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Costa
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, Av. Dante Pazzanese 500, Ibirapuera, São Paulo, SP, 04012-909, Brazil,
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Early detection and invasive passivation of future culprit lesions: a future potential or an unrealistic pursuit of chimeras? Am Heart J 2013; 165:869-881.e4. [PMID: 23708157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
New advances in image and signal processing have allowed the development of numerous invasive and noninvasive imaging modalities that have revealed details of plaque pathology and allowed us to study in vivo the atherosclerotic evolution. Recent natural history of atherosclerosis studies permitted us to evaluate changes in the compositional and morphological characteristics of the plaque and identify predictors of future events. The idea of being able to identify future culprit lesions and passivate these plaques has gradually matured, and small scale studies have provided proofs about the feasibility of this concept. This review article summarizes the recent advances in the study of atherosclerosis, cites the current evidence, highlights our limitations in understanding the evolution of the plaque and in predicting plaque destabilization, and discusses the potentiality of an early invasive sealing of future culprit lesions.
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Yoshitaka Goto Y, Kawasaki T, Koga N, Tanaka H, Koga H, Orita Y, Ikeda S, Shintani Y, Kajiwara M, Fukuyama T. Plaque distribution patterns in left main trunk bifurcations: prediction of branch vessel compromise by multidetector row computed topography after percutaneous coronary intervention. EUROINTERVENTION 2012; 8:708-16. [DOI: 10.4244/eijv8i6a110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Eshtehardi P, McDaniel MC, Suo J, Dhawan SS, Timmins LH, Binongo JNG, Golub LJ, Corban MT, Finn AV, Oshinski JN, Quyyumi AA, Giddens DP, Samady H. Association of coronary wall shear stress with atherosclerotic plaque burden, composition, and distribution in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2012; 1:e002543. [PMID: 23130168 PMCID: PMC3487351 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.112.002543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Extremes of wall shear stress (WSS) have been associated with plaque progression and transformation, which has raised interest in the clinical assessment of WSS. We hypothesized that calculated coronary WSS is predicted only partially by luminal geometry and that WSS is related to plaque composition. Methods and Results Twenty‐seven patients with coronary artery disease underwent virtual histology intravascular ultrasound and Doppler velocity measurement for computational fluid dynamics modeling for WSS calculation in each virtual histology intravascular ultrasound segment (N=3581 segments). We assessed the association of WSS with plaque burden and distribution and with plaque composition. WSS remained relatively constant across the lower 3 quartiles of plaque burden (P=0.08) but increased in the highest quartile of plaque burden (P<0.001). Segments distal to lesions or within bifurcations were more likely to have low WSS (P<0.001). However, the majority of segments distal to lesions (80%) and within bifurcations (89%) did not exhibit low WSS. After adjustment for plaque burden, there was a negative association between WSS and percent necrotic core and calcium. For every 10 dynes/cm2 increase in WSS, percent necrotic core decreased by 17% (P=0.01), and percent dense calcium decreased by 17% (P<0.001). There was no significant association between WSS and percent of fibrous or fibrofatty plaque components (P=NS). Conclusions In patients with coronary artery disease: (1) Luminal geometry predicts calculated WSS only partially, which suggests that detailed computational techniques must be used to calculate WSS. (2) Low WSS is associated with plaque necrotic core and calcium, independent of plaque burden, which suggests a link between WSS and coronary plaque phenotype. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:e002543 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.112.002543.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Eshtehardi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (P.E., M.C.M., S.S.D., L.H.T., L.J.G., M.T.C., A.V.F., A.A.Q., H.S.)
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Katritsis DG, Theodorakakos A, Pantos I, Gavaises M, Karcanias N, Efstathopoulos EP. Flow patterns at stented coronary bifurcations: computational fluid dynamics analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2012; 5:530-9. [PMID: 22763345 DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.112.968347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ideal bifurcation stenting technique is not established, and data on the hemodynamic characteristics at stented bifurcations are limited. METHODS AND RESULTS We used computational fluid dynamics analysis to assess hemodynamic parameters known affect the risk of restenosis and thrombosis at coronary bifurcations after the use of various single- and double-stenting techniques. We assessed the distributions and surface integrals of the time averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), and relative residence time (t(r)). Single main branch stenting without side branch balloon angioplasty or stenting provided the most favorable hemodynamic results (integrated values of TAWSS=4.13·10(-4) N, OSI=7.52·10(-6) m(2), t(r)=5.57·10(-4) m(2)/Pa) with bifurcational area subjected to OSI values >0.25, >0.35, and >0.45 calculated as 0.36 mm(2), 0.04 mm(2), and 0 mm(2), respectively. Extended bifurcation areas subjected to these OSI values were seen after T-stenting: 0.61 mm(2), 0.18 mm(2), and 0.02 mm(2), respectively. Among the considered double-stenting techniques, crush stenting (integrated values of TAWSS=1.18·10(-4) N, OSI=7.75·10(-6) m(2), t(r)=6.16·10(-4) m(2)/Pa) gave the most favorable results compared with T-stenting (TAWSS=0.78·10(-4) N, OSI=10.40·10(-6) m(2), t(r)=6.87·10(-4) m(2)/Pa) or the culotte technique (TAWSS=1.30· 10(-4) N, OSI=9.87·10(-6) m(2), t(r)=8.78·10(-4) m(2)/Pa). CONCLUSIONS In the studied models of computer simulations, stenting of the main branch with our without balloon angioplasty of the side branch offers hemodynamic advantages over double stenting. When double stenting is considered, the crush technique with the use of a thin-strut stent may result in improved immediate hemodynamics compared with culotte or T-stenting.
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Wentzel JJ, Chatzizisis YS, Gijsen FJH, Giannoglou GD, Feldman CL, Stone PH. Endothelial shear stress in the evolution of coronary atherosclerotic plaque and vascular remodelling: current understanding and remaining questions. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 96:234-43. [PMID: 22752349 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of plaque formation, the vascular remodelling response to plaque formation, and the consequent phenotype of plaque instability attest to the extraordinarily complex pathobiology of plaque development and progression, culminating in different clinical coronary syndromes. Atherosclerotic plaques predominantly form in regions of low endothelial shear stress (ESS), whereas regions of moderate/physiological and high ESS are generally protected. Low ESS-induced compensatory expansive remodelling plays an important role in preserving lumen dimensions during plaque progression, but when the expansive remodelling becomes excessive promotes continued influx of lipids into the vessel wall, vulnerable plaque formation and potential precipitation of an acute coronary syndrome. Advanced plaques which start to encroach into the lumen experience high ESS at their most stenotic region, which appears to promote plaque destabilization. This review describes the role of ESS from early atherogenesis to early plaque formation, plaque progression to advanced high-risk stenotic or non-stenotic plaque, and plaque destabilization. The critical implication of the vascular remodelling response to plaque growth is also discussed. Current developments in technology to characterize local ESS and vascular remodelling in vivo may provide a rationale for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for coronary patients that aim to prevent clinical coronary syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda J Wentzel
- Biomedical Engineering, Department Cardiology, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Schoenenberger AW, Urbanek N, Bergner M, Toggweiler S, Resink TJ, Erne P. Associations of reactive hyperemia index and intravascular ultrasound-assessed coronary plaque morphology in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2012; 109:1711-6. [PMID: 22440130 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although reactive hyperemia index (RHI) predicts future coronary events, associations with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-assessed coronary plaque structure have not been reported. This study therefore investigated associations between RHI and IVUS-assessed coronary plaques. In 362 patients RHI was measured by noninvasive peripheral arterial tonometry and coronary plaque components (fibrous, fibrofatty, necrotic core, and dense calcium) were identified by IVUS in 594 vessel segments of the left anterior descending, circumflex, and/or right coronary arteries. RHI values <1.67 were considered abnormal. Analysis of variance was used to detect independent associations between RHI and plaque composition. Patients with an abnormal RHI had greater plaque burden (41% vs 39% in patients with normal RHI, p = 0.047). Compared to patients with normal RHI, plaque of patients with abnormal RHI had more necrotic core (21% vs 17%, p <0.001) and dense calcium (19% vs 15%, p <0.001) and less fibrous (49% vs 54%, p <0.001) and fibrofatty (11% vs 14%, p = 0.002) tissue. After adjustment for age, gender, cardiovascular risk factors, and drug therapy, abnormal RHI remained significantly associated with fibrous (F ratio 14.79, p <0.001), fibrofatty (F ratio 5.66, p = 0.018), necrotic core (F ratio 14.47, p <0.001), and dense calcium (F ratio 10.80, p = 0.001) volumes. In conclusion, coronary artery plaques of patients with abnormal RHI had a larger proportion of necrotic core and dense calcium. The association of an abnormal RHI with a plaque structure that is more prone to rupture may explain why these patients exhibit a greater risk of coronary events.
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Farooq V, Okamura T, Onuma Y, Gogas B, Serruys P. Unravelling the complexities of the coronary bifurcation: is this raising a few eyebrows? EUROINTERVENTION 2012; 7:1133-41. [DOI: 10.4244/eijv7i10a182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Suárez de Lezo J, Medina A, Martín P, Novoa J, Suárez de Lezo J, Pan M, Caballero E, Melián F, Mazuelos F, Quevedo V. Predictors of ostial side branch damage during provisional stenting of coronary bifurcation lesions not involving the side branch origin: an ultrasonographic study. EUROINTERVENTION 2012; 7:1147-54. [DOI: 10.4244/eijv7i10a185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sorop O, Hatten TR, van Beusekom HMM, Regar E, Ligthart J, Krabbendam-Peters I, Compas L, van der Giessen WJ. Dedicated everolimus-eluting side branch access system: XIENCE SBA. EUROINTERVENTION 2012; 6 Suppl J:J155-60. [PMID: 21930483 DOI: 10.4244/eijv6supja27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oana Sorop
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcentrum, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, s'Gravendijkwal 320, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Schoenenberger AW, Urbanek N, Toggweiler S, Seelos R, Jamshidi P, Resink TJ, Erne P. Deviation from Murray's law is associated with a higher degree of calcification in coronary bifurcations. Atherosclerosis 2012; 221:124-30. [PMID: 22261173 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Murray's law describes the optimal branching anatomy of vascular bifurcations. If Murray's law is obeyed, shear stress is constant over the bifurcation. Associations between Murray's law and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) assessed plaque composition near coronary bifurcations have not been investigated previously. METHODS In 253 patients plaque components (fibrous, fibro-fatty, necrotic core, and dense calcium) were identified by IVUS in segments proximal and distal to the bifurcation of a coronary side branch. The ratio of mother to daughter vessels was calculated according to Murray's law (Murray ratio) with a high Murray ratio indicating low shear stress. Analysis of variance was used to detect independent associations of Murray ratio and plaque composition. RESULTS Patients with a high Murray ratio exhibited a higher relative amount of dense calcium and a lower amount of fibrous and fibro-fatty tissue than those with a low Murray ratio. After adjustment for age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors or concomitant medications, the Murray ratio remained significantly associated with fibrous volume distal (F-ratio 4.90, P=0.028) to the bifurcation, fibro-fatty volume distal (F-ratio 4.76, P=0.030) to the bifurcation, and dense calcium volume proximal (F-ratio 5.93, P=0.016) and distal (F-ratio 5.16, P=0.024) to the bifurcation. CONCLUSION This study shows that deviation from Murray's law is associated with a high degree of calcification near coronary bifurcations. Individual deviations from Murray's law may explain why some patients are prone to plaque formation near vessel bifurcations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas W Schoenenberger
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland
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40
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Farooq V, Gogas BD, Okamura T, Heo JH, Magro M, Gomez-Lara J, Onuma Y, Radu MD, Brugaletta S, van Bochove G, van Geuns RJ, Garcìa-Garcìa HM, Serruys PW. Three-dimensional optical frequency domain imaging in conventional percutaneous coronary intervention: the potential for clinical application. Eur Heart J 2011; 34:875-85. [PMID: 22108834 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vasim Farooq
- Interventional Cardiology Department, Thorax Center, Erasmus University Medical Centre,'s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Giannoglou GD, Antoniadis AP, Koskinas KC, Chatzizisis YS. Flow and atherosclerosis in coronary bifurcations. EUROINTERVENTION 2011; 6 Suppl J:J16-23. [PMID: 21930484 DOI: 10.4244/eijv6supja4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Coronary bifurcations are among the most frequent sites affected by atherosclerosis. In these regions, complex haemodynamic conditions prevail and local flow disturbances dictate the localisation and progression of atheroma. Endothelial shear stress (ESS) is the main flow-related factor affecting the distribution of atherosclerosis in a bifurcation. Plaques are more prevalent in low ESS areas, such as the lateral walls of the main vessel and side branches, while they are less common in the flow divider or carina, which is characterised by high ESS. However, the carina is not free of atheroma and is affected in up to one third of cases, but never in isolation. Lesions in the carina are likely to develop at a later stage of atherosclerosis, as result of circumferential expansion of plaques from the lateral wall. Pulsatile flow augments the local atherogenic environment by inducing low and oscillatory ESS. The geometrical configuration is also important as increased curvature and wide angles between the side branches of the bifurcation intensify flow perturbations, and highly curved segments show low ESS in the inner aspect of curvatures. Further research on the flow conditions which determine the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis in bifurcations will allow for more efficient prevention and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Giannoglou
- Cardiovascular Engineering and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, 1st Cardiology Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University Medical School, 1 St. Kyriakidi Street, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Farooq V, Serruys PW, Heo JH, Gogas BD, Okamura T, Gomez-Lara J, Brugaletta S, Garcìa-Garcìa HM, van Geuns RJ. New Insights Into the Coronary Artery Bifurcation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 4:921-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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In-vivo assessment of the natural history of coronary atherosclerosis: vascular remodeling and endothelial shear stress determine the complexity of atherosclerotic disease progression. Curr Opin Cardiol 2011; 25:627-38. [PMID: 20838338 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0b013e32833f0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerotic disease progression is determined by localized plaque growth, which is induced by systemic and local hemodynamic factors, and the nature of the wall remodeling response. The purpose of this review is to summarize the processes underlying the heterogeneity of coronary atherosclerosis progression in relation to the local hemodynamic and arterial remodeling environment. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple competing biological processes in the extracellular matrix define the extent of vascular remodeling and disease progression. The remodeling phenomenon is not consistent but is characterized by great phenotypical heterogeneity which reflects the complex effect of systemic, genetic and hemodynamic factors on the arterial wall response to plaque formation and progression. The exaggeration of expansive remodeling (i.e., excessive expansive remodeling) likely contributes to the transformation of an initially favorable action into an excessive course of vessel expansion, continued disease progression and plaque instability. Extremely low endothelial shear stress and excessive expansive remodeling establish a vicious cycle which leads to the formation of severe plaques with high-risk characteristics. SUMMARY The dynamic interplay between the local hemodynamic environment and the wall remodeling behavior determines the complexity of the natural history of atherosclerosis and explains the development of localized plaque vulnerability.
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Girasis C, Schuurbiers JC, Onuma Y, Serruys PW, Wentzel JJ. Novel bifurcation phantoms for validation of quantitative coronary angiography algorithms. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 77:790-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ccd.22704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Han SH, Puma J, García-García HM, Nasu K, Margolis P, Leon MB, Lerman A. Tissue characterisation of atherosclerotic plaque in coronary artery bifurcations: an intravascular ultrasound radiofrequency data analysis in humans. EUROINTERVENTION 2011; 6:313-20. [PMID: 20884408 DOI: 10.4244/eijv6i3a53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate tissue characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary artery bifurcations. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a global virtual histology registry, geometric and compositional characteristics of plaque in three segments (proximal, distal, and at the bifurcation) of coronary bifurcation sites were analysed with intravascular ultrasound radiofrequency data (RFD) analysis. A total of 256 bifurcation sites were analysed: left main (LM)-left anterior descending artery (LAD), 41; LAD-diagonal artery, 128; left circumflex artery-obtuse marginal artery, 34; and right coronary artery-acute marginal artery, 53. The plaque+media (P+M) burden was larger in the distal segments of LM-LAD bifurcation sites than in the proximal and at the bifurcation segments (46.55±12.08% vs. 40.40±11.76%, 41.15±11.01%, p<0.001). The % necrotic core (NC) and % dense calcium (DC) at the bifurcation and distal segments of LM-LAD bifurcation sites was significantly greater than in the proximal segments (6.75±5.09%, 7.36±6.01% vs. 4.89±4.78%, p<0.05, and 3.31±2.87%, 3.73±3.28% vs. 1.89±2.10%, p<0.001). In contrast, P+M burden, % NC and % DC in the proximal segments of non-LM bifurcation sites was significantly greater than at the bifurcation and distal segments (49.41±12.12% vs. 45.34±11.21%, 46.80±10.68% / 8.08±6.21% vs. 6.47±5.11%, 6.28±5.05% / 4.57±4.67% vs. 3.38±3.44%, 3.55±3.74%, all p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that heterogeneous nature of coronary atherosclerosis at coronary bifurcations according to their segments and anatomical locations (LM-LAD vs. non-LM bifurcations). The further investigation for the clinical efficacy of the RFD analysis on bifurcation sites are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Han
- Gil Hospital, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, South Korea
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46
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Medina A, Martín P, Suárez de Lezo J, Nóvoa J, Melián F, Hernández E, Suárez de Lezo J, Pan M, Burgos L, Amador C, Morera O, García A. Estudio ultrasónico de prevalencia de placa en la carina en lesiones que afectan a una bifurcación coronaria. Implicaciones en el tratamiento con stent provisional. Rev Esp Cardiol 2011; 64:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wellnhofer E, Osman J, Kertzscher U, Affeld K, Fleck E, Goubergrits L. Flow simulation studies in coronary arteries--impact of side-branches. Atherosclerosis 2010; 213:475-81. [PMID: 20934704 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Wall shear stress (WSS) may induce local remodeling of the vascular wall and the WSS pattern in turn depends on vascular geometry. We aimed to elucidate the impact of side-branches on local WSS. METHODS AND RESULTS Steady numerical flow simulation studies were performed in three-dimensional reconstructed right coronary artery (RCA) trees. RCA from seven controls, five patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and five patients with aneurysmatic CAD (AnCAD) classified by expert visual diagnosis were studied. Then three transient flow simulations were performed with cases representative for each group in order to evaluate the impact of pulsatile flow simulation. As vascular size and flow rates vary considerably between patients, non-dimensional approaches were applied for group comparison. A point-to-point comparison of the WSS in the same tree with and without side-branches revealed local differences in WSS of up to 12.0 Pa. This was caused by a reduction of volume flow of up to 78.7% in the trunk. Differences are not only limited to bifurcation sites but also affect local narrowings and strongly curved segments. The point-to-point comparison of steady and transient simulations found an average increase of WSS of below 7% in transient simulations. No significant differences were found between histograms of pulsatile and steady simulations, showing a high cross-correlation of >0.97. CONCLUSION Side-branches must not be neglected in numerical flow simulation (steady and transient) studies. Steady simulations are valid for an assessment of time-averaged WSS distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Wellnhofer
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Alfonso F, Hernando L, Dutary J. Virtual histology assessment of atheroma at coronary bifurcations: colours at the crossroads? EUROINTERVENTION 2010; 6:295-301. [DOI: 10.4244/eijv6i3a50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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49
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Toggweiler S, Urbanek N, Schoenenberger AW, Erne P. Analysis of coronary bifurcations by intravascular ultrasound and virtual histology. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212:524-7. [PMID: 20667407 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regional differences in shear stress have been identified as reason for early plaque formation in vessel bifurcations. We aimed to investigate regional plaque morphology and composition using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and virtual histology (IVUS-VH) in coronary artery bifurcations. METHODS We performed IVUS and IVUS-VH studies at coronary bifurcations to analyze segmental plaque burden and composition of different segments in relation to their orientation to the bifurcation. RESULTS A total of 236 patients with a mean age of 59±11 years (69% male) were analyzed. Plaque burden was higher at the contralateral vessel wall facing the bifurcation compared to the ipsilateral vessel wall and this difference was true for proximal and distal segments (proximal: 37±12% and 45±15% for segments at the ipsilateral and contralateral vessel wall, respectively, p<0.001; distal: 37±10% and 47±15% for segments at the ipsilateral and contralateral vessel wall, respectively, p<0.001). In addition, these segments exhibited a higher proportion of dense calcium and a lower proportion of fibrous tissue and fibro fatty tissue. CONCLUSIONS Segments on the contralateral wall of the bifurcation which have previously been identified as regions with low shear stress not only exhibited a higher plaque burden, but also a higher degree of calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Toggweiler
- Department of Cardiology, Luzerner Kantonsspital, CH-6000 Luzern 16, Switzerland
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Hildick-Smith D, Lassen J, Albiero R, Lefevre T, Darremont O, Pan M, Ferenc M, Stankovic G, Louvard Y. Consensus from the 5th European Bifurcation Club meeting. EUROINTERVENTION 2010. [DOI: 10.4244/eijv6i1a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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