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Zolfaghari A, Beheshti-Maal K, Ahadi AM, Monajemi R. Identification of Leishmania species and frequency distribution of LRV1 and LRV2 viruses on cutaneous leishmaniasis patients in Isfahan Province, Iran. Indian J Med Microbiol 2023; 41:13-18. [PMID: 36870742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leishmaniasis is one of the most serious health problems in developing countries. Iran is one of the endemic regions of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) is a dsRNA virus member of the Totiviridae family, which was first detected in the promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis. Our study aimed to investigate possible changes in the predominant and causative strains of CL and screening the LRV1 and LRV2 species genome from Leishmania species isolated from the lesions of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Direct smear samples obtained from 62 patients with leishmaniasis referring to the Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center in Isfahan province during 2021-2022 were examined. Total DNA extraction procedures and conservation of site-specific multiplex PCR and nested PCR were performed for detecting Leishmania species. The molecular identification of LRV1 and LRV2 viruses, samples were used for total RNA extraction and real-time (RT)-PCR analysis, followed by conducting a restriction enzyme assay to confirm the PCR products. RESULTS Of the total Leishmania isolates, 54 and 8 isolates were identified as L. major and L. tropica, respectively. LRV2 was identified in 18 samples affected by L. major, while LRV1 was only detected in one of the samples with L. tropica. No LRV2 was found in any samples with L. tropica. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between LRV1 and the type of leishmaniasis (Sig. = 0.009, P ≤ 0.05), while this relationship was not observed between LRV2 and the type of leishmaniasis. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a significant number of LRV2 in isolated samples, as well as the recognition of LRV1 in one of the Old World leishmaniasis species, which is a new result, could pave the way for investigating further aspects of this disease and successful treatment strategies in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Zolfaghari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Keivan Beheshti-Maal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ali Mohammad Ahadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ramesh Monajemi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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Hajjaran H, Ebadizadeh M, *Ataei-Pirkooh A, Mohebali M, Samimi-Rad K, Saberi R, Naddaf SR. Development of an Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) Assay for the Detection of Leishmania RNA Virus 2 (LRV2) in Leishmania Parasites. Iran J Parasitol 2022; 17:349-357. [PMID: 36466016 PMCID: PMC9682387 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v17i3.10625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) in Old World Leishmania species and their possible role in the disease prognosis requires sensitive and specific methods, preferably independent of the viral genome. We aimed to develop an indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) assay to detect LRV in the Old World Leishmania parasites. METHODS Clinical samples were collected from 86 cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients in different endemic areas of CL in Iran, during 2017-2019. For antibody preparation, the viruses were obtained from sediment of an LRV-infected L. major culture-using freeze and thaw cycles followed by gradient cesium chloride centrifugation. The purified viruses were used to immunize a male 3-4 months rabbit. Various dilutions of the LRV-immunized rabbit's serum and a conjugated antibody were deployed to detect LRV in 48 isolates by IFA assay. RESULTS LRV virus was detected in four of the 48 CL cases using IFA method. Amplification of a partial fragment of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene from the isolates confirmed the IFA results. In phylogeny, the generated RdRp sequences from four isolates were grouped with the other Old World LRVs, but separate from L. aethiopica LRVs, which appeared as a highly supported distinct clade. CONCLUSION Further optimization of this approach to detect the LRV directly in lesion scrapings can make it a more reliable tool for field studies and disclosing the virus's possible role in disseminating and unusual clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Hajjaran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ebadizadeh
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Angila *Ataei-Pirkooh
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Katayoun Samimi-Rad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Saberi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Moin-Vaziri V, Zare F, Seyyed Tabaei SJ, Saberi R, Hajjaran H. Successful Isolation of Leishmania RNA Virus (LRV) from Leishmania major in a Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Focus in Central Iran: An Update on Cases. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1290-1298. [PMID: 35773567 PMCID: PMC9245859 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major vector-borne disease that affects people globally, including Iran. Different factors are associated with leishmaniasis pathogenicity; recently, a link of the possible relationship between Leishmania RNA Virus (LRV) and disease severity was proposed, especially in the New World leishmaniasis (NWL). This study was aimed to investigate the presence of LRV2 in Leishmania isolates in Aran o Bidgol, Isfahan province. Methods Samples were collected from 110 CL-suspected patients referred to the health center. In this study, we aimed to investigate CL cases (parasitologically and clinically), identify Leishmania species (by ITS1-PCR–RFLP), and finally detection of LRV2 (by RdRp-semi-nested PCR). Results Parasitological methods showed 60 positive cases, based on the HaeIII enzyme restriction profile, 59 cases were caused by L. major and 1 case by L. tropica. Our project is the first study on LRV2 isolation in Aran o Bidgol city and the LRV was successfully detected from a single L. major isolated in a women’s hand lesion. Using BLAST, 94.8–100% similarity was observed in the RdRp sequence of current LRV isolate with those available in GenBank from Iran or overseas. Conclusion L. major was the main cause of CL in Aran o Bidgol, although L. tropica is also present in a much lower proportion in the area. This is the first report on the presence of LRV2 in Aran o Bidgol and the fifth in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Moin-Vaziri
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zare
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Javad Seyyed Tabaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Saberi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Homa Hajjaran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Farrokhi-Karibozorg M, Ghayour-Najafabadi Z, Hejazi SH, Ataei-Pirkooh A, Mohebali M, Teimouri P, Hajjaran H. Molecular identification of Leishmania RNA virus in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients and rodent reservoirs in Isfahan province, Iran. Infect Genet Evol 2022; 98:105222. [PMID: 35066166 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) is a double-strand RNA virus that was first detected in members of the Leishmania viannia in the New World. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of LRV in the Leishmania species isolated from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients and rodents as reservoirs in Isfahan province an old zoonotic CL focus, center of Iran. Totally, 85 samples were collected from CL patients (n = 80) and rodent reservoirs (n = 5) from different regions of Isfahan province. Species identification was determined using the PCR-RFLP method. Viral dsRNA was extracted and for observation of 5.3 kb dsRNA on an agarose gel. The presence of LRV was surveyed using the Semi-nested PCR method. For phylogenetic analyzes, 6 samples of 13 isolates were sequenced and a phylogenetic tree was drawn by MEGA7 version 7.0.26. Of 80 Leishmania isolates recovered from the patients with CL, 79 and only one were identified as L. major and L. tropica, respectively. Also, the PCR assays detected four L. major and one L. turanica in five assessed Rhombomys opimus as the rodent reservoirs. LRV was detected only in Leishmania species isolated from 13 species of 85 (15.3%) CL including (L. major, n = 12) and (L. tropica, n = 1). Phylogenetic analysis showed that they were belonged to LRV2 and had the highest similarity with Iranian reference LRV2 in GenBank. Our results showed that the LRV2 was present in cutaneous Leishmania species in Isfahan province is the most historical and touristic province of Iran. In the study LRV was not reported from rodent reservoirs, it may be due to the small sample size. Phylogenetic analysis of current sequences demonstrated that these isolates belong to the registered LRV2 of the Old World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Farrokhi-Karibozorg
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghayour-Najafabadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Center for Research in Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Angila Ataei-Pirkooh
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Teimouri
- Navab Safavi Health Center, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Homa Hajjaran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Saberi R, Fakhar M, Hajjaran H, Ataei-Pirkooh A, Mohebali M, Taghipour N, Ziaei Hezarjaribi H, Moghadam Y, Bagheri A. Presence and diversity of Leishmania RNA virus in an old zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus, northeastern Iran: haplotype and phylogenetic based approach. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 101:6-13. [PMID: 32947050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus that circulates within many species of the Leishmania parasite. In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence of LRV2 circulating in Leishmania isolates in an old focus of ZCL located in northeastern of Iran. METHODS Leishmania isolates were collected from 85 patients that confirmed to have cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) based on parasitological examination. To identify the Leishmania isolates, species-specific primer sets were applied for molecular identification. The presence of LRV2 was performed by RdRp-semi nested-PCR. The genetic diversity were calculated using MEGA and DnaSP. To assess haplotype diversity, 31 LRV2 strains in different regions were surveyed using analysis a 292-bp section of the RdRp sequences. RESULTS Out of 85 patients, 83 (97.6 %) were diagnosed with L. major and 2 (2.4 %) with L. tropica. LRV2 virus was detected in 59 (69.4%) of the CL cases. For the first time, LRV2 was reported in one L. tropica strain in Iran. The current LRV2 sequences indicated the highest similarities to an Old World LRV2. Moreover, 10 unique haplotypes were identified based on the analyzed sequences of the RdRp gene. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated the highest occurrence of Leishmania/LRV2 co-circulation in this known ZCL focus from northeastern Iran. Phylogenetic analyses of LRV2 sequences confirmed that these isolates belong to the order of LRV2 from the Old World. This study offered an insight into LRV2 haplotype that the informative issue can be used for genetic research of LRV2 in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Saberi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Homa Hajjaran
- Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Angila Ataei-Pirkooh
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Taghipour
- Department of Tissue engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Yousef Moghadam
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abouzar Bagheri
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Kleschenko Y, Grybchuk D, Matveeva NS, Macedo DH, Ponirovsky EN, Lukashev AN, Yurchenko V. Molecular Characterization of Leishmania RNA virus 2 in Leishmania major from Uzbekistan. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10100830. [PMID: 31640177 PMCID: PMC6826456 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report sequence and phylogenetic analysis of two new isolates of Leishmania RNA virus 2 (LRV2) found in Leishmania major isolated from human patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in south Uzbekistan. These new virus-infected flagellates were isolated in the same region of Uzbekistan and the viral sequences differed by only nineteen SNPs, all except one being silent mutations. Therefore, we concluded that they belong to a single LRV2 species. New viruses are closely related to the LRV2-Lmj-ASKH documented in Turkmenistan in 1995, which is congruent with their shared host (L. major) and common geographical origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Kleschenko
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Danyil Grybchuk
- Life Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Nadezhda S Matveeva
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Diego H Macedo
- Life Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Evgeny N Ponirovsky
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander N Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119435 Moscow, Russia.
- Life Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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Eren RO, Reverte M, Rossi M, Hartley MA, Castiglioni P, Prevel F, Martin R, Desponds C, Lye LF, Drexler SK, Reith W, Beverley SM, Ronet C, Fasel N. Mammalian Innate Immune Response to a Leishmania-Resident RNA Virus Increases Macrophage Survival to Promote Parasite Persistence. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 20:318-28. [PMID: 27593513 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Some strains of the protozoan parasite Leishmania guyanensis (L.g) harbor a viral endosymbiont called Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1). LRV1 recognition by TLR-3 increases parasite burden and lesion swelling in vivo. However, the mechanisms by which anti-viral innate immune responses affect parasitic infection are largely unknown. Upon investigating the mammalian host's response to LRV1, we found that miR-155 was singularly and strongly upregulated in macrophages infected with LRV1+ L.g when compared to LRV1- L.g. LRV1-driven miR-155 expression was dependent on TLR-3/TRIF signaling. Furthermore, LRV1-induced TLR-3 activation promoted parasite persistence by enhancing macrophage survival through Akt activation in a manner partially dependent on miR-155. Pharmacological inhibition of Akt resulted in a decrease in LRV1-mediated macrophage survival and consequently decreased parasite persistence. Consistent with these data, miR-155-deficient mice showed a drastic decrease in LRV1-induced disease severity, and lesional macrophages from these mice displayed reduced levels of Akt phosphorylation.
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de Souza MM, Manzine LR, da Silva MVG, Bettini J, Portugal RV, Cruz AK, Arruda E, Thiemann OH. An improved purification procedure for Leishmania RNA virus (LRV). Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:695-8. [PMID: 25242960 PMCID: PMC4166301 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000200044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania RNA Virus (LRV, Totiviridae) infect Leishmania cells and subvert mice immune response, probably promoting parasite persistence, suggesting significant roles for LRV in host-parasite interaction. Here we describe a new LRV1-4 purification protocol, enabling capsid visualization by negatively stained electron microscopy representing a significant contribution to future LRV investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Michel de Souza
- Departamento de Física e Informática Instituto de Física de São Carlos Universidade de São Paulo São CarlosSP Brazil Departamento de Física e Informática, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Livia Regina Manzine
- Departamento de Física e Informática Instituto de Física de São Carlos Universidade de São Paulo São CarlosSP Brazil Departamento de Física e Informática, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius G da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão PretoSP Brazil Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Bettini
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais CampinasSP Brazil Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Vilares Portugal
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais CampinasSP Brazil Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Angela Kaysel Cruz
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão PretoSP Brazil Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eurico Arruda
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão PretoSP Brazil Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Otavio Henrique Thiemann
- Departamento de Física e Informática Instituto de Física de São Carlos Universidade de São Paulo São CarlosSP Brazil Departamento de Física e Informática, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Hartley MA, Drexler S, Ronet C, Beverley SM, Fasel N. The immunological, environmental, and phylogenetic perpetrators of metastatic leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:412-22. [PMID: 24954794 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniases have persisted for centuries as chronically disfiguring parasitic infections affecting millions of people across the subtropics. Symptoms range from the more prevalent single, self-healing cutaneous lesion to a persistent, metastatic disease, where ulcerations and granulomatous nodules can affect multiple secondary sites of the skin and delicate facial mucosa, even sometimes diffusing throughout the cutaneous system as a papular rash. The basis for such diverse pathologies is multifactorial, ranging from parasite phylogeny to host immunocompetence and various environmental factors. Although complex, these pathologies often prey on weaknesses in the innate immune system and its pattern recognition receptors. This review explores the observed and potential associations among the multifactorial perpetrators of infectious metastasis and components of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Drexler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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