1
|
Morán P, Serrano-Vázquez A, Rojas-Velázquez L, González E, Pérez-Juárez H, Hernández EG, Padilla MDLA, Zaragoza ME, Portillo-Bobadilla T, Ramiro M, Ximénez C. Amoebiasis: Advances in Diagnosis, Treatment, Immunology Features and the Interaction with the Intestinal Ecosystem. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11755. [PMID: 37511519 PMCID: PMC10380210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This review of human amoebiasis is based on the most current knowledge of pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and Entamoeba/microbiota interactions. The most relevant findings during this last decade about the Entamoeba parasite and the disease are related to the possibility of culturing trophozoites of different isolates from infected individuals that allowed the characterization of the multiple pathogenic mechanisms of the parasite and the understanding of the host-parasite relationship in the human. Second, the considerable advances in molecular biology and genetics help us to analyze the genome of Entamoeba, their genetic diversity, and the association of specific genotypes with the different amoebic forms of human amoebiasis. Based on this knowledge, culture and/or molecular diagnostic strategies are now available to determine the Entamoeba species and genotype responsible for invasive intestinal or extraintestinal amoebiasis cases. Likewise, the extensive knowledge of the immune response in amoebiasis with the appearance of new technologies made it possible to design diagnostic tools now available worldwide. Finally, the understanding of the interaction between the Entamoeba species and the intestinal microbiota aids the understanding of the ecology of this parasite in the human environment. These relevant findings will be discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Morán
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico
| | - Angélica Serrano-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico
| | - Liliana Rojas-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico
| | - Enrique González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico
| | - Horacio Pérez-Juárez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico
| | - Eric G Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico
| | - Maria de Los Angeles Padilla
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico
| | - Martha E Zaragoza
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico
| | - Tobías Portillo-Bobadilla
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Bioestadística y Biología Computacional, Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Manuel Ramiro
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Ximénez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Svensson E, Jönsson A, Bläckberg A, Sunnerhagen T, Kiasat A, Ljungquist O. Increasing incidence of pyogenic liver abscess in Southern Sweden: a population-based study from 2011 to 2020. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023; 55:375-383. [PMID: 36943906 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2023.2190813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) is a rare but potentially life-threatening disease, and estimates suggest a gradual increase in the incidence during the last decades. The primary aim of this study was to report the incidence, trend and aetiology of PLA during a decade in Southern Sweden. METHODS This was a population-based observational cohort study between 2011 and 2020 in Skåne, Southern Sweden. Data were retrieved from the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare for all individuals diagnosed with liver abscess (K750) according to ICD-10 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th revision). RESULTS A total of 456 episodes of PLA occurred in 364 patients during the study period. The median age of the first PLA episode was 71 years (range 3-97) and 57% (n = 206) were men. The mean incidence of all patients was 3.4/100,000 person-years (range 1.8-5.2). The incidence increased almost three times, from 1.8/100,000 person-years in 2011 to 5.2/100,000 person-years in 2020. Streptococcus species, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species accounted for the vast majority of both mono- and polymicrobial findings in both blood and local abscess cultures. 16s rDNA added information about aetiology in 37% of episodes. CONCLUSION The incidence of PLA increased during the study period, and Streptococcus spp., Klebsiella spp. and E. coli dominated both blood and local cultures. Despite antimicrobial therapy, pathogens could be found in local abscess cultures several weeks into treatment. Increased use of 16s rDNA in the management of PLA could be beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Svensson
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Astrid Jönsson
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Bläckberg
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Torgny Sunnerhagen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Microbiology, Infection Prevention and Control, Office for Medical Services, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ali Kiasat
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Pelvic Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oskar Ljungquist
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsingborg hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Effect of Entamoeba histolytica infection on gut microbial diversity and composition in diarrheal patients from New Delhi. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:285-298. [PMID: 36399171 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During amoebiasis, colonization of the gut by Entamoeba histolytica can lead to alterations of the host microbiota. In this study, we have compared the gut microbiota of patients of amoebiasis with healthy controls using 16S rRNA gene variable regions, (V1-V3) and (V3-V5), of the bacterial genome. From this 16S rRNA gene amplicon data, one paired-end and two single-end datasets were selected and compared by the number of OTUs obtained, sequence count, and diversity analysis. Our results showed that the V1-V3-paired-end dataset gave the maximum number of OTUs in comparison to the two single-end datasets studied. The amoebiasis samples showed a significant drop in richness in the alpha diversity measurements and lower intra group similarity compared to the healthy controls. Bacteria of genus Prevotella, Sutterella, and Collinsella were more abundant in healthy controls whereas Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Ruminococcus were more abundant in the E. histolytica-positive patients. All the healthy controls harbored bacteria belonging to Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, Ruminococcus, Subdoligranulum, and Escherichia genera while all the E. histolytica-positive patient samples contained genus Enterobacter. The compositional changes in the gut microbiome observed in our study indicated a higher prevalence of pathogenic bacteria along with a depletion of beneficial bacteria in E. histolytica-infected individuals when compared with healthy controls. These results underline the interplay between E. histolytica and the human gut microbiome, giving important inputs for future studies and treatments.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Z, Wang H, Guo Y, Liu Z, Chang Z. Metagenome Analysis of the Bacterial Characteristics in Invasive Klebsiella Pneumoniae Liver Abscesses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:812542. [PMID: 35909970 PMCID: PMC9334793 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.812542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess (KPLA) combined with extrahepatic migratory infection (EMI) is defined as invasive KPLA (IKPLA) and is associated with a poor prognosis. The mechanism of IKPLA formation is yet to be elucidated. In this study, metagenomic sequencing was used to compare the bacterial characteristics between IKPLA and KPLA to explore the underlying mechanism of invasiveness. Methods Clinical details, imaging, and microbial features were retrospectively evaluated by medical record review. Metagenomic sequencing was performed on the pus samples of liver abscesses whose culture results were indicative of monomicrobial Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae). Bacterial diversity and composition in IKPLA and KPLA were comparatively analyzed, and the key pathways and genes that may affect invasiveness were further explored. Results Sixteen patients were included in this study. Five patients with EMI were included in the IKPLA group, and the other eleven patients without EMI were assigned to the KPLA group. There was no statistical difference in the hypermucoviscous phenotype and serotype of K. pneumoniae between the two groups. The bacterial diversity of IKPLA was lower than that of KPLA. The abundant taxa in the IKPLA group were primarily species of unclassified Enterobacteriaceae and K. pneumoniae. The KPLA group had a high abundance of the genera Tetrasphaera and Leuconostoc. Metabolic pathway genes represented most of the enriched genes in IKPLA. Fourteen pathogenic genes with significant differences in abundance were identified between the two groups, including ybtS, fepC, phoQ, acrB, fimK, magA, entC, arnT, iucA, fepG, oqxB, entA, tonB, and entF (p < 0.001). Conclusion The diversity and bacterial composition of IKPLA were significantly different from those of KPLA. Microbiological changes in the abscess, activation of the related metabolic pathways, and the pathogenic gene expression may constitute a novel mechanism that regulates the invasiveness of KPLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hairui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yawen Guo
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhihui Chang
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihui Chang,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ianiro G, Iorio A, Porcari S, Masucci L, Sanguinetti M, Perno CF, Gasbarrini A, Putignani L, Cammarota G. How the gut parasitome affects human health. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2022; 15:17562848221091524. [PMID: 35509426 PMCID: PMC9058362 DOI: 10.1177/17562848221091524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome (GM) is a complex ecosystem that includes numerous prokaryotic and eukaryotic inhabitants. The composition of GM can influence an array of host physiological functions including immune development. Accumulating evidence suggest that several members of non-bacterial microbiota, including protozoa and helminths, that were earlier considered as pathogens, could have a commensal or beneficial relationship with the host. Here we examine the most recent data from omics studies on prokaryota-meiofauna-host interaction as well as the impact of gut parasitome on gut bacterial ecology and its role as 'immunological driver' in health and disease to glimpse new therapeutic perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Iorio
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Parasitology and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Porcari
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Masucci
- Microbiology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ‘A. Gemelli’ IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Microbiology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario ‘A. Gemelli’ IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Parasitology and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Detection of Entamoeba histolytica and bacterial etiological agents in patients with clinically suspected cases of liver abscesses. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:254-261. [PMID: 35299900 PMCID: PMC8901831 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver abscess is one of the conditions having multiple etiological agents. It can be parasitic or can be due to bacterial among other causes. Entamoeba histolytica is one of the common protozoan parasites causing amoebic liver abscess. So, accurate diagnosis is important for proper management and treatment. We have tried to detect the various bacterial etiological agents along with Entamoeba histolytica using culture of bacteria and polymerase chain reaction for E. histolytica in suspected liver abscess cases. Liver aspirates/pus collected from 63 patients were subjected to bacterial gram staining and culture along with wet mount and PCR for E. histolytica. Patients' clinical details and outcomes were also noted and co-related.It was seen that 22 (34.9%) out of 63 samples showed the presence of bacteria by gram staining whereas aerobic bacterial growth was seen in 28.6% and only 1.6% in anaerobic culture. Amoebic liver abscess showed E. histolytica in 36 patients out of 63 study participants (57.1%) by PCR. The study showed that 44.4% of patients had a habit of alcohol consumption and 19.1% were chronic smokers. Abdominal pain (90.3%) was the most common presenting feature followed by fever (64.5%). The most common co-morbidities in the enrolled patients was diabetes mellitus (19.3%) and least with chronic liver disease (3.2%). Liver abscess, a multi-etiological condition needs a robust diagnostic method. Just a single method or a single sample type is not sufficient to diagnose, as it may miss out other causes. Treating its associated co-morbidities may help to lessen it.
Collapse
|
7
|
Amoebic, Pyogenic or Mixed? The More You Search, the More You Find! Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:e453. [PMID: 34117199 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
8
|
Mandal RK, Jiang T, Wideman RF, Lohrmann T, Kwon YM. Microbiota Analysis of Chickens Raised Under Stressed Conditions. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:482637. [PMID: 33134343 PMCID: PMC7575692 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.482637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial progress has been made toward understanding stress-associated gut and extraintestinal microbiota. However, a comprehensive understanding of the extraintestinal microbiota of chickens raised under stressed conditions is lacking. In this study, chickens were raised on a wire-floor model to induce stress, and the microbiota in the gut (ceca) and extraintestinal sites (blood, femur, and tibia) were characterized at different ages (1, 17, and 56 days) using 16S rRNA gene microbiota profiling. Open reference OTU picking showed extraintestinal sites had a significantly higher number of unassigned OTUs compared to ceca across all ages of chickens. Extraintestinal sites of all ages, irrespective of body sites, as well as ceca of 1 day-old chickens had significantly lower alpha diversity than ceca of older chickens. Intriguingly, bacterial diversity (alpha and beta) and OTU interaction network analysis showed relatively stable bacterial composition within the extraintestinal sites of chickens regardless of age and sites compared to ceca. Furthermore, assessment using UniFrac distance suggested the gut as a possible source of extraintestinal bacteria. Lastly, LEfSe analysis showed that both commensal and pathogenic bacteria were translocated into the extraintestinal tissues and organs under the stress. Extraintestinal sites have highly abundant novel taxa that need to be further explored. In ovo microbiota colonization and/or translocation of circulating maternal blood microbiota into ovarian follicles might be the source of intestinal and extraintestinal microbiota in 1 day-old chickens. Our comprehensive microbiota data including extraintestinal sites in reference to gut provide unique insights into microbiota of chickens raised under stressed conditions, which may be relevant in other animal species as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabindra K Mandal
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Tieshan Jiang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Robert F Wideman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Troy Lohrmann
- Quality Technology International, Inc., Elgin, IL, United States
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rasic P, Bosnic S, Vasiljevic ZV, Djuricic SM, Topic V, Milickovic M, Savic D. Abiotrophia defectiva liver abscess in a teenage boy after a supposedly mild blunt abdominal trauma: a case report. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:267. [PMID: 32795255 PMCID: PMC7427900 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01409-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) represents a pus-filled cavity within the liver parenchyma caused by the invasion and multiplication of bacteria. The most common offender isolated from the PLA in children is Staphylococcus aureus. Abiotrophia defectiva is a Gram-positive pleomorphic bacterium, commonly found in the oral cavity, intestinal, and genitourinary mucosa as part of the normal microbiota. It has been proven to be an etiological factor in various infections, but rarely in cases of PLA. The case presented here is, to the best of our knowledge, the first pediatric case of PLA caused by A. defectiva. Case presentation A 13-year-old Caucasian boy presented with a two-day history of abdominal pain, fever up to 40 °C, and polyuria. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a single, multiloculated liver lesion, suggestive of a liver abscess. The boy had sustained a bicycle handlebar injury to his upper abdomen 3 weeks before the symptoms appeared and had been completely asymptomatic until 2 days before admission. He was successfully treated with antibiotic therapy and open surgical drainage. A. defectiva was isolated from the abscess material. Histopathology report described the lesion as a chronic PLA. Conclusions A. defectiva is a highly uncommon cause of liver abscess in children. In such cases, various predisposing factors should be considered, including antecedent blunt abdominal trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petar Rasic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", Radoja Dakica 6-8, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Srdjan Bosnic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", Radoja Dakica 6-8, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica V Vasiljevic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", Radoja Dakica 6-8, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavisa M Djuricic
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", Radoja Dakica 6-8, Belgrade, Serbia.,Banjaluka University School of Medicine, Banjaluka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Vesna Topic
- Department of Radiology, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", Radoja Dakica 6-8, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Milickovic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", Radoja Dakica 6-8, Belgrade, Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djordje Savic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", Radoja Dakica 6-8, Belgrade, Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Entamoeba histolytica Interaction with Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Increases Parasite Virulence and Inflammation in Amebiasis. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00279-19. [PMID: 31527129 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00279-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest frequent association of enteropathogenic bacteria with Entamoeba histolytica during symptomatic infection. In this study, we sought to determine if the interaction with enteropathogenic (EPEC) or nonpathogenic Escherichia coli (strain DH5α) could modify the virulence of E. histolytica to cause disease in animal models of amebiasis. In vitro studies showed a 2-fold increase in CaCo2 monolayer destruction when E. histolytica interacted with EPEC but not with E. coli DH5α for 2.5 h. This was associated with increased E. histolytica proteolytic activity as revealed by zymogram analysis and degradation of the E. histolytica CP-A1/5 (EhCP-A1/5) peptide substrate Z-Arg-Arg-pNC and EhCP4 substrate Z-Val-Val-Arg-AMC. Additionally, E. histolytica-EPEC interaction increased EhCP-A1, -A2, -A4, and -A5, Hgl, Apa, and Cox-1 mRNA expression. Despite the marked upregulation of E. histolytica virulence factors, nonsignificant macroscopic differences in amebic liver abscess development were observed at early stages in hamsters inoculated with either E. histolytica-EPEC or E. histolytica-E. coli DH5α. Histopathology of livers of E. histolytica-EPEC-inoculated animals revealed foci of acute inflammation 3 h postinoculation that progressively increased, producing large inflammatory reactions, ischemia, and necrosis with high expression of il-1β, ifn-γ, and tnf-α proinflammatory cytokine genes compared with that in livers of E. histolytica-E. coli DH5α-inoculated animals. In closed colonic loops from mice, intense inflammation was observed with E. histolytica-EPEC manifested by downregulation of Math1 mRNA with a corresponding increase in the expression of Muc2 mucin and proinflammatory cytokine genes il-6, il-12, and mcp-1 These results demonstrate that E. histolytica/EPEC interaction enhanced the expression and production of key molecules associated with E. histolytica virulence, critical in pathogenesis and progression of disease.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) is a protozoan parasite of humans that colonizes the outer colonic mucus layer. Under conditions not fully understood, Eh breaches innate host defenses and invades the intestinal mucosa-causing amebic colitis and liver abscess. In asymptomatic infection, Eh interacts with and feeds on resident microbiota that forms biofilms on the outer colonic mucus layer. Despite the close association between Eh and commensal microbiota, we still lack basic knowledge on whether microbiota and/or their metabolites influence Eh virulence traits critical in disease pathogenesis. In the pathogenesis of intestinal amebiasis, Eh overcomes the protective mucus layer using a combination of mucinase/glycosidase and potent mucus secretagogue activity. In this addendum, we discuss the interconnected role of a healthy mucus barrier and the role commensal microbiota play in shaping innate host defense against Eh-induced pro-inflammatory and secretory responses critical in disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aralia Leon-Coria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,CONTACT Kris Chadee Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Singh A, Banerjee T, Kumar R, Shukla SK. Prevalence of cases of amebic liver abscess in a tertiary care centre in India: A study on risk factors, associated microflora and strain variation of Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214880. [PMID: 30943253 PMCID: PMC6447230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica), is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Mortality due to amebiasis is mostly by extra intestinal infections, amebic liver abscess being the most common one. This study was conducted to determine the current epidemiological status, risk factors, associated microflora and strain variation of E. histolytica causing liver abscesses. METHODS/FINDINGS A total of 115 liver abscess cases comprising of 107 (93%) males and 8 (6.9%) females were included in the study. Microscopic examination of pus samples from the abscesses and species discrimination using nested multiplex PCR showed the presence of E. histolytica in 101 (87.5%) cases. Data collected by face to face interviews using a pre tested questionnaire suggested intake of untreated drinking water (ORs: 6.4, p = 0.002), habit of alcohol consumption (ORs: 4.0, p = 0.019) and lack of urban services (ORs: 0.08, p = 0.017) to be major risk factors associated with E. histolytica infections. The study of associated bacterial flora through aerobic culture of liver aspirates and conventional PCR for detection of anaerobes revealed the presence of Fusobacterium (19, 25.5%), Peptococcus (19, 25.5%), Prevotella (18, 24.3%), Bacteroides (8, 10.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (3, 4%), Escherichia coli (2, 2.7%), Peptostreptococcus (2, 2.7%), Clostridium (2, 2.7%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (1, 1.3%). Further to study the clonality, genotyping of E. histolytica targeting six tRNA-linked polymorphic STR loci (A-L, D-A, N-K, R-R, STGA -D and S-Q) was carried out which showed the presence of 89 different genotypes in the liver aspirate samples. CONCLUSION The findings highlight the high prevalence of genetically diverse E. histolytica from the liver abscess cases in this geographical region. Low socio-economic status and habit of alcohol consumption were important predictors of amebic liver abscess.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India
| | - Tuhina Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India
- * E-mail:
| | - Raju Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India
| | - Sunit Kumar Shukla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Espinosa A, Paz-Y-Miño-C G. Discrimination Experiments in Entamoeba and Evidence from Other Protists Suggest Pathogenic Amebas Cooperate with Kin to Colonize Hosts and Deter Rivals. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 66:354-368. [PMID: 30055104 PMCID: PMC6349510 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is one of the least understood protists in terms of taxa, clone, and kin discrimination/recognition ability. However, the capacity to tell apart same or self (clone/kin) from different or nonself (nonclone/nonkin) has long been demonstrated in pathogenic eukaryotes like Trypanosoma and Plasmodium, free-living social amebas (Dictyostelium, Polysphondylium), budding yeast (Saccharomyces), and in numerous bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes). Kin discrimination/recognition is explained under inclusive fitness theory; that is, the reproductive advantage that genetically closely related organisms (kin) can gain by cooperating preferably with one another (rather than with distantly related or unrelated individuals), minimizing antagonism and competition with kin, and excluding genetic strangers (or cheaters = noncooperators that benefit from others' investments in altruistic cooperation). In this review, we rely on the outcomes of in vitro pairwise discrimination/recognition encounters between seven Entamoeba lineages to discuss the biological significance of taxa, clone, and kin discrimination/recognition in a range of generalist and specialist species (close or distantly related phylogenetically). We then focus our discussion on the importance of these laboratory observations for E. histolytica's life cycle, host infestation, and implications of these features of the amebas' natural history for human health (including mitigation of amebiasis).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avelina Espinosa
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island
| | - Guillermo Paz-Y-Miño-C
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Leon-Coria A, Kumar M, Moreau F, Chadee K. Defining cooperative roles for colonic microbiota and Muc2 mucin in mediating innate host defense against Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007466. [PMID: 30500860 PMCID: PMC6268003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis is caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica (Eh), a potentially fatal disease occurring mainly in developing countries. How Eh interacts with innate host factors in the gut is poorly understood. Eh resides and feed in/on the outer colonic mucus layer and thus share an ecological niche with indigenous microbiota. As gut microbiota regulates innate immune responses, in this study we characterized the cooperative roles that microbiota and the mucus layer play in Eh-induced pro-inflammatory responses in the colon. To study this, we used antibiotics treated and non-treated specific pathogen free Muc2-/- and Muc2+/+ littermates and germ-free mice inoculated with Eh in colonic loops as a short infection model. In antibiotic treated Muc2-/- and Muc2+/+ littermates, Eh elicited robust mucus and water secretions, enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine expression with elevated MPO activity and higher pathology scores as compared to the modest response observed in non-antibiotic treated littermates. Host responses were microbiota specific as mucus secretion and pro-inflammatory responses were attenuated following homologous fecal microbial transplants in antibiotic-treated Muc2+/+ quantified by secretion of 3H-glucosamine newly synthesized mucin, Muc2 mucin immunostaining and immunohistochemistry. Eh-elicited pro-inflammatory responses and suppressed goblet cell transcription factor Math1 as revealed by in vivo imaging of Eh-colonic loops in Math1GFP mice, and in vitro using Eh-stimulated LS174T human colonic goblet cells. Eh in colonic loops increased bacterial translocation of bioluminescent E. coli and indigenous bacteria quantified by FISH and quantitative PCR. In germ-free animals, Eh-induced mucus/water secretory responses, but acute pro-inflammatory responses and MPO activity were severely impaired, allowing the parasite to bind to and disrupt mucosal epithelial cells. These findings have identified key roles for intestinal microbiota and mucus in regulating innate host defenses against Eh, and implicate dysbiosis as a risk factor for amebiasis that leads to exacerbated immune responses to cause life-threatening disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aralia Leon-Coria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - France Moreau
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Partida-Rodríguez O, Serrano-Vázquez A, Nieves-Ramírez ME, Moran P, Rojas L, Portillo T, González E, Hernández E, Finlay BB, Ximenez C. Human Intestinal Microbiota: Interaction Between Parasites and the Host Immune Response. Arch Med Res 2017; 48:690-700. [PMID: 29290328 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut is a highly complex ecosystem with an extensive microbial community, and the influence of the intestinal microbiota reaches the entire host organism. For example, the microbiome regulates fat storage, stimulates or renews epithelial cells, and influences the development and maturation of the brain and the immune system. Intestinal microbes can protect against infection by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Hence, the maintenance of homeostasis between the gut microbiota and the rest of the body is crucial for health, with dysbiosis affecting disease. This review focuses on intestinal protozoa, especially those still representing a public health problem in Mexico, and their interactions with the microbiome and the host. The decrease in prevalence of intestinal helminthes in humans left a vacant ecological niche that was quickly occupied by protozoa. Although the mechanisms governing the interaction between intestinal microbiota and protozoa are poorly understood, it is known that the composition of the intestinal bacterial populations modulates the progression of protozoan infection and the outcome of parasitic disease. Most reports on the complex interactions between intestinal bacteria, protozoa and the immune system emphasize the protective role of the microbiota against protozoan infection. Insights into such protection may facilitate the manipulation of microbiota components to prevent and treat intestinal protozoan infections. Here we discuss recent findings about the immunoregulatory effect of intestinal microbiota with regards to intestinal colonization by protozoa, focusing on infections by Entamoeba histolytica, Blastocystis spp, Giardia duodenalis, Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum. The possible consequences of the microbiota on parasitic, allergic and autoimmune disorders are also considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo Partida-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of Brithish Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Angélica Serrano-Vázquez
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miriam E Nieves-Ramírez
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Patricia Moran
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Liliana Rojas
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Tobias Portillo
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Bioestadística y Biología Computacional. Red de Apoyo a la Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional De Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Enrique González
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Eric Hernández
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of Brithish Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Cecilia Ximenez
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Morgado P, Manna D, Singh U. Recent advances in Entamoeba biology: RNA interference, drug discovery, and gut microbiome. F1000Res 2016; 5:2578. [PMID: 27853522 PMCID: PMC5089142 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9241.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, substantial progress has been made in understanding the molecular and cell biology of the human parasite
Entamoeba histolytica, an important pathogen with significant global impact. This review outlines some recent advances in the
Entamoeba field in the last five years, focusing on areas that have not recently been discussed in detail: (i) molecular mechanisms regulating parasite gene expression, (ii) new efforts at drug discovery using high-throughput drug screens, and (iii) the effect of gut microbiota on amoebiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Morgado
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dipak Manna
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Upinder Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica, the etiological agent of amebiasis, is a significant cause of pediatric diarrhea in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The clinical outcome of an E. histolytica exposure varies enormously and can present as diarrhea, dysentery, or amebic liver abscess. Host and parasite factors likely contribute to the outcome of infection with the parasite, but do not explain the wide variation in presentation of disease. This suggests that other environmental factors affect disease. An emerging body of work suggests that the host intestinal bacterial microbiome may have a significant influence on the development and outcome of amebiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L. Burgess
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - William A. Petri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA USA
| |
Collapse
|