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Amato VS, Franco LAM, de Souza RM, da Silva CAM, Ramundo MS, Côrtes MF, Corrêa-Castro G, Santos-Oliveira JR, Da-Cruz AM, Pagliari C, Galo LK, Tuon FF. Case Report: In Situ and Systemic Immune Response to Mucosal Leishmaniasis in an HIV-Infected Patient. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:228-233. [PMID: 38109765 PMCID: PMC10859819 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ and systemic evaluations of the immune responses of HIV-infected patients to mucosal leishmaniasis have been poorly described. We describe a recently diagnosed HIV-infected patient with mucosal leishmaniasis who was characterized by a CD4 count of 85 cells/mm3 and nasal septum destruction resulting from pruritic and ulcerated nasal mucosa with crust formation and progression over 2 years. In situ and systemic immune evaluations of T cell activation, memory, and exhaustion were conducted using cytofluorometric assays, and sequencing of the Leishmania species was performed. The immune profile of HIV-infected patient with mucosal leishmaniasis shows a mixed Th1/Th2 pattern and an activated and exhausted status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdir Sabbaga Amato
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Laboratório de Parasitologia, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Doenças e Moléstias Infecciosas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Augusto Moyses Franco
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Laboratório de Parasitologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Maia de Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Laboratório de Parasitologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Alves Maia da Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Laboratório de Parasitologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Severo Ramundo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Laboratório de Parasitologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Farrel Côrtes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Resistência Antimicrobiana, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Corrêa-Castro
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Núcleo de Ciências Biomédicas Aplicadas, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia – IFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joanna Reis Santos-Oliveira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Núcleo de Ciências Biomédicas Aplicadas, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia – IFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alda M. Da-Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Pagliari
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane Kanashiro Galo
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Francisco Tuon
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Emergentes, Curitiba, Brazil
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Mirabedini Z, Mirjalali H, Kazemirad E, Khamesipour A, Samimirad K, Koosha M, Saberi R, Rahimi HM, Mohebali M, Hajjaran H. The effects of Leishmania RNA virus 2 (LRV2) on the virulence factors of L. major and pro-inflammatory biomarkers: an in vitro study on human monocyte cell line (THP-1). BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:398. [PMID: 38097942 PMCID: PMC10720061 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease with diverse outcomes. Clinical diversity is influenced by various factors such as Leishmania species and host genetic background. The role of Leishmania RNA virus (LRV), as an endosymbiont, is suggested to not only affect the pathogenesis of Leishmania, but also impact host immune responses. This study aimed to investigate the influence of LRV2 on the expression of a number of virulence factors (VFs) of Leishmania and pro-inflammatory biomarkers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample were obtained from CL patients from Golestan province. Leishmania species were identified by PCR (LIN 4, 17), and the presence of LRV2 was checked using the semi-nested PCR (RdRp gene). Human monocyte cell line (THP-1) was treated with three isolates of L. major with LRV2 and one isolate of L. major without LRV2. The treatments with four isolates were administered for the time points: zero, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after co-infection. The expression levels of Leishmania VFs genes including GP63, HSP83, and MPI, as well as pro-inflammatory biomarkers genes including NLRP3, IL18, and IL1β, were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS The expression of GP63, HSP83, and MPI revealed up-regulation in LRV2 + isolates compared to LRV2- isolates. The expression of the pro-inflammatory biomarkers including NLRP3, IL1β, and IL18 genes in LRV2- were higher than LRV2 + isolates. CONCLUSION This finding suggests that LRV2 + may have a probable effect on the Leishmania VFs and pro-inflammatory biomarkers in the human macrophage model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mirabedini
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Kazemirad
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Katayoun Samimirad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Koosha
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Saberi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Disease Institute, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Hanieh Mohammad Rahimi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Homa Hajjaran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Monachesi CF, Gomes-Silva A, Carvalho-Costa FA. Factors associated with mucosal involvement in tegumentary leishmaniasis: a nation-based study using surveillance data from Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2023; 65:e47. [PMID: 37703118 PMCID: PMC10495114 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202365047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the factors associated with mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) within the scope of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) cases reported in Brazil. Surveillance data were assessed, and comparisons were made between ML and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases. Additionally, ML incidence rates for municipalities were depicted through a geographic information system. From 2007 to 2017, 235,489 TL cases were reported, of which 235,232 were classified as follows: 14,204 (6%) were ML cases and 221,028 (94%) were CL cases. Multivariate analysis showed that the proportion of ML cases reached 16.8% among individuals >75 years (adjusted OR = 2.77; 95% CI = 2.41-3.19; p < 0.001), and ML was also more frequent among males (aOR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.20-1.38; p < 0.001), HIV-positive patients (aOR = 2.15; 95% CI = 1.80-2.56; p < 0.001), patients residing in urban areas (aOR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.43-1.62; p < 0.001), and imported cases (with respect to county) when compared to autochthonous cases (aOR = 1.84; 95% CI = 1.71-1.98; p < 0.001). A lower proportion of positive results in direct parasitological examinations was observed in ML cases (32.6% vs. 60.8%; p < 0.001). The leishmanin skin test results were more often positive in ML cases (41.7% vs. 25.9%; p < 0.001). In ML, compatible changes in histopathology were more frequent (14.6% vs. 3.9%; p < 0.001). A greater proportion of ML cases were treated with amphotericin B (6.9% vs. 0.9%; p < 0.001). The case-fatality rate was higher in ML (0.6% vs. 0.1%; p < 0.001). A higher incidence of ML was observed in a geographical band extending across the Amazon region from the southern Para State to the Acre State. ML exhibited varying frequencies within specific populations. The definition of predictable factors predisposing Leishmania-infected subjects to develop ML is important for defining strategies to mitigate the mucosal damage caused by leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Fonseca Monachesi
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriano Gomes-Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Micobacterioses, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filipe Anibal Carvalho-Costa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Goto Y, Mizobuchi H. Pathological roles of macrophages in Leishmania infections. Parasitol Int 2023; 94:102738. [PMID: 36738983 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are the major host cells for Leishmania parasites, and determine the fate of infection by either limiting or allowing growth of the parasites, resulting in development or control of leishmaniasis, respectively. They also play important roles in causing pathological outcomes during Leishmania infection. The pathophysiology is complex and include a wide variety of molecular and cellular responses including enhancement of inflammatory responses by releasing cytokines, causing damages to surrounding cells by reactive oxygen species, or disordered phagocytosis of other cells. It is of note that disease severity in leishmaniasis sometimes does not correlate with parasite burdens, indicating that pathological roles of macrophages are not necessarily linked to their parasite-killing activities that are often defined by M1/M2 status. Here, we review the roles of macrophages in leishmaniasis with a focus on their pathological mechanisms in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Haruka Mizobuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Rosales-Chilama M, Y. Oviedo M, K. Quintero Y, L. Fernández O, Gómez MA. Leishmania RNA Virus Is Not Detected in All Species of the Leishmania Viannia Subgenus: The Case of L. (V.) panamensis in Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:555-560. [PMID: 36716739 PMCID: PMC9978567 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2002] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The endosymbiotic Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) has been associated with severity and clinical manifestations of American tegumentary leishmaniasis caused by species of the Leishmania (Viannia) subgenus. Between and within Leishmania species, and among endemic countries, the prevalence of LRV is highly variable. The LRV virus has not been detected in L. (V.) panamensis, the second-most prevalent species in Central America and Colombia. However, no systematic screening of LRV has been conducted in L. (V.) panamensis, and thus it is still controversial whether this virus is truly absent from the species. We sought to determine the prevalence of LRV1 in L. (V.) panamensis clinical strains isolated from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), from different geographic areas of Colombia. We analyzed 219 clinical strains; 78% were L. (V.) panamensis, 18% were L. (V.) braziliensis, and 4% were L. (V.) guyanensis. Screening for LRV1 was performed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The LRV1 was detected in 18% (7 of 40) of L. (V) braziliensis strains, and was not detected in any of the L. (V.) guyanensis or L. (V.) panamensis strains. The LRV1-positive L. (V). braziliensis strains came from the Amazon Basin. Of the seven LRV1-positive strains, two were isolated from patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, and the remaining from patients with CL. Our results confirm the absence of LRV1 in L. (V.) panamensis in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rosales-Chilama
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Monica Y. Oviedo
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
| | - Yury K. Quintero
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Olga L. Fernández
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - María Adelaida Gómez
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
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Multiple Regulations of Parasitic Protozoan Viruses: A Double-Edged Sword for Protozoa. mBio 2023; 14:e0264222. [PMID: 36633419 PMCID: PMC9973342 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02642-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasite infections affect human and animal health significantly and contribute to a major burden on the global economy. Parasitic protozoan viruses (PPVs) affect the protozoan parasites' morphology, phenotypes, pathogenicity, and growth rates. This discovery provides an opportunity to develop a novel preventive and therapeutic strategy for parasitic protozoan diseases (PPDs). Currently, there is greater awareness regarding PPVs; however, knowledge of viruses and their associations with host diseases remains limited. Parasite-host interactions become more complex owing to PPVs; however, few studies have investigated underlying viral regulatory mechanisms in parasites. In this study, we reviewed relevant studies to identify studies that investigated PPV development and life cycles, the triangular association between viruses, parasites, and hosts, and the effects of viruses on protozoan pathogenicity. This study highlights that viruses can alter parasite biology, and viral infection of parasites may exacerbate the adverse effects of virus-containing parasites on hosts or reduce parasite virulence. PPVs should be considered in the prevention of parasitic epidemics and outbreaks, although their effects on the host and the complexity of the triangular association between PPVs, protozoans, and hosts remain unclear. IMPORTANCE PPVs-based regulation of parasitic protozoa can provide a theoretical basis and direction for PPD prevention and control, although PPVs and PPV regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this review, we investigated the differences between PPVs and the unique properties of each virus regarding virus discovery, structures, and life cycles, focused on the Trichomonas vaginalis virus, Giardia lamblia virus, Leishmania RNA virus, and the Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1. The triangular association between PPVs, parasitic protozoa, and hosts reveals the "double-edged sword" property of PPVs, which maintains a balance between parasitic protozoa and hosts in both positive and negative respects. These studies discuss the complexity of parasitic protozoa and their co-existence with hosts and suggest novel pathways for using PPVs as tools to gain a deeper understanding of protozoal infection and treatment.
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Zolfaghari A, Beheshti-Maal K, Ahadi AM, Monajemi R. Identification of Leishmania species and frequency distribution of LRV1 and LRV2 viruses on cutaneous leishmaniasis patients in Isfahan Province, Iran. Indian J Med Microbiol 2023; 41:13-18. [PMID: 36870742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leishmaniasis is one of the most serious health problems in developing countries. Iran is one of the endemic regions of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) is a dsRNA virus member of the Totiviridae family, which was first detected in the promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis. Our study aimed to investigate possible changes in the predominant and causative strains of CL and screening the LRV1 and LRV2 species genome from Leishmania species isolated from the lesions of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Direct smear samples obtained from 62 patients with leishmaniasis referring to the Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center in Isfahan province during 2021-2022 were examined. Total DNA extraction procedures and conservation of site-specific multiplex PCR and nested PCR were performed for detecting Leishmania species. The molecular identification of LRV1 and LRV2 viruses, samples were used for total RNA extraction and real-time (RT)-PCR analysis, followed by conducting a restriction enzyme assay to confirm the PCR products. RESULTS Of the total Leishmania isolates, 54 and 8 isolates were identified as L. major and L. tropica, respectively. LRV2 was identified in 18 samples affected by L. major, while LRV1 was only detected in one of the samples with L. tropica. No LRV2 was found in any samples with L. tropica. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between LRV1 and the type of leishmaniasis (Sig. = 0.009, P ≤ 0.05), while this relationship was not observed between LRV2 and the type of leishmaniasis. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a significant number of LRV2 in isolated samples, as well as the recognition of LRV1 in one of the Old World leishmaniasis species, which is a new result, could pave the way for investigating further aspects of this disease and successful treatment strategies in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Zolfaghari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Keivan Beheshti-Maal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ali Mohammad Ahadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ramesh Monajemi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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Lafleur A, Olivier M. Viral endosymbiotic infection of protozoan parasites: How it influences the development of cutaneous leishmaniasis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010910. [PMID: 36327251 PMCID: PMC9632828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lafleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Montréal, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Moin-Vaziri V, Zare F, Seyyed Tabaei SJ, Saberi R, Hajjaran H. Successful Isolation of Leishmania RNA Virus (LRV) from Leishmania major in a Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Focus in Central Iran: An Update on Cases. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1290-1298. [PMID: 35773567 PMCID: PMC9245859 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major vector-borne disease that affects people globally, including Iran. Different factors are associated with leishmaniasis pathogenicity; recently, a link of the possible relationship between Leishmania RNA Virus (LRV) and disease severity was proposed, especially in the New World leishmaniasis (NWL). This study was aimed to investigate the presence of LRV2 in Leishmania isolates in Aran o Bidgol, Isfahan province. Methods Samples were collected from 110 CL-suspected patients referred to the health center. In this study, we aimed to investigate CL cases (parasitologically and clinically), identify Leishmania species (by ITS1-PCR–RFLP), and finally detection of LRV2 (by RdRp-semi-nested PCR). Results Parasitological methods showed 60 positive cases, based on the HaeIII enzyme restriction profile, 59 cases were caused by L. major and 1 case by L. tropica. Our project is the first study on LRV2 isolation in Aran o Bidgol city and the LRV was successfully detected from a single L. major isolated in a women’s hand lesion. Using BLAST, 94.8–100% similarity was observed in the RdRp sequence of current LRV isolate with those available in GenBank from Iran or overseas. Conclusion L. major was the main cause of CL in Aran o Bidgol, although L. tropica is also present in a much lower proportion in the area. This is the first report on the presence of LRV2 in Aran o Bidgol and the fifth in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Moin-Vaziri
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zare
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Javad Seyyed Tabaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Saberi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Homa Hajjaran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Shita EY, Semegn EN, Wubetu GY, Abitew AM, Andualem BG, Alemneh MG. Prevalence of Leishmania RNA virus in Leishmania parasites in patients with tegumentary leishmaniasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010427. [PMID: 35675332 PMCID: PMC9236231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by different protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) was identified as the first Leishmania infecting virus in 1998. Different studies showed the presence and role of the LRV in Leishmania parasites causing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). However, there is limited data on the pooled prevalence of LRV in Leishmania parasites causing CL. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the pooled prevalence of LRV in Leishmania parasite isolates and/or lesion biopsies in patients with CL from the available literature globally. Methodology We retrieved the studies from different electronic databases. The studies were screened and identified based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. We excluded studies exclusively done in experimental animals and in vitro studies. The review was conducted in line with PRISMA guidelines. The meta-analysis was performed with Stata software version 14 with metan command. The forest plot with random-effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence with 95% confidence interval. Inverse variance index (I2) was used to assess the heterogeneity among the included articles. Principal findings A total of 1215 samples from 25 studies were included. Of these, 40.1% (487/1215) were positive for LRV. The overall pooled prevalence of LRV globally was 37.22% (95% CI: 27.54% - 46.90%). The pooled prevalence of LRV in the New World (NW) and Old World (OW) regions was 34.18% and 45.77%, respectively. Leishmania guyanensis, L. braziliensis, L. major, and L. tropica were the most studied species for the detection of LRV. The prevalence of LRV from Leishmania isolates and lesion biopsies was 42.9% (349/813) and 34.3% (138/402), respectively. Conclusion This systematic study revealed that there is high prevalence of LRV in Leishmania parasites isolated from patients with CL. More comprehensive studies would be required to investigate the presence of the LRV in other Leishmania species such as L. aethiopica to fully understand the role of LRV in different clinical manifestations and disease pathology presented in CL patients. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is among the most neglected tropical diseases affecting a significant proportion of the world population, impacting mostly on the poorest communities. CL can present as localized, mucocutaneous or diffuse cutaneous. There are various reports on the prevalence of Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) in Leishmania parasites and/or lesion biopsies in patients with CL from both the Old World and New World regions. However, there is scarcity of comprehensive knowledge on the pooled prevalence of the virus in Leishmania parasites causing human CL. We searched different electronic databases and Google Scholar for published articles aimed to determine the presence of LRV in Leishmania parasites and/or lesion biopsies in patients with CL globally. The retrieved articles were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion parameters. Data was extracted based on the PRISMA guideline by reviewing the selected articles. Systematic review and meta-analysis would be one way to improve the level of evidence by providing pooled prevalence of the individual single studies regarding the presence of LRV in Leishmania parasites and/or lesion biopsies. This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that a large proportion of the Leishmania parasites causing human CL harbour the endosymbiotic LRV. Further studies are needed to better understand the role of the virus in the clinical presentation of CL, as a potential target of treatment and vaccine development especially in Old World Leishmania parasites like L. aethiopica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endalew Yizengaw Shita
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Endalkachew Nibret Semegn
- Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Abaineh Munshea Abitew
- Institute of Biotechnology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mekuanint Geta Alemneh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Center for innovative Drug development and Therapeutic trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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11
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Dong G, Wagner V, Minguez-Menendez A, Fernandez-Prada C, Olivier M. Extracellular vesicles and leishmaniasis: Current knowledge and promising avenues for future development. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:73-83. [PMID: 33873096 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-bound "delivery trucks" that are present in the extracellular environment, including biological fluids. EVs are capable of inducing changes in the physiological status of neighboring cells through the transfer of key macromolecules, and are thought to play a role in a number of pathological processes. Leishmaniasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania, is an important example. The biology of Leishmania EVs has been studied in detail, and findings point to their role in exacerbation of disease and potential involvement in the perpetuation of drug resistance. Furthermore, the use of EVs for development of vaccines has been explored, as well as their potential use in a number of fields as biomarkers of disease and drug resistance. Here we discuss the latest findings on EVs, with a particular focus on Leishmania, as well as potential avenues for their future development and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Dong
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health Program (IDIGH), The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Victoria Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Christopher Fernandez-Prada
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Martin Olivier
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health Program (IDIGH), The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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12
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Parra-Muñoz M, Aponte S, Ovalle-Bracho C, Saavedra CH, Echeverry MC. Detection of Leishmania RNA Virus in Clinical Samples from Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients Varies according to the Type of Sample. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 104:233-239. [PMID: 33146111 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) is a double-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Totiviridae family detected as cytoplasmic inclusions in some strains of the human parasite Leishmania spp. Experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that human coinfection with Leishmania spp.-LRV triggers an exacerbated immune response in the host that can be responsible for the observed complicated outcomes in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), such as mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) and treatment failure of CL. However, the reported frequencies of LRV associated with complicated outcomes in patient's series are highly variable, diminishing the relevance on the virus presence in the pathogenesis of the disease. To assess whether or not the inconsistent information about the frequency of LRV associated with CL complicated outcomes could be related to the virus detection approach, the present study evaluated the LRV presence in clinical samples using a diagnostic algorithm according to the type of the sample. In 36 samples with diagnosis of complicated forms of CL (15 of ML and 21 of CL antimony treatment failure) and six samples with non-Leishmania spp. infection, the LRV presence was assessed by RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, and nested RT-PCR. Viral load was estimated in parasite clinical isolates. By combining the methods, LRV1 presence was confirmed in 45% (9/20) of isolates and 37.5% (6/16) of the incisional biopsies. Remarkably, in some cases (4/8), LRV1 was undetectable in the isolates but present in their respective biopsies, and less frequently, the opposite was observed (1/8), suggesting the possibility of loss of parasites harboring LRV1 during the in vitro growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Parra-Muñoz
- 1Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Samanda Aponte
- 1Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Carlos H Saavedra
- 3Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María C Echeverry
- 1Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Olivier M, Zamboni DS. Leishmania Viannia guyanensis, LRV1 virus and extracellular vesicles: a dangerous trio influencing the faith of immune response during muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 66:108-113. [PMID: 32877837 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasites of Leishmania genus have developed various strategies to overcome host immune response favoring its infection and development toward leishmaniasis. With an array of virulence factors, those parasites modify host macrophage signaling and functions. Depending of the species involved, visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis will develop. Several years ago, Leishmania Viannia guyanensis that is naturally infected with the endosymbiotic virus Leishmania RNA Virus 1 was found to cause a particularly aggressive form of South-American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. This virus, when co-transmitted with the parasite was shown to strongly modulate RNA sensors and NLRP3 inflammasome network that could explain in part the exacerbated skin pathology caused by this particular parasite. In this review, we will be discussing how this endosymbiotic virus-infected Leishmania in conjunction with Leishmania exosomes partner together to manipulate host immune response in their favor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Olivier
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, QC, Canada.
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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