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Arvaniti P, Giannoulis G, Lygoura V, Gatselis NK, Gabeta S, Rigopoulou E, Koukoulis GK, Zachou K, Dalekos GN. FibroMeter scores are predictive noninvasive markers of advanced and significant liver fibrosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Ann Gastroenterol 2023; 36:661-669. [PMID: 38023979 PMCID: PMC10662069 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2023.0841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background FibroMeter and FibroMeter vibration-controlled transient elastography (FibroMeter VCTE) were assessed in a Greek cohort of patients with chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) B and C or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) to evaluate their accuracy in predicting advanced liver fibrosis against other well-validated noninvasive markers. Methods Group 1: n=83 CVH and group 2: n=38 MASLD patients underwent liver biopsy and transient elastography (TE) on the same day as sera collection. FibroMeter scores APRI and FIB-4 were calculated in all 121 patients, while MASLD fibrosis score (MFS) was also calculated in group 2. Results In CVH, FibroMeter VCTE performed equivalently to TE and better than the other markers in predicting advanced (≥F3) and significant (≥F2) fibrosis (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] 0.887, P<0.001 for F3; AUC 0.766 P<0.001 for F2). FibroMeter Virus (cutoff 0.61) had lower sensitivity (20%) but performed equivalently to APRI and FIB-4. In MASLD, all markers but APRI performed equivalently in predicting advanced fibrosis. FibroMeter VCTE >0.2154 had the same sensitivity (100%) and specificity (81%) as TE (cutoff >7.1 kPa). FibroMeter MASLD >0.25 performed equivalently to MFS and FIB4, but with higher specificity (100%). Both FibroMeter and FibroMeter VCTE correlated with liver histology but not with liver enzymes. Conclusions FibroMeter VCTE predicts accurately advanced fibrosis in CVH and MASLD, irrespectively of transaminase levels. FibroMeter Virus can be applied only as an alternative marker in CVH, while FibroMeter MASLD performs equally to TE and calculated scores (MFS, FIB-4) in predicting advanced fibrosis in MASLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinelopi Arvaniti
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa (Pinelopi Arvaniti, George Giannoulis, Vasiliki Lygoura, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Stella Gabeta, Eirini Rigopoulou, Kalliopi Zachou, George N. Dalekos)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), General University Hospital of Larissa (Pinelopi Arvaniti, George Giannoulis, Vasiliki Lygoura, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Stella Gabeta, Eirini Rigopoulou, Kalliopi Zachou, George N. Dalekos)
| | - George Giannoulis
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa (Pinelopi Arvaniti, George Giannoulis, Vasiliki Lygoura, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Stella Gabeta, Eirini Rigopoulou, Kalliopi Zachou, George N. Dalekos)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), General University Hospital of Larissa (Pinelopi Arvaniti, George Giannoulis, Vasiliki Lygoura, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Stella Gabeta, Eirini Rigopoulou, Kalliopi Zachou, George N. Dalekos)
| | - Vasiliki Lygoura
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa (Pinelopi Arvaniti, George Giannoulis, Vasiliki Lygoura, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Stella Gabeta, Eirini Rigopoulou, Kalliopi Zachou, George N. Dalekos)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), General University Hospital of Larissa (Pinelopi Arvaniti, George Giannoulis, Vasiliki Lygoura, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Stella Gabeta, Eirini Rigopoulou, Kalliopi Zachou, George N. Dalekos)
| | - Nikolaos K. Gatselis
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa (Pinelopi Arvaniti, George Giannoulis, Vasiliki Lygoura, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Stella Gabeta, Eirini Rigopoulou, Kalliopi Zachou, George N. Dalekos)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), General University Hospital of Larissa (Pinelopi Arvaniti, George Giannoulis, Vasiliki Lygoura, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Stella Gabeta, Eirini Rigopoulou, Kalliopi Zachou, George N. Dalekos)
| | - Stella Gabeta
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa (Pinelopi Arvaniti, George Giannoulis, Vasiliki Lygoura, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Stella Gabeta, Eirini Rigopoulou, Kalliopi Zachou, George N. Dalekos)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), General University Hospital of Larissa (Pinelopi Arvaniti, George Giannoulis, Vasiliki Lygoura, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Stella Gabeta, Eirini Rigopoulou, Kalliopi Zachou, George N. Dalekos)
| | - Eirini Rigopoulou
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa (Pinelopi Arvaniti, George Giannoulis, Vasiliki Lygoura, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Stella Gabeta, Eirini Rigopoulou, Kalliopi Zachou, George N. Dalekos)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), General University Hospital of Larissa (Pinelopi Arvaniti, George Giannoulis, Vasiliki Lygoura, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Stella Gabeta, Eirini Rigopoulou, Kalliopi Zachou, George N. Dalekos)
| | - George K. Koukoulis
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Thessaly (George K Koukoulis), Larissa, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Zachou
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa (Pinelopi Arvaniti, George Giannoulis, Vasiliki Lygoura, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Stella Gabeta, Eirini Rigopoulou, Kalliopi Zachou, George N. Dalekos)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), General University Hospital of Larissa (Pinelopi Arvaniti, George Giannoulis, Vasiliki Lygoura, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Stella Gabeta, Eirini Rigopoulou, Kalliopi Zachou, George N. Dalekos)
| | - George N. Dalekos
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa (Pinelopi Arvaniti, George Giannoulis, Vasiliki Lygoura, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Stella Gabeta, Eirini Rigopoulou, Kalliopi Zachou, George N. Dalekos)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), General University Hospital of Larissa (Pinelopi Arvaniti, George Giannoulis, Vasiliki Lygoura, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Stella Gabeta, Eirini Rigopoulou, Kalliopi Zachou, George N. Dalekos)
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Evans WN, Acherman RJ, Galindo A, Rothman A, Ciccolo ML, Lehoux J, Restrepo H. Hepatic Fibrosis Risk Factors in Extracardiac-Fontan Patients: Observations From a Single Center. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2023; 14:345-349. [PMID: 36883214 DOI: 10.1177/21501351231154216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: We reviewed our experience with transvenous liver biopsy-derived hepatic fibrosis scores and possible associated risk factors in those postextracardiac Fontan patients. Methods: We identified extracardiac-Fontan patients with postoperative durations <20 years who underwent cardiac catheterizations with transvenous hepatic biopsies between April 2012 and July 2022. If a patient underwent two liver biopsies, we averaged the two total fibrosis scores and concurrent time, pressure, and oxygen saturation data. We grouped patients by the following factors: (1) sex, (2) venovenous collaterals, and (3) type of functionally univentricular heart. We identified potential hepatic fibrosis risk factors as the following: female, presence of venovenous collaterals, and a functional univentricle of right-ventricular type. For statistical analysis, we used Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric testing. Results: We identified 127 patients who underwent 165 transvenous biopsies, with 38 patients undergoing 2 biopsies. We found that females with two additional risk factors had the highest median total fibrosis scores, 4 (1-8); males with <2 risk factors had the lowest median total fibrosis scores, 2 (0-5); and females with <2 additional risk factors and males with two risk factors were in the middle, median total fibrosis score 3 (0-6), P =.002; and there were no statistical differences for the other demographic or hemodynamic variables. Conclusions: For extracardiac-Fontan patients with similar demographic and hemodynamic variables, identifiable risk factors are associated with the degree of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Evans
- Congenital 20567Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, 212548Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Ruben J Acherman
- Congenital 20567Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, 212548Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Alvaro Galindo
- Congenital 20567Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, 212548Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Abraham Rothman
- Congenital 20567Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, 212548Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Michael L Ciccolo
- Congenital 20567Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,Department of Surgery, 212548Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Juan Lehoux
- Congenital 20567Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Humberto Restrepo
- Congenital 20567Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, 212548Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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Nakajima T, Karino Y, Hige S, Suii H, Tatsumi R, Yamaguchi M, Arakawa T, Kuwata Y, Toyota J. Aging impairs fibrosis-4 index after sustained virologic response by direct-acting antivirals in chronic hepatitis C infection. Ann Hepatol 2022; 27:100566. [PMID: 34688887 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2021.100566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Sustained virologic response (SVR) is achieved in most cases of C-type liver disease after direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. Although liver fibrosis improves, the degree of improvement is different. This study aimed to analyze the factors involved in improving liver fibrosis using the fibrosis 4 (FIB-4) index. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients were monitored for >3 years after SVR. At the start of therapy (SOT), liver fibrosis was categorized as either mild (<1.45 n = 28), moderate (1.45-3.25 n = 139), or advanced (>3.25 n = 236) based on the FIB-4 index. The FIB-4 index in the advanced group decreased significantly compared to that of the other two, so we selected the advanced group as the analysis target. SOT and end of therapy (EOT) factors that contributed to the FIB-4 index ≤3.25 at 3 years after therapy were examined using a multivariate analysis. RESULTS Among the SOT factors, age (<72 years old), absence of liver cirrhosis (LC), alanine transferase (ALT) (≥50 U/L), platelet (PLT) (≥10.2 × 104/mm3), and total bilirubin (T.Bil) (<0.8 mg/dl) were the significant factors contributing to the improvement of the FIB-4 index. Among the EOT factors, age (<72 years), PLT (≥12.0 × 104/mm3), and hemoglobin (Hb) (≥12.1 g/dl) were the significant factors contributing to the improvement of FIB-4 index. CONCLUSIONS Factors involved in the improvement of liver fibrosis after SVR were young age, absence of LC, low T.Bil., high ALT, high PLT, and high Hb levels. The levels of T.Bil, PLT, and Hb were considered to be related to portal hypertension. Aging strongly impaired the improvement in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Nakajima
- Department of Hepatology, Sapporo Kosei General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Karino
- Department of Hepatology, Sapporo Kosei General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Keiyukai Sapporo Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Hige
- Department of Hepatology, Sapporo Kosei General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Suii
- Department of Hepatology, Sapporo Kosei General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryoji Tatsumi
- Department of Hepatology, Sapporo Kosei General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Tomohiro Arakawa
- Department of Hepatology, Sapporo Kosei General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kuwata
- Department of Hepatology, Sapporo Kosei General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Joji Toyota
- Department of Hepatology, Sapporo Kosei General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
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Zachou K, Lygoura V, Arvaniti P, Giannoulis G, Gatselis NK, Koukoulis GK, Dalekos GN. FibroMeter scores for the assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with autoimmune liver diseases. Ann Hepatol 2021; 22:100285. [PMID: 33157268 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES We assessed FibroMeter virus (FMvirus) and FibroMeter vibration-controlled transient elastography (FMVCTE) in 134 patients with autoimmune liver diseases [ALD, autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)], in order to assess new potential non-invasive biomarkers of liver fibrosis in patients with ALD, as similar data are missing. PATIENTS AND METHODS The following groups were included: group 1: n = 78 AIH; group 2: n = 56 PBC. FMvirus and FMVCTE were determined in all 134 patients who underwent liver biopsy and TE the same day with sera collection. In addition, APRI and FIB-4 scores were calculated. RESULTS The AUCs for TE and FMVCTE were significantly better (0.809; p < 0.001 and 0.772; p = 0.001, respectively for AIH and 0.997; p < 0.001 and 1; p < 0.001, for PBC) than the other three markers in predicting ≥ F3 fibrosis irrespective of the biochemical activity. FMVCTE and TE had good diagnostic accuracy (75.6% and 73%, respectively) for predicting severe fibrosis in AIH and performed even better in PBC (94.6% and 96.4%, respectively). The cut-offs of TE and FMVCTE had the best sensitivity and specificity in predicting ≥ F3 fibrosis in both AIH and PBC. CONCLUSIONS FMVCTE seems to detect severe fibrosis equally to TE in patients with ALD but with better specificity. Biochemical disease activity did not seem to affect their diagnostic accuracy in ALD and therefore, could be helpful for the assessment of fibrosis, especially if they are performed sequentially (first TE with the best sensitivity and then FMVCTE with the best specificity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Zachou
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, National Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Lygoura
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, National Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Pinelopi Arvaniti
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, National Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgios Giannoulis
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, National Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Nikolaos K Gatselis
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, National Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - George K Koukoulis
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - George N Dalekos
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, National Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.
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Evans WN, Acherman RJ, Galindo A, Rothman A, Ciccolo ML, Lehoux J, Winn BJ, Yumiaco NS, Restrepo H. Fontan-associated liver disease and total cavopulmonary anatomical flow effectors. J Card Surg 2021; 36:2329-2335. [PMID: 33834526 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.15553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated a relationship between a composite index comprised of Fontan-circuit anatomical features and hepatic fibrosis scores from biopsy. METHODS We identified living extracardiac Fontan patients, ≥7 years old and ≥5 but <20 years postoperative, that underwent cardiac catheterization and transvenous liver biopsy between March 2012 and September 2020. We divided patients into anatomical groups and applied a risk score to each patient. We compared average anatomical risk scores with average hepatic total fibrosis scores by group. RESULTS We identified 111 patients that met inclusion criteria. After excluding four patients, we assigned 107 to one of 12 anatomical variant groups (n ≥ 3). For the 107, the average age at liver biopsy was 14 ± 6 years old. Of the 107, 105 (98%) were New York Heart Association Class 1. We found average anatomical risk scores by group correlated with average total fibrosis scores by group (R = 0.8; p = .005). An average Fontan duration to biopsy of 10 ± 1 years was similar for all 12 anatomical groups. We found no other clinical variables, laboratory, or hemodynamic values that trended with anatomical risk scores or hepatic total fibrosis scores. CONCLUSIONS In a cohort of relatively young, stable extracardiac Fontan patients, average composite anatomical risk scores strongly correlated with average hepatic total fibrosis scores by anatomical group. These findings suggest that some anatomical variants in extracardiac Fontan patients are associated with higher Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD)-related hepatic total fibrosis scores than others, despite similar Fontan durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Evans
- Children's Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Ruben J Acherman
- Children's Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Alvaro Galindo
- Children's Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Abraham Rothman
- Children's Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Michael L Ciccolo
- Children's Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Juan Lehoux
- Children's Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Brody J Winn
- Laboratory Medicine Consultants, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | | | - Humberto Restrepo
- Children's Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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Evans WN, Acherman RJ, Ciccolo ML, Carrillo SA, Galindo A, Rothman A, Mayman GA, Adams EA, Reardon LC, Winn BJ, Yumiaco NS, Shimuizu L, Inanaga Y, Deleon RJ, Restrepo H. A composite noninvasive index correlates with liver fibrosis scores in post-Fontan patients: Preliminary findings. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2017; 13:38-45. [DOI: 10.1111/chd.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William N. Evans
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Heart Center Nevada; Las Vegas Nevada USA
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Las Vegas Nevada USA
| | - Ruben J. Acherman
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Heart Center Nevada; Las Vegas Nevada USA
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Las Vegas Nevada USA
| | - Michael L. Ciccolo
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Heart Center Nevada; Las Vegas Nevada USA
- Department of Surgery; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Las Vegas Nevada USA
| | - Sergio A. Carrillo
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Heart Center Nevada; Las Vegas Nevada USA
- Department of Surgery; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Las Vegas Nevada USA
| | - Alvaro Galindo
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Heart Center Nevada; Las Vegas Nevada USA
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Las Vegas Nevada USA
| | - Abraham Rothman
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Heart Center Nevada; Las Vegas Nevada USA
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Las Vegas Nevada USA
| | - Gary A. Mayman
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Heart Center Nevada; Las Vegas Nevada USA
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Las Vegas Nevada USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Adams
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Heart Center Nevada; Las Vegas Nevada USA
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Las Vegas Nevada USA
| | - Leigh C. Reardon
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Heart Center Nevada; Las Vegas Nevada USA
- UCLA Division of Cardiology and Division of Pediatric Cardiology; Ahmanson/UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Brody J. Winn
- Laboratory Medicine Consultants; Las Vegas Nevada USA
| | | | - Lesley Shimuizu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Heart Center Nevada; Las Vegas Nevada USA
| | - Yoko Inanaga
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Heart Center Nevada; Las Vegas Nevada USA
| | - Rowena J. Deleon
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Heart Center Nevada; Las Vegas Nevada USA
| | - Humberto Restrepo
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Heart Center Nevada; Las Vegas Nevada USA
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Las Vegas Nevada USA
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