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Otrock ZK, Eby CS. Zoonotic Bacterial Infections Triggering Cytokine Storm Syndrome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1448:285-291. [PMID: 39117822 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-59815-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Zoonotic infections can result in life-threatening complications that can manifest with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)/cytokine storm syndrome (CSS). Bacteria constitute the largest group of zoonotic infection-related HLH cases. The growing list of zoonotic bacterial infections associated with HLH/CSS include Brucella spp., Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia, Coxiella burnetii, Mycobacterium spp., and Bartonella spp. Patients most commonly present with fever, cytopenias, hepatosplenomegaly, myalgias, and less frequently with rash, jaundice, and lymphadenopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher K Otrock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Charles S Eby
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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2
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Xu G, Foster E, Ribbe F, Hojgaard A, Eisen RJ, Paull S, Rich SM. Detection of Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis in Blacklegged Ticks ( Ixodes scapularis) and White-Footed Mice ( Peromyscus leucopus) in Massachusetts. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2023. [PMID: 37126383 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2011, Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis (EME) was described as a human pathogen spread by the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis. Until very recently, its reported distribution was limited to the upper midwestern United States, mainly in Minnesota and Wisconsin. In this study, we report the detection of EME DNA in 4 of 16,146 human biting I. scapularis ticks submitted from Massachusetts to a passive tick surveillance program. Active tick surveillance yielded evidence of EME local transmission in the northeastern United States through detection of EME DNA in 2 of 461 host-seeking I. scapularis nymphs, and in 2 white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) of 491 rodent samples collected in the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) Harvard Forest site in Massachusetts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Xu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erik Foster
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Fumiko Ribbe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrias Hojgaard
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Rebecca J Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sara Paull
- National Ecological Observatory Network, Battelle, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephen M Rich
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Scribner J, Wu B, Lamyaithong A, Arcega V, Villanueva DD. Anaplasmosis-Induced Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad213. [PMID: 37213427 PMCID: PMC10199118 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cases of anaplasmosis have increased steadily and are appearing in states where it is less common. While symptoms are usually mild, in rare cases it can cause hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Here, we present a case of polymerase chain reaction-confirmed Anaplasma phagocytophilum with morulae on peripheral blood smear associated with biopsy-proven hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Scribner
- Correspondence: Jacob Scribner, DO, Department of Medicine Section of Infectious Diseases, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, Box 9163, Morgantown, WV 26506 (); Daphne-Dominique Villanueva, MD, Department of Medicine Section of Infectious Diseases, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, Box 9163, Morgantown, WV 26506 ()
| | - Benita Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Andre Lamyaithong
- Department of Internal Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Victor Arcega
- Department of Medicine Section of Infectious Diseases, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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4
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Molecular survey of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species in livestock ticks from Kassena-Nankana, Ghana; with a first report of Anaplasma capra and Ehrlichia minasensis. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:92. [PMID: 36795247 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens harm livestock production and pose a significant risk to public health. To combat these effects, it is necessary to identify the circulating pathogens to create effective control measures. This study identified Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species in ticks collected from livestock in the Kassena-Nankana Districts between February 2020 and December 2020. A total of 1550 ticks were collected from cattle, sheep and goats. The ticks were morphologically identified, pooled and screened for pathogens using primers that amplify a 345 bp fragment of the 16SrRNA gene and Sanger sequencing. The predominant tick species collected was Amblyomma variegatum (62.98%). From the 491 tick pools screened, 34 (6.92%) were positive for Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. The pathogens identified were Ehrlichia canis (4.28%), Ehrlichia minasensis (1.63%), Anaplasma capra (0.81%) and Anaplasma marginale (0.20%). This study reports the first molecular identification of the above-mentioned Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species in ticks from Ghana. With the association of human infections with the zoonotic pathogen A. capra, livestock owners are at risk of infections, calling for the development of effective control measures.
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Seroplrevalence of <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> and <i>Ehrlichia</i> sp. among people affected by tick bites. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2022. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2022-7.5-1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. In spring and summer, the population of the Baikal region regularly comes into contact with the pathogens transmitted through the bites of ixodid ticks. In the Center for Diagnosis and Prevention of Tick-Borne Infections (Irkutsk, Russian Federation), we annually detect anaplasmas of the Anaplasma phagocytophilum species, as well as Ehrlichia chaffeensis/E. muris in both ixodid ticks and blood samples from people who have been bitten by ticks. At the same time, there are no data in open sources on the incidence of human granulocytic anaplasmosis and human monocytic ehrlichiosis in the Baikal region. Currently, there is very little information on the studies of intensity of the immune response to anaplasmas and ehrlichia in people living in the surveyed area, although this information is critical for assessing the frequency of contacts and the risk of infection of people in a territory endemic for tick-borne infections. The aim. To update information on the presence and prevalence of specific immunoglobulins M and G to A. phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia sp. among the population of the Irkutsk Region affected by tick bites. Materials and methods. In total, 204 samples of blood serum from the residents of the Irkutsk Region who were registered to be bitten by ticks were analyzed for the presence of IgM and IgG to human monocytic ehrlichiosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis agents. Results. IgG to A. phagocytophilum were found in 9 samples, IgG to E. chaffeensis/E. muris – in 1 sample; no IgM to both pathogens were found in any sample. Conclusions. The results obtained indicate regular infection of the population with anaplasmas and ehrlichia which is a testifies to the existence of active natural foci of human monocytic ehrlichiosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis in the Baikal region. To clarify the real epidemic role of these infections, a detailed study of the immune status is required both among healthy individuals and among patients with symptoms of an infectious disease.
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Fleshman AC, Foster E, Maes SE, Eisen RJ. Reported County-Level Distribution of Seven Human Pathogens Detected in Host-Seeking Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the Contiguous United States. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1328-1335. [PMID: 35583265 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tickborne disease cases account for over 75% of reported vector-borne disease cases in the United States each year. In addition to transmitting the agents of Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu strict [Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae] and Borrelia mayonii [Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae]), the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, and the western blacklegged tick, Ixodes pacificus collectively transmit five additional human pathogens. By mapping the distributions of tickborne pathogens in host-seeking ticks, we can understand where humans are at risk of contracting tickborne diseases and devise targeted strategies to prevent them. Using publicly available tickborne pathogen surveillance databases, internal CDC pathogen testing databases, and SCOPUS search records published since 2000, we mapped the county-level distribution of Borrelia miyamotoi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae), Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichiaceae), Babesia microti (Piroplasmida: Babesiidae), and Powassan virus (Flaviviridae) reported in host-seeking I. scapularis or I. pacificus in the contiguous United States. We also updated recently published maps of the distributions of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Borrelia mayonii. All seven pathogen distributions were more limited than the distributions of vector ticks, with at least one of the seven pathogens detected in 30 states out of 41 total states (73.2% of states) where vector ticks are considered to be established. Prevention and diagnosis of tickborne diseases rely on an accurate understanding by the public and health care providers of where people are at risk for exposure to infected ticks. Our county-level pathogen distribution maps expand on previous efforts showing the distribution of Lyme disease spirochetes and highlight counties where further investigation may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Fleshman
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Erik Foster
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Sarah E Maes
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Rebecca J Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
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Overmiller AC, Bitter CC. Rhabdomyolysis and Multisystem Organ Failure Due to Fulminant Ehrlichiosis Infection. Wilderness Environ Med 2021; 32:226-229. [PMID: 33863612 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A previously healthy 51-y-old male presented to his local emergency department with subjective fevers, myalgias, dyspnea, and generalized weakness that had been progressive for several weeks. He was initially diagnosed with bilateral pneumonia, septic shock, and rhabdomyolysis requiring transfer to a tertiary care facility. He was treated for sepsis with broad-spectrum antibiotics, steroids, and a fluid bolus before transfer. Once he arrived at the tertiary care facility, he developed respiratory failure requiring intubation and ventilatory support. Ceftriaxone and metronidazole were started in the intensive care unit to cover common causes of community-acquired versus aspiration pneumonia, and doxycycline was included to cover tick-borne disease based on a history of tick exposure from working in his rural yard. Blood polymerase chain reaction testing later confirmed ehrlichiosis. The patient had a prolonged hospital course requiring ventilatory support and vasopressors, followed by a 4-wk stay in a rehabilitation unit after discharge. Wilderness medical providers should counsel their patients on prevention of tick bites and keep tickborne illness in the differential for acute illness, based on local epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Overmiller
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
| | - Cindy C Bitter
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Dahm CN, Yang BQ, Clark DE, Armstrong WC, Stevenson LW. Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis Associated With Myocarditis and Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. JACC Case Rep 2020; 2:420-425. [PMID: 34317254 PMCID: PMC8311717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2019.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We present 3 cases at a single institution of human monocytic ehrlichiosis resulting in myocarditis and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Contrary to previously published studies in which case fatalities were only as high as 1%, 2 of the 3 patients we discuss experienced a fulminant course resulting in death despite appropriate doxycycline treatment. Human monocytic ehrlichiosis is rarely a cause of myocarditis and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, but a high degree of suspicion is important because early empirical therapy may decrease morbidity and mortality. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.)
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Key Words
- ECG, electrocardiogram
- EF, ejection fraction
- HD, hospital day
- HLH, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
- HME, human monocytic ehrlichiosis
- IV, intravenous
- LV, left ventricular
- OSH, outside hospital
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- TTE, transthoracic echocardiogram
- cardiomyopathy
- echocardiography
- electrocardiogram
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie N. Dahm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt Heart and Vascular Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Address for correspondence: Dr. Cherie N. Dahm, Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Suite 383, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232. @CherieDahm
| | - Bin Q. Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital/Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Daniel E. Clark
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt Heart and Vascular Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - William C. Armstrong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt Heart and Vascular Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lynne W. Stevenson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt Heart and Vascular Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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9
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Garcia-Monco JC, Benach JL. Lyme Neuroborreliosis: Clinical Outcomes, Controversy, Pathogenesis, and Polymicrobial Infections. Ann Neurol 2019; 85:21-31. [PMID: 30536421 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is the object of numerous misconceptions. In this review, we revisit the fundamental manifestations of neuroborreliosis (meningitis, cranial neuritis, and radiculoneuritis), as these have withstood the test of time. We also discuss other manifestations that are less frequent. Stroke, as a manifestation of Lyme neuroborreliosis, is considered in the context of other infections. The summary of the literature regarding clinical outcomes of neuroborreliosis leads to its controversies. We also include new information on pathogenesis and on the polymicrobial nature of tick-borne diseases. In this way, we update the review that we wrote in this journal in 1995. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:21-31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Garcia-Monco
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Basurto, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain.,Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Jorge L Benach
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY.,Pathology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
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10
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Guo WP, Zhang B, Wang YH, Xu G, Wang X, Ni X, Zhou EM. Molecular identification and characterization of Anaplasma capra and Anaplasma platys-like in Rhipicephalus microplus in Ankang, Northwest China. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:434. [PMID: 31101084 PMCID: PMC6525361 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Four species within Anaplasma genus are emerging zoonotic pathogens, which are transmitted by ticks and generate veterinary and public health concerns. Here, we performed a molecular survey of Anaplasma in Ankang, Northwest China. Methods Hard ticks were collected and identified using morphological and molecular methods. Human-pathogenic Anaplasma species were tested using nested polymerase chain reaction. The nearly complete rrs, gltA, and groEL genes sequences from revealed Anaplasma species were amplified and sequenced to determine their molecular characteristics and their phylogeny. Results All ticks collected in Ankang belonged to the Rhipicephalus microplus. Novel unclassified Anaplasma strains genetically related to A. platys and A. capra were detected in these ticks. Co-infection of these two organisms was also found. The novel unclassified Anaplasma strains identified in this study formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage based on the groEL gene and two lineages based on the gltA gene within A. platys and related strains group. The revealed A. capra strains identified in this study were most closely related to those detected in humans and other vertebrate animals. Conclusion We revealed the presence of A. capra, a novel human pathogens in R. microplus ticks in previously unrecognized endemic regions. We also detected a novel unclassified Anaplasma species genetically related to A. platys. The epidemiology of anaplasmosis caused by these two Anaplasma species in humans should be assessed in future studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4075-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ping Guo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. .,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Human parasitology, Preclinical Medicine College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yi-Han Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Xuwang Town Comprehensive Agricultural Service Station, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuebing Ni
- State Key laboratory of Emerging infectious disease, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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11
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Eisen RJ, Kugeler KJ, Eisen L, Beard CB, Paddock CD. Tick-Borne Zoonoses in the United States: Persistent and Emerging Threats to Human Health. ILAR J 2017; 58:319-335. [PMID: 28369515 PMCID: PMC5610605 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States, ticks transmit the greatest diversity of arthropod-borne pathogens and are responsible for the most cases of all vector-borne diseases. In recent decades, the number of reported cases of notifiable tick-borne diseases has steadily increased, geographic distributions of many ticks and tick-borne diseases have expanded, and new tick-borne disease agents have been recognized. In this review, we (1) describe the known disease agents associated with the most commonly human-biting ixodid ticks, (2) review the natural histories of these ticks and their associated pathogens, (3) highlight spatial and temporal changes in vector tick distributions and tick-borne disease occurrence in recent decades, and (4) identify knowledge gaps and barriers to more effective prevention of tick-borne diseases. We describe 12 major tick-borne diseases caused by 15 distinct disease agents that are transmitted by the 8 most commonly human-biting ixodid ticks in the United States. Notably, 40% of these pathogens were described within the last two decades. Our assessment highlights the importance of animal studies to elucidate how tick-borne pathogens are maintained in nature, as well as advances in molecular detection of pathogens which has led to the discovery of several new tick-borne disease agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Eisen
- Rebecca J. Eisen, PhD, is a Research Biologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Kiersten J. Kugeler, PhD, is an Epidemiologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Lars Eisen, PhD, is a Research Entomologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Charles B. Beard, PhD, is a Branch Chief in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Christopher D. Paddock, MD, is a Medical Officer/Pathologist in the Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kiersten J Kugeler
- Rebecca J. Eisen, PhD, is a Research Biologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Kiersten J. Kugeler, PhD, is an Epidemiologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Lars Eisen, PhD, is a Research Entomologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Charles B. Beard, PhD, is a Branch Chief in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Christopher D. Paddock, MD, is a Medical Officer/Pathologist in the Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lars Eisen
- Rebecca J. Eisen, PhD, is a Research Biologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Kiersten J. Kugeler, PhD, is an Epidemiologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Lars Eisen, PhD, is a Research Entomologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Charles B. Beard, PhD, is a Branch Chief in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Christopher D. Paddock, MD, is a Medical Officer/Pathologist in the Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Charles B Beard
- Rebecca J. Eisen, PhD, is a Research Biologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Kiersten J. Kugeler, PhD, is an Epidemiologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Lars Eisen, PhD, is a Research Entomologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Charles B. Beard, PhD, is a Branch Chief in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Christopher D. Paddock, MD, is a Medical Officer/Pathologist in the Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christopher D Paddock
- Rebecca J. Eisen, PhD, is a Research Biologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Kiersten J. Kugeler, PhD, is an Epidemiologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Lars Eisen, PhD, is a Research Entomologist in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Charles B. Beard, PhD, is a Branch Chief in the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Fort Collins, Colorado. Christopher D. Paddock, MD, is a Medical Officer/Pathologist in the Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia
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12
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Adams DA, Thomas KR, Jajosky RA, Foster L, Baroi G, Sharp P, Onweh DH, Schley AW, Anderson WJ. Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions - United States, 2015. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2017; 64:1-143. [PMID: 28796757 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6453a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions - United States, 2015 (hereafter referred to as the summary) contains the official statistics, in tabular and graphical form, for the reported occurrence of nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions in the United States for 2015. Unless otherwise noted, data are final totals for 2015 reported as of June 30, 2016. These statistics are collected and compiled from reports sent by U.S. state and territories, New York City, and District of Columbia health departments to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), which is operated by CDC in collaboration with the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE). This summary is available at https://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/MMWR_nd/index.html. This site also includes summary publications from previous years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Adams
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Kimberly R Thomas
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Ruth Ann Jajosky
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Loretta Foster
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Gitangali Baroi
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Pearl Sharp
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Diana H Onweh
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Alan W Schley
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Willie J Anderson
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
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Liu Y, Watson SC, Gettings JR, Lund RB, Nordone SK, Yabsley MJ, McMahan CS. A Bayesian spatio-temporal model for forecasting Anaplasma species seroprevalence in domestic dogs within the contiguous United States. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182028. [PMID: 28738085 PMCID: PMC5524335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper forecasts the 2016 canine Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence in the United States from eight climate, geographic and societal factors. The forecast's construction and an assessment of its performance are described. The forecast is based on a spatial-temporal conditional autoregressive model fitted to over 11 million Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence test results for dogs conducted in the 48 contiguous United States during 2011-2015. The forecast uses county-level data on eight predictive factors, including annual temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, county elevation, forestation coverage, surface water coverage, population density and median household income. Non-static factors are extrapolated into the forthcoming year with various statistical methods. The fitted model and factor extrapolations are used to estimate next year's regional prevalence. The correlation between the observed and model-estimated county-by-county Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence for the five-year period 2011-2015 is 0.902, demonstrating reasonable model accuracy. The weighted correlation (accounting for different sample sizes) between 2015 observed and forecasted county-by-county Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence is 0.987, exhibiting that the proposed approach can be used to accurately forecast Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence. The forecast presented herein can a priori alert veterinarians to areas expected to see Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence beyond the accepted endemic range. The proposed methods may prove useful for forecasting other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - Stella C. Watson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - Jenna R. Gettings
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - Robert B. Lund
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - Shila K. Nordone
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MJY); (CSM)
| | - Christopher S. McMahan
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MJY); (CSM)
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Abstract
A vast number of novel tick-related microorganisms and tick-borne disease agents have been identified in the past 20 years, and more are being described due to several factors, from the curiosity of clinicians faced with unusual clinical syndromes to new tools used by microbiologists and entomologists. Borrelioses, ehrlichioses, anaplasmosis, and tick-borne rickettsial diseases are some of the emerging diseases that have been described throughout the world in recent years. In this article, we focus on the bacterial agents and diseases that have been recognized in the past 3 years and refer to major recent reviews of other recognized infections.
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Egizi A, Fefferman NH, Jordan RA. Relative Risk for Ehrlichiosis and Lyme Disease in an Area Where Vectors for Both Are Sympatric, New Jersey, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23. [DOI: 10.3201/eid2306.160528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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16
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Herrin BH, Peregrine AS, Goring J, Beall MJ, Little SE. Canine infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, Dirofilaria immitis, Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. in Canada, 2013-2014. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:244. [PMID: 28526093 PMCID: PMC5437676 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine test results generated by veterinarians throughout Canada from 2013-2014 were evaluated to assess the geographical distribution of canine infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia spp., and Anaplasma spp. METHODS The percent positive test results of 115,636 SNAP® 4Dx® Plus tests from dogs tested were collated by province and municipality to determine the distribution of these vector-borne infections in Canada. RESULTS A total of 2,844/115,636 (2.5%) dogs tested positive for antibody to B. burgdorferi. In contrast, positive test results for D. immitis antigen and antibodies to Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. were low, with less than 0.5% of dogs testing positive for any one of these three agents nationwide. Provincial seroprevalence for antibodies to B. burgdorferi ranged from 0.5% (Saskatchewan)-15.7% (Nova Scotia); the areas of highest percent positive test results were in proximity to regions in the USA considered endemic for Lyme borreliosis, including Nova Scotia (15.7%) and Eastern Ontario (5.1%). These high endemic foci, which had significantly higher percent positive test results than the rest of the nation (P < 0.0001), were surrounded by areas of moderate to low seroprevalence in New Brunswick (3.7%), Quebec (2.8%), and the rest of Ontario (0.9%), as well as northward and westward through Manitoba (2.4%) and Saskatchewan (0.5%). Insufficient results were available from the westernmost provinces, including Alberta and British Columbia, to allow analysis. CONCLUSION Increased surveillance of these vector-borne disease agents, especially B. burgdorferi, is important as climate, vector range, and habitat continues to change throughout Canada. Using dogs as sentinels for these pathogens can aid in recognition of the public and veterinary health threat that each pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Herrin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Andrew S Peregrine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Susan E Little
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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