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Melgarejo-Colmenares K, Vezzani D, Gallego A, Cardo MV. Blood meal sources of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in domestic and open green environments from two urbanisations of temperate Argentina. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 114:30-40. [PMID: 38112065 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the blood-feeding patterns of mosquitoes is essential for evaluating their potential as disease vectors, especially in urban areas where mosquitoes coexist with humans, domestic animals and wildlife. This study aimed to bridge a substantial gap in regional knowledge by identifying the blood meal sources of field-collected mosquitoes in domestic and open green environments from two urbanisations of temperate Argentina, the Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (AMBA) and Tandil, using molecular techniques. Female mosquitoes were collected from November 2019 to March 2020 and April-May 2021. A bipartite network analysis was performed for each environment and urbanisation. A total of 103 blood meals from Aedes (2 species) and Culex (7 species) were identified. Among these, five mammal and 18 bird species were recognised as hosts. Aedes mosquitoes exclusively fed on mammals, while Culex mosquitoes exhibited a broader host range including both birds and mammals. In AMBA, the open green environments were composed by more mosquito species than the domestic environments, while both presented similar numbers of vertebrate species. In contrast, in open green environments from Tandil only blood-fed Aedes albifasciatus were collected. For open green environments of AMBA and domestic environments of Tandil, results suggested some degree of host selection. For the three main vectors of diseases in the region, Aedes aegypti, Ae. albifasciatus and Culex pipiens molestus, we present the first molecular evidence of human blood meals in South America. Epidemiological significance of the present findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karelly Melgarejo-Colmenares
- IIIA-UNSAM-CONICET, Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Escuela de Hábitat y Sostenibilidad, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Darío Vezzani
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, UNCPBA-CICPBA, Tandil, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Gallego
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, UNCPBA-CICPBA, Tandil, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María V Cardo
- IIIA-UNSAM-CONICET, Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Escuela de Hábitat y Sostenibilidad, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Williams RAJ, Sánchez-Llatas CJ, Doménech A, Madrid R, Fandiño S, Cea-Callejo P, Gomez-Lucia E, Benítez L. Emerging and Novel Viruses in Passerine Birds. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2355. [PMID: 37764199 PMCID: PMC10536639 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in emerging viruses that can cause serious or lethal disease in humans and animals. The proliferation of cloacal virome studies, mainly focused on poultry and other domestic birds, reveals a wide variety of viruses, although their pathogenic significance is currently uncertain. Analysis of viruses detected in wild birds is complex and often biased towards waterfowl because of the obvious interest in avian influenza or other zoonotic viruses. Less is known about the viruses present in the order Passeriformes, which comprises approximately 60% of extant bird species. This review aims to compile the most significant contributions on the DNA/RNA viruses affecting passerines, from traditional and metagenomic studies. It highlights that most passerine species have never been sampled. Especially the RNA viruses from Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Togaviridae are considered emerging because of increased incidence or avian mortality/morbidity, spread to new geographical areas or hosts and their zoonotic risk. Arguably poxvirus, and perhaps other virus groups, could also be considered "emerging viruses". However, many of these viruses have only recently been described in passerines using metagenomics and their role in the ecosystem is unknown. Finally, it is noteworthy that only one third of the viruses affecting passerines have been officially recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. J. Williams
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), C. de José Antonio Nováis, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.J.S.-L.); (R.M.); (P.C.-C.); (L.B.)
- “Animal Viruses” Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (S.F.); (E.G.-L.)
| | - Christian J. Sánchez-Llatas
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), C. de José Antonio Nováis, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.J.S.-L.); (R.M.); (P.C.-C.); (L.B.)
| | - Ana Doménech
- “Animal Viruses” Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (S.F.); (E.G.-L.)
- Deparment of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Madrid
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), C. de José Antonio Nováis, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.J.S.-L.); (R.M.); (P.C.-C.); (L.B.)
- “Animal Viruses” Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (S.F.); (E.G.-L.)
| | - Sergio Fandiño
- “Animal Viruses” Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (S.F.); (E.G.-L.)
- Deparment of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Cea-Callejo
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), C. de José Antonio Nováis, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.J.S.-L.); (R.M.); (P.C.-C.); (L.B.)
- “Animal Viruses” Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (S.F.); (E.G.-L.)
| | - Esperanza Gomez-Lucia
- “Animal Viruses” Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (S.F.); (E.G.-L.)
- Deparment of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Benítez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), C. de José Antonio Nováis, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.J.S.-L.); (R.M.); (P.C.-C.); (L.B.)
- “Animal Viruses” Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (S.F.); (E.G.-L.)
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3
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Mansilla AP, Grande JM, Diaz A. Effect of Agroecosystems on Seroprevalence of St. Louis Encephalitis and West Nile Viruses in Birds, La Pampa, Argentina, 2017-2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1393-1402. [PMID: 35731160 PMCID: PMC9239869 DOI: 10.3201/eid2807.211485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Argentina, the Pampa ecoregion has been almost completely transformed into agroecosystems. To evaluate the environmental (agricultural area, tree coverage, distance to the nearest water body and urban site) and biological (dove, cowbird, and sparrow abundance) effects on free-ranging bird exposure to St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) and West Nile virus (WNV), we used generalized linear mixed models. For 1,019 birds sampled during 2017–2019, neutralizing antibodies were found against SLEV in samples from 60 (5.8%) birds and against WNV for 21 (2.1%). The best variable for explaining SLEV seroprevalence was agricultural area, which had a positive effect; however, for WNV, no model was conclusive. Our results suggest that agroecosystems in the La Pampa ecoregion increase the exposure of avian hosts to SLEV, thus potentially increasing virus activity.
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Ridenour CL, Cocking J, Poidmore S, Erickson D, Brock B, Valentine M, Roe CC, Young SJ, Henke JA, Hung KY, Wittie J, Stefanakos E, Sumner C, Ruedas M, Raman V, Seaton N, Bendik W, Hornstra O’Neill HM, Sheridan K, Centner H, Lemmer D, Fofanov V, Smith K, Will J, Townsend J, Foster JT, Keim PS, Engelthaler DM, Hepp CM. St. Louis Encephalitis Virus in the Southwestern United States: A Phylogeographic Case for a Multi-Variant Introduction Event. Front Genet 2021; 12:667895. [PMID: 34168675 PMCID: PMC8217752 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.667895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the reemergence of St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) Virus (SLEV) in the Southwest United States, identified during the 2015 outbreak in Arizona, SLEV has been seasonally detected within Culex spp. populations throughout the Southwest United States. Previous work revealed the 2015 outbreak was caused by an importation of SLEV genotype III, which had only been detected previously in Argentina. However, little is known about when the importation occurred or the transmission and genetic dynamics since its arrival into the Southwest. In this study, we sought to determine whether the annual detection of SLEV in the Southwest is due to enzootic cycling or new importations. To address this question, we analyzed 174 SLEV genomes (142 sequenced as part of this study) using Bayesian phylogenetic analyses to estimate the date of arrival into the American Southwest and characterize the underlying population structure of SLEV. Phylogenetic clustering showed that SLEV variants circulating in Maricopa and Riverside counties form two distinct populations with little evidence of inter-county transmission since the onset of the outbreak. Alternatively, it appears that in 2019, Yuma and Clark counties experienced annual importations of SLEV that originated in Riverside and Maricopa counties. Finally, the earliest representatives of SLEV genotype III in the Southwest form a polytomy that includes both California and Arizona samples. We propose that the initial outbreak most likely resulted from the importation of a population of SLEV genotype III variants, perhaps in multiple birds, possibly multiple species, migrating north in 2013, rather than a single variant introduced by one bird.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase L. Ridenour
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Jill Cocking
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Samuel Poidmore
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Daryn Erickson
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Breezy Brock
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Michael Valentine
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Chandler C. Roe
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Steven J. Young
- Vector Control Division, Maricopa County Environmental Services Department, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Henke
- Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Indio, CA, United States
| | - Kim Y. Hung
- Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Indio, CA, United States
| | - Jeremy Wittie
- Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Indio, CA, United States
| | | | - Chris Sumner
- Yuma County Pest Abatement District, Yuma, AZ, United States
| | - Martha Ruedas
- Yuma County Pest Abatement District, Yuma, AZ, United States
| | - Vivek Raman
- Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Nicole Seaton
- Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - William Bendik
- Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | | | - Krystal Sheridan
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Heather Centner
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Darrin Lemmer
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Viacheslav Fofanov
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Kirk Smith
- Vector Control Division, Maricopa County Environmental Services Department, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - James Will
- Vector Control Division, Maricopa County Environmental Services Department, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - John Townsend
- Vector Control Division, Maricopa County Environmental Services Department, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Foster
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Paul S. Keim
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | | | - Crystal M. Hepp
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
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Beranek MD, Quaglia AI, Peralta GC, Flores FS, Stein M, Diaz LA, Almirón WR, Contigiani MS. Culex interfor and Culex saltanensis (Diptera: Culicidae) are susceptible and competent to transmit St. Louis encephalitis virus (Flavivirus: Flaviviridae) in central Argentina. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 114:725-729. [PMID: 32722771 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is endemic and autochthonous on the American continent. Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus is a vector of SLEV; however, Culex interfor and Culex saltanensis have also been found to be naturally infected with SLEV. The aim of this study was to determine the vector competence of C. interfor and C. saltanensis for SLEV from Argentina compared with C. p. quinquefasciatus. METHODS Female of the Culex species were orally infected by feeding on viraemic chicks that had been inoculated with SLEV. Abdomens, legs and saliva blood-fed mosquitoes were analysed by viral plaque assay. RESULTS Mosquitoes were susceptible to orally acquired infection, dissemination and transmission of SLEV in the saliva. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that C. saltanensis and C. interfor are susceptible to SLEV and competent for its transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio D Beranek
- Área Entomología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Arbovirus y Arenavirus, Instituto de Virología "Dr J. M. Vanella", CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Agustín I Quaglia
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus y Arenavirus, Instituto de Virología "Dr J. M. Vanella", CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Giovana C Peralta
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fernando S Flores
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus y Arenavirus, Instituto de Virología "Dr J. M. Vanella", CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marina Stein
- Área Entomología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Luis A Diaz
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus y Arenavirus, Instituto de Virología "Dr J. M. Vanella", CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Walter R Almirón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marta S Contigiani
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus y Arenavirus, Instituto de Virología "Dr J. M. Vanella", CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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6
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Batallán GP, Konigheim BS, Quaglia AI, Rivarola ME, Beranek MD, Tauro LB, Flores SF, Laurito M, Almirón WR, Contigiani MS, Visintin AM. Autochthonous circulation of Saint Louis encephalitis and West Nile viruses in the Province of La Rioja, Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 2020; 53:154-161. [PMID: 33176955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
St. Louis encephalitis (SLEV) and West Nile (WNV) arboviruses, which circulate in Argentina, are maintained in enzootic transmission cycles involving Culex mosquitoes (vectors) and birds belonging to orders Passeriformes and Columbiformes (amplifier hosts). The objective of this work was to determine the circulation of both viruses among wild birds in a semiarid ecosystem in the Province of La Rioja through a serologic survey. During spring 2013 and fall 2014, a total of 326 wild birds belonging to 41 species were captured in areas close to the cities of La Rioja and Chilecito, in the Province of La Rioja. While exposure to SLEV and WNV was analyzed in birds' serum through neutralizing antibody detection, viral circulation was estimated through apparent seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies. The exposure of the avian community to viruses was 3.02% for SLEV and 1.89% for WNV, while 1.19% corresponded to coinfections. Our study confirms for the first time the circulation of SLEV and WNV in wild birds in the Province of La Rioja. Moreover, it is the first study to register neutralizing antibodies for flavivirus in the species Leptotila verreauxi (White-tipped Dove) (WNV) and Melanerpes cactorum (White-fronted Woodpecker) (SLEV). These results suggest that in semiarid ecosystems from northwestern Argentina the requirements and conditions for amplification and enzootic maintenance of SLEV and WNV would be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo P Batallán
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Enfermera Gordillo S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Chilecito, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Brenda S Konigheim
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Enfermera Gordillo S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Agustín I Quaglia
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Enfermera Gordillo S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina; Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA
| | - María E Rivarola
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Enfermera Gordillo S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mauricio D Beranek
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Enfermera Gordillo S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Laura B Tauro
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Instituto de Biología Subtropical, nodo Iguazú, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Argentina
| | - Sebastián F Flores
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral/CONICET, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Laurito
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Walter R Almirón
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marta S Contigiani
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Enfermera Gordillo S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés M Visintin
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Biología de la Conservación y Paleobiología (IBiCoPa), Centro de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (CENIIT), Universidad Nacional de la Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina.
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7
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Abstract
In the western United States, this virus may have been mediated via migrating infected birds from southern South America, where it reemerged most recently in 2002. We summarize and analyze historical and current data regarding the reemergence of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV; genus Flavivirus) in the Americas. Historically, SLEV caused encephalitis outbreaks in the United States; however, it was not considered a public health concern in the rest of the Americas. After the introduction of West Nile virus in 1999, activity of SLEV decreased considerably in the United States. During 2014–2015, SLEV caused a human outbreak in Arizona and caused isolated human cases in California in 2016 and 2017. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the emerging SLEV in the western United States is related to the epidemic strains isolated during a human encephalitis outbreak in Córdoba, Argentina, in 2005. Ecoepidemiologic studies suggest that the emergence of SLEV in Argentina was caused by the introduction of a more pathogenic strain and increasing populations of the eared dove (amplifying host).
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MESH Headings
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/history
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/transmission
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology
- Disease Outbreaks
- Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis/classification
- Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis/physiology
- Encephalitis, St. Louis/epidemiology
- Encephalitis, St. Louis/history
- Encephalitis, St. Louis/transmission
- Encephalitis, St. Louis/virology
- Geography, Medical
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Phylogeny
- South America/epidemiology
- United States/epidemiology
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