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Vanroye F, Van den Bossche D, Vercauteren K. Prospective Laboratory Evaluation of the cobas Plasma Separation Card for HIV and Treponema pallidum Antibody Analysis. Sex Transm Dis 2023; 50:764-769. [PMID: 37824788 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cobas Plasma Separation Card (PSC; Roche Diagnostics) was developed for HIV viral load testing. This study evaluates the performance of HIV and Treponema pallidum (Tp) antibody (Ab) detection on PSCs as an alternative to dried blood spots (DBSs). METHODS EDTA whole blood samples were collected from HIV-positive (n = 100), HIV-negative (n = 50), Tp-positive (n = 100), and Tp-negative patients (n = 50) and spotted on DBS and PSC. Antibody detection performance was evaluated for HIV Ab using the Genscreen ULTRA HIV Ag-Ab test (Bio-Rad) and for Tp Ab using the Syphilis Total Ab test (Bio-Rad). Plasma was used as a reference specimen. RESULTS Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for DBS and PSC generated areas under the curve (AUC + 95% confidence interval) of 0.985 (0.960-1.000) and 0.987 (0.973-1.000) for HIV Ab and 1.000 (1.000-1.000) and 0.996 (0.983-1.000) for Tp Ab, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic areas under the curve were not significantly different between DBS and PSC for HIV or TP Ab. At selected cutoff values rendering at least 99% sensitivity for HIV Ab detection, the specificity was 96% on DBS and 68% on PSC. For Tp Ab detection at 90% sensitivity, 100% specificity is reached on both DBS and PSC (exceeding the required 95%). However, the median quantitative HIV and Tp Ab signal of positive samples significantly decreased in PSC compared with DBS and plasma. CONCLUSIONS Although receiver operating characteristic analysis does not seem to indicate significant differences in performance between DBS and PSC, the significant reduction in quantitative Ab detection signal dictates card composition optimization before its use for HIV and Tp Ab detection can be advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fien Vanroye
- From the Clinical Reference Laboratory/AIDS Reference Laboratory
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2
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Thapar I, Langan LM, Davis H, Norman RS, Bojes HK, Brooks BW. Influence of storage conditions and multiple freeze-thaw cycles on N1 SARS-CoV-2, PMMoV, and BCoV signal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165098. [PMID: 37392884 PMCID: PMC10307669 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology/wastewater-based surveillance (WBE/WBS) continues to serve as an effective means of monitoring various diseases, including COVID-19 and the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, at the population level. As the use of WBE expands, storage conditions of wastewater samples will play a critical role in ensuring the accuracy and reproducibility of results. In this study, the impacts of water concentration buffer (WCB), storage temperature, and freeze-thaw cycles on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 and other WBE-related gene targets were examined. Freeze-thawing of concentrated samples did not significantly affect (p > 0.05) crossing/cycle threshold (Ct) value for any of the gene targets studied (SARS-CoV-2 N1, PMMoV, and BCoV). However, use of WCB during concentration resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in Ct for all targets, and storage at -80 °C (in contrast to -20 °C) appeared preferable for wastewater storage signal stability based on decreased Ct values, although this was only significantly different (p < 0.05) for the BCoV target. Interestingly, when Ct values were converted to gene copies per influent sample, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in any of the targets examined. Stability of RNA targets in concentrated wastewater against freeze-thaw degradation supports archiving of concentrated samples for use in retrospective examination of COVID-19 trends and tracing SARS-CoV-2 variants and potentially other viruses, and provides a starting point for establishing a consistent procedure for specimen collection and storage for the WBE/WBS community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Thapar
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Laura M Langan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
| | - Haley Davis
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US-1, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
| | - R Sean Norman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, South Carolina, 921 Assembly St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Heidi K Bojes
- Environmental Epidemiology and Disease Registries Section, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX 78756, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97178, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97224, Waco, TX 76798, USA
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3
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Corrales JL, McEvoy A, Lalor R, Cwiklinski K, Doyle S, Parkinson M, Keane OM, Dalton JP, Dorey AL. The use of cathepsin L1 (FhCL1) serological ELISA in sentinel screening for liver fluke on sheep farms. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 45:100924. [PMID: 37783527 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a parasitic helminth (worm) that poses a significant economic threat to the ruminant livestock industry worldwide. The disease, fasciolosis, can result in a range of clinical signs including anaemia, weight loss and death, with the most severe symptoms attributed to early acute infection when the parasite is migrating through the liver. Early diagnosis and intervention are essential for the control and management of the disease to prevent productivity losses. The traditional gold standard method of diagnosis uses faecal egg counts (FEC) that is limited to detecting patent infections from 10 to 12 weeks post infection (WPI). In contrast, serological assays can detect pre-patent infections as we have shown that enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using the F. hepatica cysteine peptidase cathepsin L1 (FhCL1) can detect liver fluke infections from 3 to 4 WPI. Here, we used FEC and ELISA to monitor liver fluke infections in sentinel lambs from three commercial farms in Ireland from September 2021 to March 2022. All three farms showed a significant increase in FhCL1 antibody levels and FEC over this time, with a substantial rise in positive infection detection between late November and January. However, ELISA screening detected infection at least two months prior to FEC (September). This suggests that the regular screening of sentinel lambs for F. hepatica seroconversion in a "test and treat" approach could mitigate the negative damaging impact of early fasciolosis on flock health, welfare and productivity and inform management strategies. In addition, we show that whole blood samples taken on Whatman® protein saver cards could replace conventional serum blood tubes for blood collection. Cards can be stored at room temperature for long periods of time and samples revisited at any time for re-analysis. The adoption of these cards on farm together with the FhCL1 ELISA would provide a simpler, cost-effective, and eco-friendly method for testing sentinel lambs for liver fluke disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús López Corrales
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Amanda McEvoy
- Animal & Bioscience Department, Teagasc Mellows Campus, Athenry, Co., Galway, Ireland
| | - Richard Lalor
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sean Doyle
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | | | - Orla M Keane
- Animal & Bioscience Department, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - John Pius Dalton
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Amber Louise Dorey
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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4
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Fynmore N, Lühken R, Kliemke K, Lange U, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Lurz PWW, Becker N. Honey-baited FTA cards in box gravid traps for the assessment of Usutu virus circulation in mosquito populations in Germany. Acta Trop 2022; 235:106649. [PMID: 35963312 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV) is becoming increasingly important to veterinary and human health in Germany. USUV has been implicated in mass die-off events of birds, especially of blackbirds (Turdus merula), and has experienced significant range expansion in the years since its first detection in 2010. Current detection methods rely primarily on dead bird surveillance or mass mosquito collection using CO2 as the main attractant. Dead bird surveillance can result in detection of disease circulation past the point at which control efforts would be most impactful. Vector surveillance offers the opportunity to detect disease circulation before significant outbreaks occur. However, current methods result in collections of extremely large numbers of predominantly nulliparous female mosquitoes who have not yet taken a blood meal. This study sought to test whether box gravid traps could successfully trap USUV infected gravid Culex mosquitoes, and if viral RNA could be successfully transferred and stabilised on an FTA card. During the month of August 2020, 18 Reiter-Cummings style box gravid traps with honey-baited FTA cards were set in a region of known USUV circulation around the southern border of Hesse, Germany. Four 48-hour trapping rounds were conducted. All mosquitoes and FTA cards were collected and stored during transport to the laboratory on dry ice. Samples and FTA cards were then transferred and stored in a freezer at -5 °C until identification. Identification was carried out on a chill plate before being sent with overnight courier in a styrofoam box with cooling elements for virus detection with a modified generic flavivirus RT-PCR. Mosquitoes were separated into pools by trap, date, species and feeding status. 2003 mosquitoes were caught in four rounds of trapping, 1834 or 88% of which were female Culex mosquitoes used for examination. 13 pools of mosquitoes and four FTA cards tested positive for USUV. No positive FTA cards were found in traps with positive mosquitoes and no positive mosquitoes were found in traps with positive FTA cards. Although fewer FTA cards than expected returned a positive result, this may have been a result of the extreme conditions experienced in the field and highlights the need to establish the temperature and humidity boundaries such a collection method can withstand. Box gravid traps however, provided a highly effective and targeted approach for capturing gravid female Culex mosquitoes, the most appropriate subpopulation for testing for USUV. Additionally, the simplicity and effectiveness of this trapping and surveillance method make it an attractive option for use as an early warning system, including for large scale surveillance programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Fynmore
- Institute of Dipterology (IfD), Georg-Peter-Süß-Str. 3, Speyer 67346, Germany; The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, Hamburg 20359, Germany
| | - Renke Lühken
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, Hamburg 20359, Germany
| | - Konstantin Kliemke
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, Hamburg 20359, Germany
| | - Unchana Lange
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, Hamburg 20359, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, Hamburg 20359, Germany; Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter W W Lurz
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Norbert Becker
- Institute of Dipterology (IfD), Georg-Peter-Süß-Str. 3, Speyer 67346, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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5
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Evaluation of Whatman FTA cards for the preservation of yellow fever virus RNA for use in molecular diagnostics. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010487. [PMID: 35704565 PMCID: PMC9200311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is a flavivirus that frequently causes outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever in Africa and South America and is considered a reemerging public health threat. Accurate diagnosis of yellow fever (YF) disease is critical as one confirmed case constitutes an outbreak and may trigger a mass vaccination campaign. Highly sensitive and specific molecular diagnostics have been developed; however, these assays require maintenance of cold-chain during transport of specimens to prevent the degradation of viral RNA prior to testing. Such cold-chain requirements are difficult to meet in some regions. In this study, we investigated Whatman FTA cards as an alternative stabilization method of YFV RNA for use in molecular diagnosis. Using contrived specimens, linear regression analysis showed that RNA detection from a single 6mm FTA card punch was significantly less sensitive than traditional RNA extraction; however, pooling RNA extracted from two FTA punches significantly lowered the limit of detection to be equal to that of the traditional RNA extraction gold standard. In experiments addressing the ability of FTA card methodology to stabilize YFV RNA at variable temperature, RNA could be detected for more than two weeks following storage at 25°C. Even more promising, YFV RNA was detectable on cards held at 37°C from two days to over two weeks depending on viral input. FTA cards were also shown to stabilize YFV RNA at high humidity if cards were desiccated prior to inoculation. These results support that FTA cards could be cost effective and easy to use in molecular diagnosis of YF, preserving viral RNA to allow for positive diagnoses in situations where maintaining cold-chain is not feasible.
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6
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Nyaruaba R, Hong W, Li X, Yang H, Wei H. Long-Term Preservation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Silk for Downstream RT-PCR Tests. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4522-4530. [PMID: 35235308 PMCID: PMC8903213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Positive controls made of viral gene components are essential to validate the performance of diagnostic assays for pathogens like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, most of them are target-specific, limiting their application spectrum when validating assays beyond their specified targets. The use of an inactivated whole-virus RNA reference standard could be ideal, but RNA is a labile molecule that needs cold chain storage and transportation to preserve its integrity and activity. The cold chain process stretches the already dwindling storage capacities, incurs huge costs, and limits the distribution of reference materials to low-resource settings. To circumvent these issues, we developed an inactivated whole-virus SARS-CoV-2 RNA reference standard and studied its stability in silk fibroin matrices, i.e., silk solution (SS) and silk film (SF). Compared to preservation in nuclease-free water (ddH2O) and SS, SF was more stable and could preserve the SARS-CoV-2 RNA reference standard at room temperature for over 21 weeks (∼6 months) as determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The preserved RNA reference standard in SF was able to assess the limits of detection of four commercial SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR assays. In addition, SF is compatible with RT-PCR reactions and can be used to preserve a reaction-ready primer and probe mix for RT-PCR at ambient temperatures without affecting their activity. Taken together, these results offer extensive flexibility and a simpler mechanism of preserving RNA reference materials for a long time at ambient temperatures of ≥25 °C, with the possibility of eliminating cold chains during storage and transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Nyaruaba
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Centre for Biosafety
Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Sino-Africa
Joint Research Center, 6200-00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wei Hong
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Centre for Biosafety
Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Centre for Biosafety
Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hang Yang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Centre for Biosafety
Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongping Wei
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Centre for Biosafety
Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Abstract
The use of saliva as a diagnostic biofluid has been increasing in recent years, thanks to the identification and validation of new biomarkers and improvements in test accuracy, sensitivity, and precision that enable the development of new noninvasive and cost-effective devices. However, the lack of standardized methods for sample collection, treatment, and storage contribute to the overall variability and lack of reproducibility across analytical evaluations. Furthermore, the instability of salivary biomarkers after sample collection hinders their translation into commercially available technologies for noninvasive monitoring of saliva in home settings. The present review aims to highlight the status of research on the challenges of collecting and using diagnostic salivary samples, emphasizing the methodologies used to preserve relevant proteins, hormones, genomic, and transcriptomic biomarkers during sample handling and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana d'Amone
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Giusy Matzeu
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Fiorenzo G Omenetto
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.,Department of Physics, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.,Laboratory for Living Devices, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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8
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Horve PF, Dietz L, Northcutt D, Stenson J, Van Den Wymelenberg K. Evaluation of a bioaerosol sampler for indoor environmental surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257689. [PMID: 34780482 PMCID: PMC8592464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has ubiquitously impacted many aspects of life. As vaccines continue to be manufactured and administered, limiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 will rely more heavily on the early identification of contagious individuals occupying reopened and increasingly populated indoor environments. In this study, we investigated the utility of an impaction-based bioaerosol sampling system with multiple nucleic acid collection media. Heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 was utilized to perform bench-scale, short-range aerosol, and room-scale aerosol experiments. Through bench-scale experiments, AerosolSense Capture Media (ACM) and nylon flocked swabs were identified as the highest utility media. In room-scale aerosol experiments, consistent detection of aerosol SARS-CoV-2 was achieved at an estimated aerosol concentration equal to or greater than 0.089 genome copies per liter of room air (gc/L) when air was sampled for eight hours or more at less than one air change per hour (ACH). Shorter sampling periods (75 minutes) yielded consistent detection at ~31.8 gc/L of room air and intermittent detection down to ~0.318 gc/L at (at both 1 and 6 ACH). These results support further exploration in real-world testing scenarios and suggest the utility of indoor aerosol surveillance as an effective risk mitigation strategy in occupied buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Finn Horve
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
| | - Leslie Dietz
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
| | - Dale Northcutt
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
- Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
| | - Jason Stenson
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
- Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
| | - Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
- Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
- Institute for Health and the Built Environment, University of Oregon, Portland, OR, United States of America
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9
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Kim N, Kwon A, Roh EY, Yoon JH, Han MS, Park SW, Park H, Shin S. Effects of Storage Temperature and Media/Buffer for SARS-CoV-2 Nucleic Acid Detection. Am J Clin Pathol 2021; 155:280-285. [PMID: 33067995 PMCID: PMC7665474 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The increase in the number of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has delayed real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), requiring proper shipping and storage conditions, especially in hot weather. This study aims to assess how some conditions, such as storage period, temperature, media or buffer, and sample types, affect the results of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RT-qPCR. METHODS SARS-CoV-2-positive specimens were collected from Boramae Medical Center for 2 months (from May to June 2020) and stored in different media or buffers at different temperatures. RESULTS As a result of examining confirmed patient samples, RT-qPCR results were not significantly affected by 2°C to 8°C storage until after 7 days. When stored at 20°C to 22°C or above 35°C, the results were affected negatively even after 1 day. Higher storage temperatures resulted in a lower probability of detecting viral nucleic acids because of degradation. Samples stored in pH-controlled media or buffer were more stable than those stored in nonbuffer states. CONCLUSIONS These results emphasize the importance of storage temperature and media or buffer and performing RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection as soon as possible after sample collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namhee Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Infection Control Office, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahrin Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Youn Roh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Yoon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Seon Han
- Infection Control Office, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Park
- Infection Control Office, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunwoong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sue Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Infection Control Office, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Drachuk I, Harbaugh S, Chávez JL, Kelley-Loughnane N. Improving the Activity of DNA-Encoded Sensing Elements through Confinement in Silk Microcapsules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:48329-48339. [PMID: 33064462 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Assembling synthetic bioparts into simplified artificial cells holds tremendous promise for advancing studies into the synthesis, biosensing, and delivery of biomolecules. Currently, the most successful techniques for encapsulation of the transcription-translation machinery exploit compartmentalization in liposomal vesicles. However, improvements to these methods may increase permeability to polar molecules, functionalization of the membrane with biologically active elements, and encapsulation efficiency. Microcapsules prepared via templated layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly using natural polymers have the potential to resolve some of the hurdles associated with liposomes. Here, we introduce a design for immobilizing DNA templates encoding translationally activated riboswitches and RNA aptamers into microcapsules prepared from regenerated silk fibroin protein. Adjusting several key parameters such as the presence of a polymer primer, concentration of silk protein, and DNA loadings during LbL assembly resulted in biocompatible, semipermeable, DNA-laden microcapsules. To preserve bioactivity, DNA was immobilized inside of the capsule membrane, which not only promoted stability during long-term storage at ambient conditions but also improved output response from spatially confined DNA-encoded sensing elements (SEs). Multiple copies of mRNA and GFPa1 protein were synthesized upon activation with specific analytes during in vitro transcription/translation reactions, demonstrating that selective permeability of silk microcapsules was essential for the diffusion of components of the cell-free system inside of the capsules. Further functionalization of capsule shells with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and antibodies (IgG) demonstrated the applicability of microcompartmentalized colloidal objects carrying SEs for remote sensing and/or targeted delivery. In the future, multifunctional, biocompatible silk-based microcapsules loaded with different RNA sensors can help advance the design of multiplexed biosensors tracking multiple biomarkers in complex media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Drachuk
- UES Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Svetlana Harbaugh
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Jorge L Chávez
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Nancy Kelley-Loughnane
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
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11
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Lowe DE, Pellegrini G, LeMasters E, Carter AJ, Weiner ZP. Analysis and modeling of coolants and coolers for specimen transportation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231093. [PMID: 32302335 PMCID: PMC7164660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining cold chain while transporting medical supplies and samples is difficult in remote settings. Failure to maintain temperature requirements can lead to degraded sample quality and inaccuracies in sample analysis. We performed a systematic analysis on different types of transport coolers (polystyrene foam, injection-molded, and rotational molded) and transport coolants (ice, cold packs, frozen water bottles) frequently in use in many countries. Polystyrene foam coolers stayed below our temperature threshold (6°C) longer than almost all other types of coolers, but were not durable. Injection-molded coolers were durable, but warmed to 6°C the quickest. Rotational molded coolers were able to keep temperatures below our threshold for 24 hours longer than injection molded coolers and were highly durable. Coolant systems were evaluated in terms of cost and their ability to maintain cold temperatures. Long lasting commercial cold packs were found to be less cost effective and were below freezing for the majority of the testing period. Frozen plastic water bottles were found to be a reusable and economical choice for coolant and were only below freezing briefly. Finally, we modeled the coolers performance at maintaining internal temperatures below 6°C and built a highly accurate linear model to predict how long a cooler will remain below 6°C. We believe this data may be useful in the planning and design of specimen transportation systems in the field, particularly in remote or resource limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Lowe
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Laboratory Leadership Service Fellowship, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Gerald Pellegrini
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth LeMasters
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Carter
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Zachary P. Weiner
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Curren EJ, Tufa AJ, Hancock WT, Biggerstaff BJ, Vaifanua-Leo JS, Montalbo CA, Sharp TM, Fischer M, Hills SL, Gould CV. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing on Filter Paper-Dried Serum for Laboratory-Based Dengue Surveillance-American Samoa, 2018. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:622-624. [PMID: 31933466 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory-based surveillance for arboviral diseases is challenging in resource-limited settings. We evaluated the use of filter paper-dried sera for detection of dengue virus (DENV) RNA during an outbreak in American Samoa. Matched liquid and filter paper-dried sera were collected from patients with suspected dengue and shipped to a reference laboratory for diagnostic testing. RNA was extracted from each sample and tested for DENV RNA by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Of 18 RT-PCR-positive liquid specimens, 14 matched filter paper-dried specimens were positive for a sensitivity of 78% (95% CI, 55-91%). Of 82 RT-PCR-negative liquid specimens, all filter paper-dried specimens were negative for a specificity of 100% (95% CI, 96-100%). Shipping of filter paper-dried specimens was similarly timely but less expensive than shipping liquid sera. Using filter paper-dried serum or blood can be a cost-effective and sustainable approach to surveillance of dengue and other arboviral diseases in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Curren
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia.,Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | | | - Brad J Biggerstaff
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | | | - Tyler M Sharp
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Marc Fischer
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Susan L Hills
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Carolyn V Gould
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, Colorado
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13
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Cardona-Ospina JA, Villalba-Miranda MF, Palechor-Ocampo LA, Mancilla LI, Sepúlveda-Arias JC. A systematic review of FTA cards® as a tool for viral RNA preservation in fieldwork: Are they safe and effective? Prev Vet Med 2019; 172:104772. [PMID: 31607414 PMCID: PMC7126379 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundDetection and characterization of viral RNA pathogens from fieldwork are challenging due to the instability of the RNA molecule. FTA cards® have proved useful for sample storage and latter identification of pathogens with importance for agricultural, animal and human health: however, for optimal handling, processing, and biosafety measures are not well-established. ObjectiveThis systematic review aims to summarize the reported effectiveness of FTA cards® for storage and transport of viral RNA, as well as the conditions for their handling and use in downstream processes. Finally, the biosafety measures required to protect researchers and clinical lab workers are considered. MethodsWe performed a systematic review following the PRISMA statement. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus and Web of Science using the keywords “FTA cards” AND “RNA”. Articles were screened by title and abstract, and after examination of inclusion and exclusion criteria, relevant information was extracted. The quality of the studies was assessed, and the evidence was qualitatively summarized. ResultsA total of 175 records were retrieved, and 11 additional documents were found by checking references of the eligible articles. A total of 47 articles were included. Samples from animals accounted for 38.3% of the publications, which identified viruses that cause disease in poultry, wild birds, suids, or bovids. Three different methods for RNA extraction were reported. Other factors that vary across reports include the size of RNA amplicon, storage temperature, and duration of storage. Only fourteen articles tested the inactivation of the virus on the FTA card®, and in one case, the virus remained infective. ConclusionFTA cards® could be a suitable option for RNA virus storage and transport for fieldwork in areas where proper conditions for RNA preservation are difficult to achieve. Three different protocols have been used for RNA detection from this matrix. Biospecimens in the form of dried blood spots should be considered potentially infectious unless specifically treated to inactivate viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Cardona-Ospina
- Grupo de Investigación Infección e Inmunidad, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Building 14, Carrera 27 #10-02, Barrio Álamos, Pereira, Risaralda, 660003, Colombia; Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Building 14, Carrera 27 #10-02, Barrio Álamos, Pereira, Risaralda, 660003, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Av. Las Américas #98-56, Pereira, Risaralda, 660001, Colombia; Emerging Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Group, Instituto para la Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas - Sci-Help, Cra 37B #36-05, Pereira, Risaralda, 660009, Colombia.
| | - Manuel F Villalba-Miranda
- Grupo de Investigación Infección e Inmunidad, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Building 14, Carrera 27 #10-02, Barrio Álamos, Pereira, Risaralda, 660003, Colombia
| | - Leidy A Palechor-Ocampo
- Grupo de Investigación Infección e Inmunidad, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Building 14, Carrera 27 #10-02, Barrio Álamos, Pereira, Risaralda, 660003, Colombia
| | - Lida I Mancilla
- Grupo de Investigación Infección e Inmunidad, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Building 14, Carrera 27 #10-02, Barrio Álamos, Pereira, Risaralda, 660003, Colombia
| | - Juan C Sepúlveda-Arias
- Grupo de Investigación Infección e Inmunidad, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Building 14, Carrera 27 #10-02, Barrio Álamos, Pereira, Risaralda, 660003, Colombia
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14
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Lim MD. Dried Blood Spots for Global Health Diagnostics and Surveillance: Opportunities and Challenges. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:256-265. [PMID: 29968557 PMCID: PMC6090344 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in using dried blood spot (DBS) cards to extend the reach of global health and disease surveillance programs to hard-to-reach populations. Conceptually, DBS offers a cost-effective solution for multiple use cases by simplifying logistics for collecting, preserving, and transporting blood specimens in settings with minimal infrastructure. This review describes methods to determine both the reliability of DBS-based bioanalysis for a defined use case and the optimal conditions that minimize pre-analytical sources of data variability. Examples by the newborn screening, drug development, and global health communities are provided in this review of published literature. Sources of variability are linked in most cases, emphasizing the importance of field-to-laboratory standard operating procedures that are evidence based and consider both stability and efficiency of recovery for a specified analyte in defining the type of DBS card, accessories, handling procedures, and storage conditions. Also included in this review are reports where DBS was determined to not be feasible because of technology limitations or physiological properties of a targeted analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Lim
- Global Health Division, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
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He J, Yavuz B, Kluge JA, Li AB, Omenetto FG, Kaplan DL. Stabilization of RNA Encapsulated in Silk. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:1708-1715. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyang He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Burcin Yavuz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Kluge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
- Vaxess Technologies, c/o Pagliuca Harvard Life Lab, 127 Western Avenue, Allston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
| | - Adrian B. Li
- Vaxess Technologies, c/o Pagliuca Harvard Life Lab, 127 Western Avenue, Allston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
| | - Fiorenzo G. Omenetto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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16
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Kwon H, Kim M, Seo Y, Moon YS, Lee HJ, Lee K, Lee H. Emergence of synthetic mRNA: In vitro synthesis of mRNA and its applications in regenerative medicine. Biomaterials 2017; 156:172-193. [PMID: 29197748 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The field of gene therapy has evolved over the past two decades after the first introduction of nucleic acid drugs, such as plasmid DNA (pDNA). With the development of in vitro transcription (IVT) methods, synthetic mRNA has become an emerging class of gene therapy. IVT mRNA has several advantages over conventional pDNA for the expression of target proteins. mRNA does not require nuclear localization to mediate protein translation. The intracellular process for protein expression is much simpler and there is no potential risk of insertion mutagenesis. Having these advantages, the level of protein expression is far enhanced as comparable to that of viral expression systems. This makes IVT mRNA a powerful alternative gene expression system for various applications in regenerative medicine. In this review, we highlight the synthesis and preparation of IVT mRNA and its therapeutic applications. The article includes the design and preparation of IVT mRNA, chemical modification of IVT mRNA, and therapeutic applications of IVT mRNA in cellular reprogramming, stem cell engineering, and protein replacement therapy. Finally, future perspectives and challenges of IVT mRNA are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyokyoung Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunmi Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yae Seul Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Jeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuri Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyukjin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other fetal brain abnormalities. Reports indicate that the duration of detectable viral RNA in serum after symptom onset is brief. In a recent case report involving a severely affected fetus, Zika virus RNA was detected in maternal serum 10 weeks after symptom onset, longer than the duration of RNA detection in serum previously reported. This report summarizes the clinical and laboratory characteristics of pregnant women with prolonged detection of Zika virus RNA in serum that were reported to the U.S. Zika Pregnancy Registry. METHODS Data were obtained from the U.S. Zika Pregnancy Registry, an enhanced surveillance system of pregnant women with laboratory evidence of confirmed or possible Zika virus infection. For this case series, we defined prolonged detection of Zika virus RNA as Zika virus RNA detection in serum by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 14 or more days after symptom onset or, for women not reporting signs or symptoms consistent with Zika virus disease (asymptomatic), 21 or more days after last possible exposure to Zika virus. RESULTS Prolonged Zika virus RNA detection in serum was identified in four symptomatic pregnant women up to 46 days after symptom onset and in one asymptomatic pregnant woman 53 days postexposure. Among the five pregnancies, one pregnancy had evidence of fetal Zika virus infection confirmed by histopathologic examination of fetal tissue, three pregnancies resulted in live births of apparently healthy neonates with no reported abnormalities, and one pregnancy is ongoing. CONCLUSION Zika virus RNA was detected in the serum of five pregnant women beyond the previously estimated timeframe. Additional real-time RT-PCR testing of pregnant women might provide more data about prolonged detection of Zika virus RNA and the possible diagnostic, epidemiologic, and clinical implications for pregnant women.
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18
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Granados A, Petrich A, McGeer A, Gubbay JB. Measuring influenza RNA quantity after prolonged storage or multiple freeze/thaw cycles. J Virol Methods 2017; 247:45-50. [PMID: 28572040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aim to determine what effects prolonged storage and repeated freeze/thaw cycles have on the stability of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (influenza A/H1N1)RNA. Cloned influenza A/H1N1 RNA transcripts were serially diluted from 8.0-1.0 log10 copies/μl. RT-qPCR was used to measure RNA loss in transcripts stored at -80°C, -20°C, 4°C and 25°C for up to 84days or transcripts undergoing a total of 10 freeze/thaw cycles. Viral load was measured in clinical specimens stored at-80°C for three years (n=89 influenza A RNA extracts; n=35 primary specimens) and in 10 clinical specimens from the 2015/2016 influenza season that underwent 7 freeze/thaw cycles. RNA stored at -80°C, -20°C, 4°C and 25°C is stable for up to 56, 56, 21, and 7days respectively or up to 9 freeze/thaw cycles when stored at -80°C. There is no difference in viral load in clinical specimens that have been stored for up to three years at -80°C if they are re-extracted. Similarly, clinical specimens undergoing up to 7 freeze/thaw cycles are stable if they are re-extracted between cycles. Influenza specimens can be stored for up to three years at -80°C or undergo up to 7 freeze/thaw cycles without loss of RNA quantity if re-extracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Granados
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Astrid Petrich
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Allison McGeer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Gubbay
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Liang W, Zhou X, Yao L, Liu B. Cryopreservation-Altered Expression of RNA and Protein Markers in Biological Specimens. Biopreserv Biobank 2016; 15:176-181. [PMID: 27618161 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2015.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The preservation of DNA, RNA, and protein markers in biological specimens is essential for initial diagnosis, subsequent verification, and comparison, as well as for archival retention of pathological materials in modern molecular diagnostics and precision medicine. Considerable attention has been paid to the methods of collection, handling, and preparation of specimens for initial testing, but insufficient attention to the long-term specimen preservation for later verification, comparison, and archival retention. In the present study, we have investigated the changes of expressions of RNAs and proteins in Hep-G2 cell specimens after cryopreservation at -80°C and in liquid nitrogen. Storage temperature and different cryoprotective agent (CPA) solutions not only affect cell viability but also more importantly the retention of various molecular markers after storage as detected by western blot and real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction. While the presence of CPAs increased the survival rates of cells after cryopreservation as expected, there was no consistent trend observed with regard to the RNA expression measurements. The data have significant implications with regard to the accuracy and interpretation of acquired data from specimens that have been cryopreserved without RNA and protein stabilization and point to the need for rethinking the assumptions, strategies, and criteria of optimizing biological specimen cryopreservation in molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Institute of Biothermal Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai, China
| | - Xuexun Zhou
- Institute of Biothermal Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Institute of Biothermal Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- Institute of Biothermal Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology , Shanghai, China
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20
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Foss L, Reisen WK, Fang Y, Kramer V, Padgett K. Evaluation of Nucleic Acid Preservation Cards for West Nile Virus Testing in Dead Birds. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157555. [PMID: 27341492 PMCID: PMC4920385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The California West Nile virus (WNV) Dead Bird Surveillance Program (DBSP) is an important component of WNV surveillance in the state. We evaluated FTA™ and RNASound™ cards as an alternative method for sampling dead birds for WNV molecular testing as these cards allow for more cost effective, rapid, and safer diagnostic sampling than the shipment of bird carcasses. To evaluate accuracy of results among avian sampling regimes, Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) results from FTA™ and RNASound™ cards were compared with results from kidney tissue, brain tissue, or oral swabs in lysis buffer in 2012-2013. In addition, RT-PCR results were compared with results from oral swabs tested by rapid antigen tests (RAMP™ and VecTOR™). While test results from the cards were not as sensitive as kidney tissue testing, they were more likely to provide accurate results than rapid antigen tests, and detected WNV in corvids as well as in other passerines, raptors, and waterfowl. Overall, WNV RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) scores from the cards were higher than those from tissue testing, but both card products displayed high sensitivity and specificity. American Crow samples provided the highest sensitivity. The cards also proved to be easier and more convenient vehicles for collecting and shipping samples, and in 2014 our program launched use of RNASound™ cards in the DBSP. Both FTA™ and RNASound™ products displayed 96% agreement with tissue results and are an adequate alternative sampling method for WNV dead bird testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Foss
- California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William K. Reisen
- Davis Arbovirus Research and Training Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3331 VetMed3A, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ying Fang
- Davis Arbovirus Research and Training Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3331 VetMed3A, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Vicki Kramer
- California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, 1616 Capitol Avenue, MS-7307, P.O. Box 997377, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Kerry Padgett
- California Department of Public Health, Vector-Borne Disease Section, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, California, United States of America
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21
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Yang Y, Garver LS, Bingham KM, Hang J, Jochim RC, Davidson SA, Richardson JH, Jarman RG. Feasibility of Using the Mosquito Blood Meal for Rapid and Efficient Human and Animal Virus Surveillance and Discovery. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:1377-82. [PMID: 26416112 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito blood meals taken from humans and animals potentially represent a useful source of blood for the detection of blood-borne pathogens. In this feasibility study, Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were fed with blood meals spiked with dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) and harvested at serial time points. These mosquitoes are not competent vectors, and the virus is not expected to replicate. Ingested blood was spotted on Whatman FTA cards and stored at room temperature. Mosquito abdomens were removed and stored at -80°C. Control blood meal aliquots were stored in vials or applied onto FTA cards. After 4 weeks of storage, the samples were extracted using beadbeating and QIAamp Viral RNA kit (Qiagen Sciences, Germantown, MD). Recovered viral RNA was analyzed by DENV-2 TaqMan RT-PCR assay and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Overall viral RNA recovery efficiency was 15% from the directly applied dried blood spots and approximately 20% or higher for dried blood spots made by blotting mosquito midgut on FTA cards. Viral RNA in mosquito-ingested blood decreases over time, but remains detectable 24 hours after blood feeding. The viral sequences in FTA-stored specimens can be maintained at room temperature. The strategy has the potential utility in expedited zoonotic virus discovery and blood-borne pathogen surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Lindsey S Garver
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Karen M Bingham
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Jun Hang
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ryan C Jochim
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Silas A Davidson
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Jason H Richardson
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Richard G Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
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