1
|
Chaptal M, Gaumond S, Raherison Semjen C. [A lung nodule like no other]. Rev Mal Respir 2023; 40:428-431. [PMID: 36870932 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Chaptal
- Service de pneumologie, CHU de Pointe-à-pitre/Abymes, route de chauvel, BP 465, 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.
| | - S Gaumond
- Centre de pathologie Alizés, anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, impasse des Palétuviers, Zi de Jarry, 97122 Baie-Mahault, Guadeloupe, France
| | - C Raherison Semjen
- Service de pneumologie, CHU de Pointe-à-pitre/Abymes, route de chauvel, BP 465, 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mendes Junior AAV, Filgueira CPB, Miranda LDFC, de Almeida AB, Cantanhêde LM, Fagundes A, Pereira SA, Menezes RC, Cupolillo E. First report of Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis in South American territory and confirmation of Leishbunyavirus infecting this parasite in a mare. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e220220. [PMID: 37194810 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data related to leishmaniases or Leishmania infection in horses are scarce. However, studies carried out in different regions in the world showed equids parasitised by Leishmania braziliensis, L. infantum and L. martiniquensis. OBJECTIVES Identify the Leishmania species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in a mare, living in Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil), and search the presence of Leishmania viruses in the isolated parasite. METHODS Isoenzymes and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting ITSrDNA region followed by sequencing were conducted for typing the isolated parasite. A search for Leishmania virus infection was also performed. FINDINGS The mare presented skin nodules and ulcers in the left pinna caused by Leishmania spp. that was detected by culture and PCR. The parasite was identified as Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis, infected by Leishbunyavirus (LBV), representing the first description of this species in South America. The animal travelled to different Brazilian regions, but not to outside the country. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The worldwide distribution of L. martiniquensis and its infection by LBV were confirmed in this study, indicating the autochthonous transmission cycle in Brazil. The clinical profile of the disease in the mare, showing fast spontaneous healing of cutaneous lesions, may indicate that skin lesions related to L. martiniquensis infection in horses might be underdiagnosed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Augusto Velho Mendes Junior
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Luciana de Freitas Campos Miranda
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Adilson Benedito de Almeida
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lilian Motta Cantanhêde
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Aline Fagundes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Sandro Antônio Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mathison BA, Bradley BT. Review of the Clinical Presentation, Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Leishmaniasis. Lab Med 2022:6873137. [DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmac134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne infection caused by kinetoplastid protozoans in the genera Leishmania and Endotrypanum. The disease occurs worldwide in the tropics and subtropics and can be particularly burdensome in resource-limited settings. Diseases caused by leishmaniasis range in severity from mild cutaneous lesions to life-threatening visceral and disfiguring mucocutaneous illnesses. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is needed to ensure proper clinical management of patients afflicted with this disease. Complicating matters of diagnosis and treatment are the diversity of species within these 2 genera and the variable specificity of diagnostic assays. This mini-review provides laboratory professionals with an overview of Leishmania epidemiology, biology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, and treatments with additional emphasis placed on the nuances involved in diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blaine A Mathison
- Insitute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | - Benjamin T Bradley
- Insitute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pasquier G, Demar M, Lami P, Zribi A, Marty P, Buffet P, Desbois-Nogard N, Gangneux JP, Simon S, Blaizot R, Couppié P, Thiebaut L, Pratlong F, Dedet JP, Bastien P, Sterkers Y, Ravel C, Lachaud L. Leishmaniasis epidemiology in endemic areas of metropolitan France and its overseas territories from 1998 to 2020. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010745. [PMID: 36206322 PMCID: PMC9624409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In France, leishmaniasis is endemic in the Mediterranean region, in French Guiana and to a lesser extent, in the French West Indies. This study wanted to provide an updated picture of leishmaniasis epidemiology in metropolitan France and in its overseas territories. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Leishmaniasis cases were collected by passive notification to the French National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases (NRCL) in Montpellier from 1998 to 2020 and at the associated Centre in Cayenne (French Guiana) from 2003 to 2020. In metropolitan France, 517 autochthonous leishmaniasis cases, mostly visceral forms due to Leishmania infantum (79%), and 1725 imported cases (French Guiana excluded), mainly cutaneous leishmaniasis from Maghreb, were recorded. A slight decrease of autochthonous cases was observed during the survey period, from 0.48 cases/100,000 inhabitants per year in 1999 (highest value) to 0.1 cases/100,000 inhabitants per year in 2017 (lowest value). Conversely, imported cases increased over time (from 59.7 in the 2000s to 94.5 in the 2010s). In French Guiana, 4126 cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis cases were reported from 2003 to 2020. The mean incidence was 103.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants/year but varied in function of the year (from 198 in 2004 to 54 in 2006). In Guadeloupe and Martinique (French West Indies), only sporadic cases were reported. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Because of concerns about disease expansion and outbreaks in other Southern Europe countries, and leishmaniasis monitoring by the NRCL should be continued and associated with a more active surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Pasquier
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, MiVEGEC, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Leishmania, Montpellier, France
| | - Magalie Demar
- Laboratoire hospitalo-universitaire de parasitologie-mycologie, Laboratoire associé au CNRL, Centre Hospitalier, Cayenne, France
| | - Patrick Lami
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, MiVEGEC, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Leishmania, Montpellier, France
| | - Asma Zribi
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, MiVEGEC, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Leishmania, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Marty
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Pierre Buffet
- zCentre d’Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Desbois-Nogard
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU de la Martinique, Fort de France, France
| | - Jean Pierre Gangneux
- Département de Parasitologie-mycologie, Université de Rennes, CHU de Rennes, Irset, Inserm, EHESP, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphane Simon
- Laboratoire hospitalo-universitaire de parasitologie-mycologie, Laboratoire associé au CNRL, Centre Hospitalier, Cayenne, France
| | - Romain Blaizot
- Service de dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier, Cayenne, France
| | - Pierre Couppié
- Service de dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier, Cayenne, France
| | - Louis Thiebaut
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, MiVEGEC, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Leishmania, Montpellier, France
| | - Francine Pratlong
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, MiVEGEC, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Leishmania, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Dedet
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, MiVEGEC, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Leishmania, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Bastien
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, MiVEGEC, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Leishmania, Montpellier, France
| | - Yvon Sterkers
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, MiVEGEC, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Leishmania, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Ravel
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, MiVEGEC, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Leishmania, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Lachaud
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, MiVEGEC, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Leishmania, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ait Maatallah I, Akarid K, Lemrani M. Tissue tropism: Is it an intrinsic characteristic of Leishmania species? Acta Trop 2022; 232:106512. [PMID: 35568069 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The genus Leishmania comprises a wide range of species, some of which are pathogenic to humans and each of which has a different tissue preference, resulting in one of the three clinical forms of human leishmaniasis: visceral, cutaneous, or mucocutaneous. Although, all pathogenic species are deposited intradermally in the mammalian host upon an infectious sand fly bite, only the viscerotropic strains can leave the skin and reach the internal organs. We assume that Leishmania tissue tropism is not only the result of Leishmania genetic determinism but is also governed by the interaction of the parasite with different vectorial and human host elements. To shed light on these elements and key steps determining the course of the infection, we describe throughout this review the disease's progression from the early stages of infection taking place in the skin to the late stages succeeding in the parasite's visceral dissemination. Hence, we address the question of Leishmania tropism, through providing relevant hypotheses and answers gathered from the literature.
Collapse
|
6
|
Francis S, Frank C, Buchanan L, Green S, Stennett-Brown R, Gordon-Strachan G, Rubio-Palis Y, Grant C, Alexander-Lindo RL, Nwokocha C, Robinson D, Delgoda R. Challenges in the control of neglected insect vector diseases of human importance in the Anglo-Caribbean. One Health 2021; 13:100316. [PMID: 34485673 PMCID: PMC8405964 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in developing countries like the Caribbean, negatively affect multiple income-generating sectors, including the tourism industry upon which island states are highly dependent. Insect-transmitted NTDs include, but are not limited to, malaria, dengue and lymphatic filariasis. Control measures for these disease, are often ignored because of the associated cost. Many of the developing country members are thus retained in a financially crippling cycle, balancing the cost of prophylactic measures with that of controlling an outbreak.The purpose of the paper is to bring awareness to NTDs transmitted by insects of importance to humans, and to assess factors affecting such control, in the English-speaking Caribbean. METHOD Comprehensive literature review on reports pertaining to NTDs transmitted by insects in the Caribbean and Latin America was conducted. Data search was carried out on PubMed, and WHO and PAHO websites. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Potential risk factors for NTDs transmitted by arthropods in the English-speaking Caribbean are summarised. The mosquito appears to be the main insect-vector of human importance within the region of concern. Arthropod-vectors of diseases of veterinary importance are also relevant because they affect the livelihood of farmers, in highly agriculture based economies. Other NTDs may also be in circulation gauged by the presence of antibodies in Caribbean individuals. However, routine diagnostic tests for specific diseases are expensive and tests may not be conducted when diseases are not prevalent in the population. It appears that only a few English-speaking Caribbean countries have examined secondary reservoirs of pathogens or assessed the effectivity of their insect control methods. As such, disease risk assessment appears incomplete. Although continuous control is financially demanding, an integrated and multisectoral approach might help to deflect the cost. Such interventions are now being promoted by health agencies within the region and various countries are creating and exploring the use of novel tools to be incorporated in their insect-vector control programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Francis
- Natural Products Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Chelsea Frank
- Natural Products Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Luke Buchanan
- Mona Geoinformatics Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Sean Green
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Roxann Stennett-Brown
- Department of Physics, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Georgiana Gordon-Strachan
- Caribbean Institute for Health Research, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Yasmin Rubio-Palis
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, sede Aragua, Universidad de Carabobo, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Charles Grant
- International Centre for Environmental and Nuclear Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Ruby Lisa Alexander-Lindo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Chukwuemeka Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Dwight Robinson
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| | - Rupika Delgoda
- Natural Products Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- Mosquito Control Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mathison BA, Sapp SGH. An annotated checklist of the eukaryotic parasites of humans, exclusive of fungi and algae. Zookeys 2021; 1069:1-313. [PMID: 34819766 PMCID: PMC8595220 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1069.67403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The classification of "parasites" in the medical field is a challenging notion, a group which historically has included all eukaryotes exclusive of fungi that invade and derive resources from the human host. Since antiquity, humans have been identifying and documenting parasitic infections, and this collective catalog of parasitic agents has expanded considerably with technology. As our understanding of species boundaries and the use of molecular tools has evolved, so has our concept of the taxonomy of human parasites. Consequently, new species have been recognized while others have been relegated to synonyms. On the other hand, the decline of expertise in classical parasitology and limited curricula have led to a loss of awareness of many rarely encountered species. Here, we provide a comprehensive checklist of all reported eukaryotic organisms (excluding fungi and allied taxa) parasitizing humans resulting in 274 genus-group taxa and 848 species-group taxa. For each species, or genus where indicated, a concise summary of geographic distribution, natural hosts, route of transmission and site within human host, and vectored pathogens are presented. Ubiquitous, human-adapted species as well as very rare, incidental zoonotic organisms are discussed in this annotated checklist. We also provide a list of 79 excluded genera and species that have been previously reported as human parasites but are not believed to be true human parasites or represent misidentifications or taxonomic changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blaine A. Mathison
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USAInstitute for Clinical and Experimental PathologySalt Lake CityUnited States of America
| | - Sarah G. H. Sapp
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USACenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaUnited States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Becvar T, Vojtkova B, Siriyasatien P, Votypka J, Modry D, Jahn P, Bates P, Carpenter S, Volf P, Sadlova J. Experimental transmission of Leishmania (Mundinia) parasites by biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009654. [PMID: 34115806 PMCID: PMC8221790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites, causative agents of leishmaniasis, are currently divided into four subgenera: Leishmania, Viannia, Sauroleishmania and Mundinia. The recently established subgenus Mundinia has a wide geographical distribution and contains five species, three of which have the potential to infect and cause disease in humans. While the other Leishmania subgenera are transmitted exclusively by phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), natural vectors of Mundinia remain uncertain. This study investigates the potential of sand flies and biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to transmit Leishmania parasites of the subgenus Mundinia. Sand flies (Phlebotomus argentipes, P. duboscqi and Lutzomyia migonei) and Culicoides biting midges (Culicoides sonorensis) were exposed to five Mundinia species through a chicken skin membrane and dissected at specific time intervals post bloodmeal. Potentially infected insects were also allowed to feed on ear pinnae of anaesthetized BALB/c mice and the presence of Leishmania DNA was subsequently confirmed in the mice using polymerase chain reaction analyses. In C. sonorensis, all Mundinia species tested were able to establish infection at a high rate, successfully colonize the stomodeal valve and produce a higher proportion of metacyclic forms than in sand flies. Subsequently, three parasite species, L. martiniquensis, L. orientalis and L. sp. from Ghana, were transmitted to the host mouse ear by C. sonorensis bite. In contrast, transmission experiments entirely failed with P. argentipes, although colonisation of the stomodeal valve was observed for L. orientalis and L. martiniquensis and metacyclic forms of L. orientalis were recorded. This laboratory-based transmission of Mundinia species highlights that Culicoides are potential vectors of members of this ancestral subgenus of Leishmania and we suggest further studies in endemic areas to confirm their role in the lifecycles of neglected pathogens. Leishmania parasites are causative agents of leishmaniasis, a disease affecting millions of humans worldwide. It is widely accepted that these flagellates are transmitted exclusively by phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae). Reservoir hosts and insect vectors for the newly established Leishmania subgenus Mundinia, however, remain poorly understood. Preliminary evidence from field-based studies discovered biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) that were naturally infected by L. (Mundinia) macropodum in Australia. This surprising finding led us to carry out a detailed laboratory study aimed at comparison of the development of all currently known species of the subgenus Mundinia in both putative vector families. We found that all five Mundinia species developed successfully in C. sonorensis and the successful transmission of three Mundinia species from infected insects to mice was demonstrated for the first time. This is the first detailed in vivo evidence that biting midges can act as competent vectors of Leishmania parasites of the subgenus Mundinia and has considerable epidemiological implications for control of these neglected pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Becvar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vojtkova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jan Votypka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Modry
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences/CINeZ, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jahn
- Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Carpenter
- Entomology Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jovana Sadlova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yao C. Leishmania spp. and leishmaniasis on the Caribbean islands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 114:73-78. [PMID: 31608958 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetoplastid protozoan Leishmania spp. cause leishmaniasis, which clinically exhibit mainly as a cutaneous, mucocutanous or visceral form depending upon the parasite species in humans. The disease is widespread geographically, leading to 20 000 annual deaths. Here, leishmaniases in both humans and animals, reservoirs and sand fly vectors on the Caribbean islands are reviewed. Autochthonous human infections by Leishmania spp. were found in the Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe and Martinique as well as Trinidad and Tobago; canine infections were found in St. Kitts and Grenada; and equine infections were found in Puerto Rico. Imported human cases have been reported in Cuba. The parasites included Leishmania amazonensis, Le. martiniquensis and Le. waltoni. Possible sand fly vectors included Lutzomyia christophei, Lu. atroclavatus, Lu. cayennensis and Lu. flaviscutellata as well as Phlebotomus guadeloupensis. Reservoirs included rats, rice rats and mouse opossum. An updated study is warranted for the control and elimination of leishmaniasis in the region because some of the data are four decades old.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Genetic diversity of Leishmania tropica: Unexpectedly complex distribution pattern. Acta Trop 2021; 218:105888. [PMID: 33713626 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized a collection of clinical samples obtained from Syrian and Turkish patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis using internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences. All obtained sequences belonged to Leishmania tropica. Combining them with those available from GenBank allowed us performing a broad-scale analysis of genetic diversity for this species. We demonstrated that L. tropica has a complex phylogeographic pattern with some haplotypes being widespread across endemic countries and others restricted to particular regions. We hypothesize that at least some of them may be associated with alternative vectors or animal reservoirs.
Collapse
|
11
|
Becvar T, Siriyasatien P, Bates P, Volf P, Sádlová J. Development of Leishmania (Mundinia) in guinea pigs. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:181. [PMID: 32268916 PMCID: PMC7140393 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a human and animal disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, which is now divided into four subgenera, Leishmania, Viannia, Sauroleishmania and Mundinia. Subgenus Mundinia, established in 2016, is geographically widely dispersed, its distribution covers all continents, except Antarctica. It consists of 5 species; L. enriettii and L. macropodum are parasites of wild mammals while L. martiniquensis, L. orientalis and an unnamed Leishmania sp. from Ghana are infectious to humans. There is very little information on natural reservoir hosts and vectors for any Mundinia species. METHODS Experimental infections of guinea pigs with all five Mundinia species were performed. Animals were injected intradermally with 107 culture-derived promastigotes into both ear pinnae. The courses of infections were monitored weekly; xenodiagnoses were performed at weeks 4 and 8 post-infection using Lutzomyia migonei. The distribution of parasites in different tissues was determined post-mortem by conventional PCR. RESULTS No significant differences in weight were observed between infected animals and the control group. Animals infected with L. enriettii developed temporary lesions at the site of inoculation and were infectious to Lu. migonei in xenodiagnoses. Animals infected with L. martiniquensis and L. orientalis developed temporary erythema and dry lesions at the site of inoculation, respectively, but were not infectious to sand flies. Guinea pigs infected by L. macropodum and Leishmania sp. from Ghana showed no signs of infection during experiments, were not infectious to sand flies and leishmanial DNA was not detected in their tissue samples at the end of experiments at week 12 post-inoculation. CONCLUSIONS According to our results, guinea pigs are not an appropriate model organism for studying Mundinia species other than L. enriettii. We suggest that for better understanding of L. (Mundinia) biology it is necessary to focus on other model organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Becvar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jovana Sádlová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gondard M, Delannoy S, Pinarello V, Aprelon R, Devillers E, Galon C, Pradel J, Vayssier-Taussat M, Albina E, Moutailler S. Upscaling the Surveillance of Tick-borne Pathogens in the French Caribbean Islands. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030176. [PMID: 32121571 PMCID: PMC7157729 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high burden of vector-borne disease in (sub)tropical areas, few information are available regarding the diversity of tick and tick-borne pathogens circulating in the Caribbean. Management and control of vector-borne disease require actual epidemiological data to better assess and anticipate the risk of (re)emergence of tick-borne diseases in the region. To simplify and reduce the costs of such large-scale surveys, we implemented a high-throughput microfluidic real-time PCR system suitable for the screening of the main bacterial and parasitic genera involved in tick-borne disease and potentially circulating in the area. We used the new screening tool to perform an exploratory epidemiological study on 132 adult specimens of Amblyomma variegatum and 446 of Rhipicephalus microplus collected in Guadeloupe and Martinique. Not only the system was able to detect the main pathogens of the area-Ehrlichia ruminantium, Rickettsia africae, Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis-but the system also provided evidence of unsuspected microorganisms in Caribbean ticks, belonging to the Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Borrelia and Leishmania genera. Our study demonstrated how high-throughput microfluidic real-time PCR technology can assist large-scale epidemiological studies, providing a rapid overview of tick-borne pathogen and microorganism diversity, and opening up new research perspectives for the epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Gondard
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRAE, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94700 Paris, France; (M.G.); (E.D.); (C.G.); (M.V.-T.)
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, 97170 Guadeloupe, France; (V.P.); (R.A.); (J.P.); (E.A.)
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- IdentyPath Platform, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, 94700 Paris, France;
| | - Valérie Pinarello
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, 97170 Guadeloupe, France; (V.P.); (R.A.); (J.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Rosalie Aprelon
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, 97170 Guadeloupe, France; (V.P.); (R.A.); (J.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Elodie Devillers
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRAE, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94700 Paris, France; (M.G.); (E.D.); (C.G.); (M.V.-T.)
| | - Clémence Galon
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRAE, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94700 Paris, France; (M.G.); (E.D.); (C.G.); (M.V.-T.)
| | - Jennifer Pradel
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, 97170 Guadeloupe, France; (V.P.); (R.A.); (J.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Muriel Vayssier-Taussat
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRAE, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94700 Paris, France; (M.G.); (E.D.); (C.G.); (M.V.-T.)
| | - Emmanuel Albina
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, 97170 Guadeloupe, France; (V.P.); (R.A.); (J.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Moutailler
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, ANSES, INRAE, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, 94700 Paris, France; (M.G.); (E.D.); (C.G.); (M.V.-T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-49-77-46-50
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Intakhan N, Chanmol W, Somboon P, Bates MD, Yardley V, Bates PA, Jariyapan N. Antileishmanial Activity and Synergistic Effects of Amphotericin B Deoxycholate with Allicin and Andrographolide against Leishmania martiniquensis In Vitro. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010049. [PMID: 31936536 PMCID: PMC7168609 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis is a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, but in HIV-infected patients both visceral and disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis are presented. Recurrence of the disease after treatment has been reported in some cases indicating that improved chemotherapy is required. In this study, the susceptibility of L. martiniquensis to Amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmB), allicin, and andrographolide was evaluated and the synergistic effects of allicin or andrographolide combined with AmB against L. martiniquensis intracellular amastigotes in mouse peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEMs) were investigated in vitro for the first time. The results showed that L. martiniquensis was highly susceptible to AmB as expected, but allicin and andrographolide had selectivity index (SI) values greater than 10, indicating promise in both compounds for treatment of host cells infected with L. martiniquensis. Four AmB/allicin combinations presented combination index (CI) values less than 1 (0.58–0.68) for intracellular amastigotes indicating synergistic effects. The combination with the highest dose reduction index (DRI) allowed an approximately four-fold reduction of AmB use in that combination. No synergistic effects were observed in AmB/andrographolide combinations. The data provided in this study leads for further study to develop novel therapeutic agents and improve the treatment outcome for leishmaniasis caused by this Leishmania species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuchpicha Intakhan
- Faculty of Medicine, Graduate PhD Degree Program in Parasitology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Wetpisit Chanmol
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Pradya Somboon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Michelle D. Bates
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK; (M.D.B.); (P.A.B.)
| | - Vanessa Yardley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
| | - Paul A. Bates
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK; (M.D.B.); (P.A.B.)
| | - Narissara Jariyapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.C.); (P.S.)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cutaneous Leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania martiniquensis in a Horse in Florida. J Comp Pathol 2019; 173:13-18. [PMID: 31812168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report a new case of cutaneous leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis in a horse in Florida, USA. A 10-year-old neutered male Quarter horse was presented with multifocal to coalescing, raised, ulcerated and oozing, non-healing wounds on both pinnae of several weeks' duration. After a few months, the lesions regressed spontaneously. Biopsies of the lesions were performed with microscopical findings of epidermal hyperplasia with multifocal ulceration and focally extensive, dermal pyogranulomatous inflammation with numerous intact and degenerate neutrophils being surrounded by epithelioid macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells, as well as rare eosinophils. Within the macrophages, and freely within the inflammatory infiltrate, were small (2-4 μm) round, basophilic protozoal organisms. Immunohistochemistry and colourimetric in-situ hybridization were positive for amastigote forms of Leishmania spp. The species L. martiniquensis was identified by polymerase chain reaction targeting the ITS-1 gene performed with extracts from formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded samples of skin lesions. L. martiniquensis causes an ulcerative pyogranulomatous dermatitis in horses with spontaneous healing. This second autochthonous case in Florida, 5 years after the first case, suggests that this parasite may have become endemic in this state.
Collapse
|
15
|
Maggi RG, Krämer F. A review on the occurrence of companion vector-borne diseases in pet animals in Latin America. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:145. [PMID: 30917860 PMCID: PMC6438007 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Companion vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are an important threat for pet life, but may also have an impact on human health, due to their often zoonotic character. The importance and awareness of CVBDs continuously increased during the last years. However, information on their occurrence is often limited in several parts of the world, which are often especially affected. Latin America (LATAM), a region with large biodiversity, is one of these regions, where information on CVBDs for pet owners, veterinarians, medical doctors and health workers is often obsolete, limited or non-existent. In the present review, a comprehensive literature search for CVBDs in companion animals (dogs and cats) was performed for several countries in Central America (Belize, Caribbean Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico) as well as in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana (British Guyana), Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela) regarding the occurrence of the following parasitic and bacterial diseases: babesiosis, heartworm disease, subcutaneous dirofilariosis, hepatozoonosis, leishmaniosis, trypanosomosis, anaplasmosis, bartonellosis, borreliosis, ehrlichiosis, mycoplasmosis and rickettsiosis. An overview on the specific diseases, followed by a short summary on their occurrence per country is given. Additionally, a tabular listing on positive or non-reported occurrence is presented. None of the countries is completely free from CVBDs. The data presented in the review confirm a wide distribution of the CVBDs in focus in LATAM. This wide occurrence and the fact that most of the CVBDs can have a quite severe clinical outcome and their diagnostic as well as therapeutic options in the region are often difficult to access and to afford, demands a strong call for the prevention of pathogen transmission by the use of ectoparasiticidal and anti-feeding products as well as by performing behavioural changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo G. Maggi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Friederike Krämer
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
von Dohlen AR, Cheathem N, Tiwari K, Sharma RN. Prevalence of antibodies against visceralizing Leishmania spp. in brown rats from Grenada, West Indies. Vet World 2018; 11:1321-1325. [PMID: 30410240 PMCID: PMC6200568 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1321-1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Leishmania spp. are known to cause disease in man and animals. Rats are considered important reservoir hosts and transmission takes place through the bite of female sand fly, Phlebotomus spp. To the best of our knowledge, there is no published information on Leishmania infection in rats in Grenada. This study was conducted to estimate the antibodies for visceralizing Leishmania spp. (VL) in rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Grenada. Materials and Methods A total of 146 brown rats (R. norvegicus) were trapped live from two parishes (St. George and St. David) in Grenada. Following anesthesia, blood was collected from the heart through thoracic puncture. The serum was collected after the centrifugation of blood. Serum was tested for antibodies to VL. with a commercially available immunochromatographic dipstick test which is licensed for use in animals and humans. Results The seroprevalence of antibodies against Leishmania spp. was found in 34 of 146 rats (23.3%; CI 95% from 16.70 to 30.99). No significant differences were found between sexes and young or adults. The prevalence between parishes (St. George and St. David) was also not significant. Conclusion The results show that rats (R. norvegicus) in Grenada are exposed to Leishmania spp. The rats could play an important role in the transmission of leishmaniasis to humans and other animals in Grenada.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Rosypal von Dohlen
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, College of STEM, Johnson C. Smith University, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Nautica Cheathem
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, College of STEM, Johnson C. Smith University, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Keshaw Tiwari
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Ravindra Nath Sharma
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Leelayoova S, Siripattanapipong S, Mungthin M. Visceral Leishmaniasis in Traveler to Guyana Caused by Leishmania siamensis, London, UK. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:1600-1601. [PMID: 30016250 PMCID: PMC6056122 DOI: 10.3201/eid2408.180192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
18
|
An overview on Leishmania (Mundinia) enriettii: biology, immunopathology, LRV and extracellular vesicles during the host-parasite interaction. Parasitology 2017; 145:1265-1273. [PMID: 29223169 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the Leishmania species known to be non-infective to humans is Leishmania (Mundinia) enriettii whose vertebrate host is the guinea pig Cavia porcellus. It is a good model for cutaneous leishmaniasis, chemotherapeutic and molecular studies. In the last years, an increased interest has emerged concerning the L. (Mundinia) subgenus after the finding of Leishmania (M.) macropodum in Australia and with the description of other new/putative species such as L. (M.) martiniquensis and 'L. (M.) siamensis'. This review focused on histopathology, glycoconjugates and innate immunity. The presence of Leishmania RNA virus and shedding of extracellular vesicles by the parasite were also evaluated.
Collapse
|
19
|
Paranaiba LF, Pinheiro LJ, Torrecilhas AC, Macedo DH, Menezes-Neto A, Tafuri WL, Soares RP. Leishmania enriettii (Muniz & Medina, 1948): A highly diverse parasite is here to stay. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006303. [PMID: 28542526 PMCID: PMC5444841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa F. Paranaiba
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LFP); (RPS)
| | - Lucélia J. Pinheiro
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Diego H. Macedo
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Armando Menezes-Neto
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L. Tafuri
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo P. Soares
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LFP); (RPS)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Leelayoova S, Siripattanapipong S, Manomat J, Piyaraj P, Tan-Ariya P, Bualert L, Mungthin M. Leishmaniasis in Thailand: A Review of Causative Agents and Situations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:534-542. [PMID: 28093539 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Before 1999, leishmaniasis was considered an imported disease in Thailand. Since then, autochthonous leishmaniasis was reported in both immmunocompetent and immmunocompromised patients especially in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A new species was identified and named as Leishmania siamensis consisting of two lineages, that is, lineages TR and PG. Analysis of isoenzymes has clarified the more commonly detected L. siamensis lineage PG as Leishmania martiniquensis (MON-229), a species originally reported from the Martinique Island, whereas the L. siamensis lineage TR has been identified as the true novel species, L. siamensis (MON-324). Both cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been found among Thai patients. Disseminated CL and VL could be presented in some reported patients who had HIV/AIDS coinfection. So far, only sporadic cases have been reported; thus, the true prevalence of leishmaniasis should be determined in Thailand among the high-risk populations such as people with HIV/AIDS. A recent survey among animals identified L. martiniquensis DNA in black rats (Rattus rattus) suggesting a potential animal reservoir. In addition, L. martiniquensis DNA was identified in Sergentomyia gemmea and Sergentomyia barraudi, the predominant sandfly species in the affected areas. However, further studies are needed to prove that these sandflies could serve as the vector of leishmaniasis in Thailand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saovanee Leelayoova
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Jipada Manomat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phunlerd Piyaraj
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peerapan Tan-Ariya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lertwut Bualert
- Department of Medicine, Trang Hospital, Trang Province, Thailand
| | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Barratt J, Kaufer A, Peters B, Craig D, Lawrence A, Roberts T, Lee R, McAuliffe G, Stark D, Ellis J. Isolation of Novel Trypanosomatid, Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) Provides Support for a Gondwanan Origin of Dixenous Parasitism in the Leishmaniinae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005215. [PMID: 28081121 PMCID: PMC5230760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Leishmania includes approximately 53 species, 20 of which cause human leishmaniais; a significant albeit neglected tropical disease. Leishmaniasis has afflicted humans for millennia, but how ancient is Leishmania and where did it arise? These questions have been hotly debated for decades and several theories have been proposed. One theory suggests Leishmania originated in the Palearctic, and dispersed to the New World via the Bering land bridge. Others propose that Leishmania evolved in the Neotropics. The Multiple Origins theory suggests that separation of certain Old World and New World species occurred due to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. Some suggest that the ancestor of the dixenous genera Leishmania, Endotrypanum and Porcisia evolved on Gondwana between 90 and 140 million years ago. In the present study a detailed molecular and morphological characterisation was performed on a novel Australian trypanosomatid following its isolation in Australia’s tropics from the native black fly, Simulium (Morops) dycei Colbo, 1976. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted and confirmed this parasite as a sibling to Zelonia costaricensis, a close relative of Leishmania previously isolated from a reduviid bug in Costa Rica. Consequently, this parasite was assigned the name Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. Assuming Z. costaricensis and Z. australiensis diverged when Australia and South America became completely separated, their divergence occurred between 36 and 41 million years ago at least. Using this vicariance event as a calibration point for a phylogenetic time tree, the common ancestor of the dixenous genera Leishmania, Endotrypanum and Porcisia appeared in Gondwana approximately 91 million years ago. Ultimately, this study contributes to our understanding of trypanosomatid diversity, and of Leishmania origins by providing support for a Gondwanan origin of dixenous parasitism in the Leishmaniinae. The genus Leishmania includes approximately 53 species, 20 of which cause human leishmaniais, a significant disease that has afflicted humans for millennia. But how ancient is Leishmania and where did it arise? Some suggest Leishmania originated in the Palearctic. Others suggest it appeared in the Neotropics. The Multiple Origins theory proposes that separation of certain Old World and Neotropical species occurred following the opening of the Atlantic. Others suggest that an ancestor to the Euleishmania and Paraleishmania appeared on Gondwana 90 to 140 million years ago (MYA). We performed a detailed molecular and morphological characterisation of a novel Australian trypanosomatid. This parasite is a sibling to the Neotropical Zelonia costaricensis, a close relative of Leishmania, and designated as Zelonia australiensis sp. nov. Assuming Z. costaricensis and Z. australiensis split when Australia and South America separated, their divergence occurred between 36 and 41 MYA. Using this event as a calibration point for a phylogenetic time tree, an ancestor of the dixenous Leishmaniinae appeared in Gondwana ~ 91 MYA. This study contributes to our understanding of trypanosomatid diversity by describing a unique Australian trypanosomatid and to our understanding of Leishmania evolution by inferring a Gondwanan origin for dixenous parasitism in the Leishmaniinae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Barratt
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexa Kaufer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bryce Peters
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Insect Research Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Douglas Craig
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrea Lawrence
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medical Entomology, University of Sydney & Pathology West - ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tamalee Roberts
- St. Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Division of Microbiology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rogan Lee
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gary McAuliffe
- Microbiology Department, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Damien Stark
- St. Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Division of Microbiology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Ellis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Castillo-Alcala F, Marshall S, Beeler-Marfisi J, Beierschmitt A, Scorpio D, Yao C. First case of canine leishmaniasis on the island of St. Kitts, West Indies. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2016; 6:39-41. [PMID: 31014526 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum is an emerging/re-emerging zoonosis with dogs as the main reservoir. The first autochthonous case of canine leishmaniasis in St. Kitts was diagnosed, and had cutaneous involvement. This discovery expands the distribution of leishmaniasis to include this insular country in the West Indies and dictates further characterization of the disease in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Castillo-Alcala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Kitts and Nevis; Present address: Massey University, Institute of Vet, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Skye Marshall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | | | - Amy Beierschmitt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Diana Scorpio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Siriyasatien P, Chusri S, Kraivichian K, Jariyapan N, Hortiwakul T, Silpapojakul K, Pym AM, Phumee A. Early detection of novel Leishmania species DNA in the saliva of two HIV-infected patients. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:89. [PMID: 26979710 PMCID: PMC4793580 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis caused by two new species of Leishmania; L. siamensis and L. martiniquensis have been recently described in Thailand. The disease has mainly been documented in AIDS patients from southern Thailand. In this study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine HIV-Leishmania co-infection in southern Thailand. METHODS One ml of saliva and 3 ml of EDTA blood were collected from HIV-infected patients for PCR detection of Leishmania DNA, cloning and sequencing. The positive PCR samples were then cultured on Schneider's insect medium. RESULTS Three out of 316 saliva samples collected from HIV-infected patients were found to be positive for Leishmania DNA (0.95%). Among the positive samples, one patient was observed with disseminated cutaneous lesions and also tested positive via saliva, whole blood and buffy coat in PCR. The second case presenting with nodular lesions also gave a positive saliva test via PCR two months prior to buffy coat. This diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic examination and a culture of biopsy samples from a nodule. The last case was an asymptomatic Leishmania infection which tested PCR positive only in saliva with a consecutive sample collection conducted for three months. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of Leishmania infection in HIV infected patients within this study is 0.95%. Leishmania DNA was detected in saliva by PCR prior to blood and buffy coat of two HIV infected patients. Early detection of Leishmania DNA in saliva would be beneficial for the follow up of asymptomatic Leishmania infected patients, the early treatment of leishmaniasis and for surveillance survey purpose. However, full evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of this technique with a large cohort of patients is required before deployment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Padet Siriyasatien
- />Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
- />Excellence Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Sarunyou Chusri
- />Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110 Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Kraivichian
- />Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Narissara Jariyapan
- />Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Thanaporn Hortiwakul
- />Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110 Thailand
| | - Khachornsakdi Silpapojakul
- />Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110 Thailand
| | - Adam M. Pym
- />School of Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Atchara Phumee
- />Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Phylogenomic reconstruction supports supercontinent origins for Leishmania. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 38:101-109. [PMID: 26708057 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania, a genus of parasites transmitted to human hosts and mammalian/reptilian reservoirs by an insect vector, is the causative agent of the human disease complex leishmaniasis. The evolutionary relationships within the genus Leishmania and its origins are the source of ongoing debate, reflected in conflicting phylogenetic and biogeographic reconstructions. This study employs a recently described bioinformatics method, SISRS, to identify over 200,000 informative sites across the genome from newly sequenced and publicly available Leishmania data. This dataset is used to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships of this genus. Additionally, we constructed a large multi-gene dataset, using it to reconstruct the phylogeny and estimate divergence dates for species. We conclude that the genus Leishmania evolved at least 90-100 million years ago, supporting a modified version of the Multiple Origins hypothesis that we call the Supercontinent hypothesis. According to this scenario, separate Leishmania clades emerged prior to, and during, the breakup of Gondwana. Additionally, we confirm that reptile-infecting Leishmania are derived from mammalian forms and that the species that infect porcupines and sloths form a clade long separated from other species. Finally, we firmly place the guinea-pig infecting species, Leishmaniaenriettii, the globally dispersed Leishmaniasiamensis, and the newly identified Australian species from a kangaroo, as sibling species whose distribution arises from the ancient connection between Australia, Antarctica, and South America.
Collapse
|
25
|
Seblova V, Sadlova J, Vojtkova B, Votypka J, Carpenter S, Bates PA, Volf P. The Biting Midge Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Is Capable of Developing Late Stage Infections of Leishmania enriettii. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004060. [PMID: 26367424 PMCID: PMC4569557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite their importance in animal and human health, the epidemiology of species of the Leishmania enriettii complex remains poorly understood, including the identity of their biological vectors. Biting midges of the genus Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) have been implicated in the transmission of a member of the L. enriettii complex in Australia, but the far larger and more widespread genus Culicoides has not been investigated for the potential to include vectors to date. Methodology/Principal Findings Females from colonies of the midges Culicoides nubeculosus Meigen and C. sonorensis Wirth & Jones and the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Nevia (Diptera: Psychodidae) were experimentally infected with two different species of Leishmania, originating from Australia (Leishmania sp. AM-2004) and Brazil (Leishmania enriettii). In addition, the infectivity of L. enriettii infections generated in guinea pigs and golden hamsters for Lu. longipalpis and C. sonorensis was tested by xenodiagnosis. Development of L. enriettii in Lu. longipalpis was relatively poor compared to other Leishmania species in this permissive vector. Culicoides nubeculosus was not susceptible to infection by parasites from the L. enriettii complex. In contrast, C. sonorensis developed late stage infections with colonization of the thoracic midgut and the stomodeal valve. In hamsters, experimental infection with L. enriettii led only to mild symptoms, while in guinea pigs L. enriettii grew aggressively, producing large, ulcerated, tumour-like lesions. A high proportion of C. sonorensis (up to 80%) feeding on the ears and nose of these guinea pigs became infected. Conclusions/Significance We demonstrate that L. enriettii can develop late stage infections in the biting midge Culicoides sonorensis. This midge was found to be susceptible to L. enriettii to a similar degree as Lutzomyia longipalpis, the vector of Leishmania infantum in South America. Our results support the hypothesis that some biting midges could be natural vectors of the L. enriettii complex because of their vector competence, although not Culicoides sonorensis itself, which is not sympatric, and midges should be assessed in the field while searching for vectors of related Leishmania species including L. martiniquensis and "L. siamensis". This study investigates the laboratory infection of two species of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and one species of sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) with two species of Leishmania. These members of the L. enriettii complex were demonstrated to colonize the stomodeal valve of Culicoides sonorensis following membrane feeding on blood-parasite mixtures or direct feeding on guinea pigs that demonstrated clinical signs of infection. In contrast, three other species of Leishmania that are known to be transmitted by sand flies failed to successfully develop in C. sonorensis. A sand fly species which is highly permissive to Leishmania infection, Lu. longipalpis, a widespread vector of L. infantum in Latin America, was found to support only moderate infections of L. enriettii from Brazil and Leishmania sp. AM-2004 from Australia. In addition to establishing a suitable laboratory model for infection of Culicoides with L. enriettii, successful infection of C. sonorensis highlights that vectors other than sand flies should be considered as part of epidemiological studies on parasites belonging to the L. enriettii complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Seblova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Jovana Sadlova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vojtkova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Votypka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Carpenter
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Andrew Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kwakye-Nuako G, Mosore MT, Duplessis C, Bates MD, Puplampu N, Mensah-Attipoe I, Desewu K, Afegbe G, Asmah RH, Jamjoom MB, Ayeh-Kumi PF, Boakye DA, Bates PA. First isolation of a new species of Leishmania responsible for human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ghana and classification in the Leishmania enriettii complex. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:679-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
27
|
Chiewchanvit S, Tovanabutra N, Jariyapan N, Bates MD, Mahanupab P, Chuamanochan M, Tantiworawit A, Bates PA. Chronic generalized fibrotic skin lesions from disseminated leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania martiniquensis in two patients from northern Thailand infected with HIV. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:663-70. [PMID: 25823707 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a newly emerging infection in Thailand. Most of the previous human cases have presented with the clinical features of visceral leishmaniasis and were mainly found in southern Thailand. Here we report the first two patients from northern Thailand presenting with disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis. OBJECTIVES To determine the nature of the infection of leishmaniasis and to identify the species of parasite responsible. METHODS Clinical investigations included the taking of biopsy samples and histology. Parasitological diagnosis was performed by establishment of Leishmania promastigote cultures, and identification was performed by DNA sequencing of four independent gene loci (ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer 1; large subunit of RNA polymerase II; heat shock protein 70; RPL23a intergenic sequence). RESULTS Both patients were infected with HIV, and had multiple cutaneous lesions and accompanying visceral leishmaniasis. They had similar cutaneous manifestations characterized by chronic generalized fibrotic lesions, which were more prominent on traumatic areas. In both patients the parasite was identified as Leishmania martiniquensis. This is a recently described species that is distinct and only distantly related to the classical agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Asia (Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica) or of visceral leishmaniasis (Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum). Each patient responded well to therapy with intravenous amphotericin B followed by oral itraconazole. CONCLUSIONS Leishmania martiniquensis is a cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Thailand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Chiewchanvit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - N Tovanabutra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - N Jariyapan
- Department of Parasitology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - M D Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, U.K
| | - P Mahanupab
- Department of Pathology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - M Chuamanochan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - A Tantiworawit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - P A Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, U.K
| |
Collapse
|