1
|
Rojas A, Germitsch N, Oren S, Sazmand A, Deak G. Wildlife parasitology: sample collection and processing, diagnostic constraints, and methodological challenges in terrestrial carnivores. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:127. [PMID: 38481271 PMCID: PMC10938792 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Wild terrestrial carnivores play a crucial role as reservoir, maintenance, and spillover hosts for a wide parasite variety. They may harbor, shed, and transmit zoonotic parasites and parasites of veterinary importance for domestic hosts. Although wild carnivores are globally distributed and comprise many different species, some living in close proximity to human settlements, only a few studies have investigated parasites of wild terrestrial carnivores using non-specific techniques. Access to samples of wild carnivores may be challenging as some species are protected, and others are secretive, possibly explaining the data paucity. Considering the importance of wild carnivores' health and ecological role, combined with the lack of specific diagnostic methodologies, this review aims to offer an overview of the diagnostic methods for parasite investigation in wild terrestrial carnivores, providing the precise techniques for collection and analysis of fecal, blood, and tissue samples, the environmental impact on said samples, and the limitations researchers currently face in analyzing samples of wild terrestrial carnivores. In addition, this paper offers some crucial information on how different environmental factors affect parasite detection postmortem and how insects can be used to estimate the time of death with a specific highlight on insect larvae. The paper contains a literature review of available procedures and emphasizes the need for diagnostic method standardization in wild terrestrial carnivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rojas
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Nina Germitsch
- Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Stephanie Oren
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran.
| | - Georgiana Deak
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elsemore D, Bezold T, Geng J, Hanna R, Tyrrell P, Beall M. Immunoassay for detection of Dipylidium caninum coproantigen in dogs and cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:671-678. [PMID: 37491878 PMCID: PMC10621563 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231189193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipylidium caninum infections in dogs and cats are underestimated because of a lack of proglottid observations and poor recovery of parasite elements by centrifugal flotation. We developed an immunoassay that employs a pair of monoclonal antibodies to capture D. caninum-specific coproantigen in fecal extracts from dogs and cats. Real-time PCR for D. caninum DNA in perianal swabs and observation of proglottids were used as reference methods. In 6 experimentally infected dogs, parasite DNA, coproantigen, and proglottid segments were first detected at 22, 23, and 26 d post-infection, respectively. Praziquantel treatment of 3 experimentally infected dogs resulted in the elimination of both coproantigen and proglottid shedding within 1-5 d post-treatment; however, parasite DNA persisted for 14 d. Immunohistochemistry on immature and mature tapeworm segments using an antibody against the coproantigen supports the premise that the antigen is produced in mature segments. We assessed the performance of our coproantigen test in natural infections in 78 dogs from a flea-endemic area. Of the 12 antigen-positive samples, 11 were confirmed with a positive PCR test and/or proglottid observation. Finally, we evaluated a convenience sample set of 730 canine and 163 feline fecal samples obtained from a commercial diagnostic laboratory; D. caninum antigen was detected in 4.1% of the canine and 12.9% of the feline samples, whereas parasite elements were observed in only 0.028% of samples. Our coproantigen immunoassay provides a sensitive method for the detection of D. caninum infection in dogs and cats.
Collapse
|
3
|
Alvi MA, Ali RMA, Khan S, Saqib M, Qamar W, Li L, Fu BQ, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Past and Present of Diagnosis of Echinococcosis: A Review (1999-2021). Acta Trop 2023; 243:106925. [PMID: 37080264 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The larval forms of taeniid cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus are the source of the zoonotic infection known as echinococcosis. Alveolar and cystic echinococcosis are caused by Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus (s. s) respectively. It is endemic in several regions of the world. In this systematic review, we describe diagnosis, and the species (human, canids, livestock, and small rodents) affected by cystic (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). From 1999 to 2021, we searched the online directory through PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and google scholar. Among the 37,700 records found in the online databases, 187 publications met our eligibility requirements. The majority of investigations employed a range of diagnostic methods, such as ELISA, imaging, copro-PCR, necropsy or arecoline hydrobromide purgation, morphological cestode confirmation, and fecal sieving/flotation to detect and confirm Echinococcus infection. ELISA was the most commonly used method followed by PCR, and imaging. The research team retrieved data describing the incidence or assessment of the diagnostic test for E. multilocularis in humans (N = 99), canids (N = 63), small ruminants (N = 13), large ruminants (N= 3), camel (N= 2), pigs (N=2) and small mammals (N= 5). This study was conducted to explore the diagnostic tools applied to detect echinococcosis in humans as well as animals in prevalent countries, and to report the characteristic of new diagnostic tests for disease surveillance. This systematic review revealed that ELISA (alone or in combination) was the most common method used for disease diagnosis and diagnostic efficacy and prevalence rate increased when recombinant antigens were used. It is highly recommended to use combination protcols such as serological with molecular and imaging technique to diagnose disease. Our study identified scarcity of data of reporting echinococcosis in humans/ animals in low-income or developing countries particularly central Asian countries. Study reports in small rodents indicate their role in disease dissemination but real situation in these host is not refected due to limited number of studies. Even though echinococcosis affects both public health and the domestic animal sector, therefore, it is important to devise new and strengthe implementation of the existing monitoring, judging, and control measures in this estimate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Athar Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadiq Khan
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Warda Qamar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oladosu OJ, Hennies M, Gauly M, Daş G. A copro-antigen ELISA for the detection of ascarid infections in chickens. Vet Parasitol 2022; 311:109795. [PMID: 36108471 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A reliable method of diagnosing the most prevalent helminth infections in chickens is vital for developing effective control strategies. Ascaridia galli and Heterakisgallinarum are phylogenetically close nematode species that can elicit the development of cross-reactive antibodies in chickens. Therefore, an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) based on Ascaridia galli antigens in faeces of chickens to detect and quantify infections with both A. galli and H. gallinarum was developed. The ELISA utilised polyclonal antibodies that were obtained from rabbits immunised with soluble antigens isolated from A. galli. In two separate experiments, chickens were kept as uninfected controls or were orally infected with either 100 or 1000 of embryonated eggs of A. galli or H.gallinarum. Faecal samples were collected after 28-30 weeks post-infection. The ELISA was then used to quantify the concentration of soluble worm antigens in faecal samples, i.e., the amount of antigen per gram faeces, APG. The APG from infected chickens was significantly higher than non-infected groups in both experiments (P 0.001). Both 100 and 1000 infection dose groups were not significantly different (P = 0.999) in the experiment with H. gallinarum, whereas in the experiment with A. galli, APG was significantly higher in the 1000 infection group (P 0.001). A receiver operation characteristics (ROC) analysis that evaluates the qualitative performance of diagnostics tests was used to calculate the assay parameters within each mono-infection experiment. The result showed that the assay had a high diagnostics accuracy with an area-under-curve (AUC) of 0.99 in detecting infection in A. galli infected chickens and a moderate-high accuracy (AUC = 0.89) in birds infected with H. gallinarum. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the assay at the optimal cut-off point equivalent to Youden index were 93% and 100% for detecting infections in A. galli experiment and 85% and 92% in H. gallinarum experiment, respectively. The correlation between faecal antigen concentration and all worm burden parameters was positive but generally low (r < 0.33), which provided less information about infection intensities. Nonetheless, these results indicate that a reliable and accurate qualitative diagnosis of the two most prevalent intestinal nematodes in chickens can be achieved using a non-invasive copro-antigen ELISA assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oyekunle John Oladosu
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology 'Oskar Kellner', Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Mark Hennies
- TECOdevelopment GmbH, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, 53359, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Matthias Gauly
- Free University of Bozen - Bolzano, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitätsplatz 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Gürbüz Daş
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology 'Oskar Kellner', Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Avila HG, Risso MG, Ruybal P, Repetto SA, Butti MJ, Trangoni MD, Grune Löffler S, Pérez VM, Periago MV. Development of a low-cost copro-LAMP assay for simultaneous copro-detection of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. Parasitology 2021; 148:819-826. [PMID: 33593468 PMCID: PMC11010131 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease caused mainly by Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati and diagnosis in dogs and cats is an important tool for its control. For this reason, a new coprological loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of these species. The primer set was designed on a region of the mitochondrial cox-1 gene. Amplification conditions were evaluated using a temperature gradient (52°C to 68°C), different incubation times (15–120 min), and different concentrations of malachite green dye (0.004–0.4% w/v). The analytical sensitivity was evaluated with serial dilutions of genomic DNA from T. canis and T. cati adult worms, and with serial dilutions of DNA extracted from feces using a low-cost in-house method. The specificity was evaluated using genomic DNA from Canis lupus familiaris, Felis catus, Escherichia coli, Toxascaris leonina, Ancylostoma caninum, Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and Taenia hydatigena. The LAMP assay applied to environmental fecal samples from an endemic area showed an analytical sensitivity of 10–100 fg of genomic DNA and 10−5 serial dilutions of DNA extracted from feces using the low-cost in-house method; with a specificity of 100%. Additionally, the total development of the assay was carried out in a basic laboratory and per-reaction reagent cost decreased by ~80%. This new, low-cost tool can help identify the most common agents of toxocariasis in endemic areas in order to manage prevention strategies without having to rely on a laboratory with sophisticated equipment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Gabriel Avila
- Laboratorio Provincial de Zoonosis de San Juan, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Cuyo, San Luis, San Juan, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CABA, Argentina
| | - Marikena Guadalupe Risso
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM-UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Paula Ruybal
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM-UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Silvia Analía Repetto
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM-UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Marcos Javier Butti
- Laboratorio de Parasitosis Humanas y Zoonosis Parasitarias, Cátedra de Parasitología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos David Trangoni
- Laboratorio de Brucella, Campylobacter y Microbiota del rumen, Instituto de Biotecnología/Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IB/IABIMO), UEDD INTA-CONICET, CICVyA, CNIA, INTA Castelar, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sylvia Grune Löffler
- Laboratorio de Leptospirosis, Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Mirtha Pérez
- Sección de Rabia y Zoonosis, Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud Pública de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Periago
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CABA, Argentina
- Fundación Mundo Sano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang L, Wang Q, Cai H, Wang H, Huang Y, Feng Y, Bai X, Qin M, Manguin S, Gavotte L, Wu W, Frutos R. Evaluation of fecal immunoassays for canine Echinococcus infection in China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008690. [PMID: 33720943 PMCID: PMC7993806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human echinococcosis is present worldwide but it is in China that disease prevalence is the highest. In western China, especially in the Tibetan Plateau, the burden of echinococcosis is the most important. Dogs are a major definitive host of Echinococcus and monitoring the presence of Echinococcus worms in dogs is therefore essential to efficiently control the disease. Detection kits based on three different technologies including sandwich ELISA, (indirect) ELISA, and gold immunodiffusion, are currently marketed and used in China. The objective of this work was to assess the efficacy of these kits, in particular with respect to sensitivity and specificity. Four fecal antigen detection kits for canine infection reflecting the three technologies were obtained from companies and tested in parallel on 220 fecal samples. The results indicate that the performance is lower than expected, in particular in terms of sensitivity. The best results were obtained with the sandwich ELISA technology. The gold immunofiltration yielded the poorest results. In all cases, further development is needed to improve the performance of these kits which are key components for the control of echinococcosis. Although present worldwide, human echinococcosis is at its highest prevalence in western China and particularly in the Tibetan Plateau. Controlling echinococcosis is a national priority and routine monitoring must be established. Dogs are the main infection source in China and surveying Echinococcus worms in dogs is therefore a research priority. Commercial detection kits are currently in use in China to monitor the presence of Echinococcus in dogs. The kits are based on three different technologies including sandwich ELISA with two monoclonal antibodies, (indirect) ELISA, and gold immunodiffusion. National survey programmes are essential for the control of echinococcosis and it is thus very important to assess the efficacy of these kits for the programmes. This work was therefore undertaken to assess efficacy of the kits, in particular with respect to sensitivity and specificity. Four fecal antigen detection kits for canine infection reflecting the three technologies were obtained from companies and tested in parallel on 220 fecal samples. The performance was lower than expected, in particular for their sensitivity which ranged between 51.5% and 83.9% with only two samples displaying a worm burden lower than 100. Three out of four kits showed non-specific cross-reactions with other parasites. The best results were obtained with the sandwich ELISA technology, whereas gold immunofiltration yielded the poorest results. However, in all cases, further development is strongly needed to improve the performance of these kits which are key components for the control of echinococcosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- ISEM, UMR 5557, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR 17, Intertryp, Campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- IES, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- * E-mail: (LW); (WW)
| | - Qian Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Huixia Cai
- Qinghai Provincial Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Hu Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuefei Bai
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Qin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Sylvie Manguin
- HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Gavotte
- ISEM, UMR 5557, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Weiping Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (LW); (WW)
| | - Roger Frutos
- Cirad, UMR 17, Intertryp, Campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- IES, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Toribio L, Santivanez S, Scott AL, Enriquez R, Sedano C, Soto-Becerra P, Garcia HH, Shiff CJ. Diagnostic urinary cfDNA detected in human cystic echinococcosis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2020; 239:111314. [PMID: 32866606 PMCID: PMC8801304 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a major neglected tropical zoonotic disease caused by the tissue-dwelling larval stage of the cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus. For individuals suspected of CE, the diagnostic standard is imaging using ultrasonography, X rays, or computed tomography. These resource-demanding and expensive procedures are rarely available in endemic rural areas where CE is most prevalent. There is a critical need for a new approach to identify CE patients so that they can be managed early in the course of their infection. This study reports on the results of a diagnostic approach that identifies E. granulosus-derived cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the urine of CE patients. Utilizing PCR to amplify a fragment of a major tandem repeat element found in E. granulosus nuclear DNA, urine samples from all seven imaging-confirmed CE patients who harbored active liver cysts were positive. In addition, the urine samples from 2/4 patients who presented with non-viable/calcified liver cysts were also PCR positive for the repeat fragment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of using parasite cfDNA from urine to diagnose CE. This approach provides an easy to implement and cost-effective method to survey for the prevalence of E. granulosus in humans populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luz Toribio
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Saul Santivanez
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Alan L Scott
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Raul Enriquez
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Cesar Sedano
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Percy Soto-Becerra
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Hector H Garcia
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Clive J Shiff
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arezo M, Mujica G, Uchiumi L, Santillán G, Herrero E, Labanchi JL, Araya D, Salvitti JC, Cabrera M, Grizmado C, Calabro A, Talmon G, Sepulveda L, Galvan JM, Volpe M, Bastin V, Seleiman M, Panomarenko O, Tissot H, Sobrino M, Crowley P, Daffner J, Larrieu E. Identification of potential 'hot spots' of cystic echinococcosis transmission in the province of Río Negro, Argentina. Acta Trop 2020; 204:105341. [PMID: 31954134 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic zoonosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The control program of CE of Rio Negro province, Argentina, involves annual surveillance using ultrasound (US) screening in school children, and five-year cross-sectional surveys to detect livestock farms with parasitized dogs by coproELISA with confirmation tests (Western Blot or PCR). Control program is based on deworming of dogs with praziquantel and the aim is to identify areas at risk of Cystic echinococcosis transmission to humans, using all available data sources. The information was spatially distributed in 13 program areas and, at a smaller geographical scale, in 80 Primary Health Care Centers. CoproELISA surveys involved three randomized sampling periods (2003-05, 2009-10, 2017-18), with 1790 canine fecal samples. The US surveys were conducted in 2003-08, 2009-16 and 2017-18 in 34,515 children. Heat maps were created at the smallest geographic scale with QGIS 3.4.6. For the consecutive sampling periods, prevalence of positive canine fecal samples from livestock farms were 14.7, 12.1 and 7.8%, respectively, and children prevalence was 0.4, 0.2 and 0.1%, respectively. The study has been developed on a scale according to which the temporal-spatial distribution of CE allows to adjust control strategies in those areas of potential transmission of the zoonosis to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Arezo
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | | | | | - Graciela Santillán
- Instituto Nacional de Microbiología "ANLIS-MALBRAN", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Herrero
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Jose Luis Labanchi
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina; Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina
| | - Daniel Araya
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | | | - Marta Cabrera
- Instituto Nacional de Microbiología "ANLIS-MALBRAN", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Arnoldo Calabro
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Talmon
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Luis Sepulveda
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | | | - Marcela Volpe
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Bastin
- Instituto Nacional de Microbiología "ANLIS-MALBRAN", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos Seleiman
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | | | - Hebe Tissot
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Mariano Sobrino
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Pablo Crowley
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina; Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina
| | - Jose Daffner
- Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina
| | - Edmundo Larrieu
- Carrera de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, General Pico, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jercic MI, Santillan G, Elola S, Quispe Paredes W, Conza Blanco LB, Morel N, Villegas R, Molina Flores B, Gavidia CM, Cabrera M, dos Santos AG, Sanchez-Vazquez MJ, Maxwell MJ, Vigilato MA, Larrieu E, Del Rio Vilas VJ. First inter-laboratory comparison of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato diagnosis in Latin America. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2019; 43:e89. [PMID: 31889951 PMCID: PMC6898979 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2019.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the performance of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests for diagnosing Echinococcus granulosus in dog feces among national reference laboratories in Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay. METHODS National laboratories affiliated with the Ministry of Health/Agriculture of each country exchanged panels of 10 positive/negative samples obtained from their regular national surveillance programs in November 2015 - November 2016. All laboratories applied PCR; two also applied ELISA techniques. Sensitivity and specificity were determined for each laboratory and concordance of results among the laboratories was evaluated by Cohen Kappa coefficient. RESULTS Poor concordance (3 of 10 paired comparisons had values of Kappa > 0.4), low sensitivity and specificity across all laboratories, and poor performance of both techniques in detecting E. granulosus in canine feces was demonstrated in this study. An ex-post comparison of the laboratories' test protocols showed substantial heterogeneity that could partially explain poor concordance of results. CONCLUSION The results underscore the heterogeneity of canine echinococcosis diagnosis across the region and indicate possible sources of variability. Efforts to standardize canine echinococcosis testing must be included in the plan of action for the Regional Initiative for the Control of Cystic Echinococcosis. Future comparisons with fecal samples of known parasite load are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Jercic
- Instituto de Salud Pública de ChileInstituto de Salud Pública de ChileSantiago de ChileChileInstituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| | - Graciela Santillan
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas “Carlos G. Malbran,”Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas “Carlos G. Malbran,”Buenos AiresArgentinaInstituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas “Carlos G. Malbran,” Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Susana Elola
- Comisión Nacional de ZoonosisComisión Nacional de ZoonosisMontevideoUruguayComisión Nacional de Zoonosis, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - William Quispe Paredes
- Instituto Nacional de SaludInstituto Nacional de SaludLimaPeruInstituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru.
| | - Lidia B Conza Blanco
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad AgrariaServicio Nacional de Sanidad AgrariaLimaPeruServicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria, Lima, Peru.
| | - Noelia Morel
- Comisión Nacional de ZoonosisComisión Nacional de ZoonosisMontevideoUruguayComisión Nacional de Zoonosis, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Rodrigo Villegas
- Instituto de Salud Pública de ChileInstituto de Salud Pública de ChileSantiago de ChileChileInstituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| | - Baldomero Molina Flores
- Centro Panamericano de Fiebre AftosaPan American Health Organization (PAHO) / World Health Organization (WHO)Rio de JaneiroBrazilCentro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) / World Health Organization (WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Cesar M Gavidia
- Facultad de Medicina VeterinariaUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLimaPeruFacultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.
| | - Marta Cabrera
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas “Carlos G. Malbran,”Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas “Carlos G. Malbran,”Buenos AiresArgentinaInstituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas “Carlos G. Malbran,” Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Alexandre Guerra dos Santos
- Centro Panamericano de Fiebre AftosaPan American Health Organization (PAHO) / World Health Organization (WHO)Rio de JaneiroBrazilCentro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) / World Health Organization (WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Manuel J Sanchez-Vazquez
- Centro Panamericano de Fiebre AftosaPan American Health Organization (PAHO) / World Health Organization (WHO)Rio de JaneiroBrazilCentro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) / World Health Organization (WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Melody J Maxwell
- The Ohio State UniversityThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OhioUnited States of AmericaThe Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.
| | - Marco A Vigilato
- PAHO/WHO Country OfficePAHO/WHO Country OfficeSan SalvadorEl SalvadorPAHO/WHO Country Office, San Salvador, El Salvador.
| | - Edmundo Larrieu
- Escuela de VeterinariaUniversidad Nacional de Rio NegroChoele ChoelArgentinaEscuela de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina
| | - Víctor J Del Rio Vilas
- School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SurreySurreyUnited KingdomSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Larrieu E, Gavidia CM, Lightowlers MW. Control of cystic echinococcosis: Background and prospects. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:889-899. [PMID: 31529690 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is a chronic and debilitating zoonotic larval cestode infection in humans, which is principally transmitted between dogs and domestic livestock, particularly sheep. Human CE occurs in almost all pastoral communities and rangeland areas of the underdeveloped and developed world. Control programmes against CE have been implemented in several endemic countries to reduce or eliminate the disease. New Zealand and Tasmania are examples of some of the first programmes to be undertaken (in insular territories) and which were very successful in the elimination of CE. The advent and proven effectiveness of praziquantel, plus the experience of insular models, produced high expectations for rapid advances in a second generation of control programmes undertaken in continental areas (Argentina, Uruguay and Chile). Nevertheless, only moderate gains in CE control have been made and the impact on prevalence among humans has been slight. A major impediment to the adoption of procedures that were successful in New Zealand and Tasmania has been the requirement to administer praziquantel to dogs in rural areas eight times per year over numerous years. In addition, there have been clear technological improvements made in the diagnosis of canine echinococcosis for surveillance, the genetic characterization of parasite strains and in vaccination against CE infection in livestock. In order to establish new paradigms and appropriate combinations of control strategies, we have carried out a review and discussion of the available control tools and control models. Control strategies must be suitable and sustainable to benefit the Echinococcosis-endemic areas primarily, which at the same time are the poorest regions of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmundo Larrieu
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, General Pico, Argentina.,Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina
| | - Cesar M Gavidia
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | | |
Collapse
|