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Zeng W, Zhao W, Wei H, Qin Y, Xiang Z, Wu Y, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Duan M, Zhu W, Sun K, Wu Y, Liang T, Mou Y, Liu C, Tang X, Huang Y, Cui L, Yang Z. Absence of association between Pfnfs1 mutation and in vitro susceptibility to lumefantrine in Plasmodium falciparum. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 24:100532. [PMID: 38520842 PMCID: PMC10979268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) is the most widely used antimalarial drug for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria. This study evaluated whether the K65Q mutation in the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine desulfurase IscS (Pfnfs1) gene was associated with alternated susceptibility to lumefantrine using clinical parasite samples from Ghana and the China-Myanmar border area. Parasite isolates from the China-Myanmar border had significantly higher IC50 values to lumefantrine than parasites from Ghana. In addition, the K65 allele was significantly more prevalent in the Ghanaian parasites (34.5%) than in the China-Myanmar border samples (6.8%). However, no difference was observed in the lumefantrine IC50 value between the Pfnfs1 reference K65 allele and the non reference 65Q allele in parasites from the two regions. These data suggest that the Pfnfs1 K65Q mutation may not be a reliable marker for reduced susceptibility to lumefantrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Zeng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hao Wei
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Alliance for Parasitic Diseases Related Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanglin County People's Hospital, Guangxi, China
| | - Yucheng Qin
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Alliance for Parasitic Diseases Related Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanglin County People's Hospital, Guangxi, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yanrui Wu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Mengxi Duan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wenya Zhu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Kemin Sun
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yiman Wu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ye Mou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiuya Tang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yaming Huang
- Department of Protozoan Diseases, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Liwang Cui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Zhaoqing Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China.
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2
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Ebong C, Sserwanga A, Namuganga JF, Kapisi J, Mpimbaza A, Gonahasa S, Asua V, Gudoi S, Kigozi R, Tibenderana J, Bwanika JB, Bosco A, Rubahika D, Kyabayinze D, Opigo J, Rutazana D, Sebikaari G, Belay K, Niang M, Halsey ES, Moriarty LF, Lucchi NW, Souza SSS, Nsobya SL, Kamya MR, Yeka A. Efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and prevalence of molecular markers associated with artemisinin and partner drug resistance in Uganda. Malar J 2021; 20:484. [PMID: 34952573 PMCID: PMC8709966 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-04021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Uganda, artemether-lumefantrine (AL) is first-line therapy and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) second-line therapy for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of AL and DP in the management of uncomplicated falciparum malaria and measured the prevalence of molecular markers of resistance in three sentinel sites in Uganda from 2018 to 2019. Methods This was a randomized, open-label, phase IV clinical trial. Children aged 6 months to 10 years with uncomplicated falciparum malaria were randomly assigned to treatment with AL or DP and followed for 28 and 42 days, respectively. Genotyping was used to distinguish recrudescence from new infection, and a Bayesian algorithm was used to assign each treatment failure a posterior probability of recrudescence. For monitoring resistance, Pfk13 and Pfmdr1 genes were Sanger sequenced and plasmepsin-2 copy number was assessed by qPCR. Results There were no early treatment failures. The uncorrected 28-day cumulative efficacy of AL ranged from 41.2 to 71.2% and the PCR-corrected cumulative 28-day efficacy of AL ranged from 87.2 to 94.4%. The uncorrected 28-day cumulative efficacy of DP ranged from 95.8 to 97.9% and the PCR-corrected cumulative 28-day efficacy of DP ranged from 98.9 to 100%. The uncorrected 42-day efficacy of DP ranged from 73.5 to 87.4% and the PCR-corrected 42-day efficacy of DP ranged from 92.1 to 97.5%. There were no reported serious adverse events associated with any of the regimens. No resistance-associated mutations in the Pfk13 gene were found in the successfully sequenced samples. In the AL arm, the NFD haplotype (N86Y, Y184F, D1246Y) was the predominant Pfmdr1 haplotype, present in 78 of 127 (61%) and 76 of 110 (69%) of the day 0 and day of failure samples, respectively. All the day 0 samples in the DP arm had one copy of the plasmepsin-2 gene. Conclusions DP remains highly effective and safe for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Uganda. Recurrent infections with AL were common. In Busia and Arua, the 95% confidence interval for PCR-corrected AL efficacy fell below 90%. Further efficacy monitoring for AL, including pharmacokinetic studies, is recommended. Trial registration The trail was also registered with the ISRCTN registry with study Trial No. PACTR201811640750761 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-04021-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Ebong
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | | | - James Kapisi
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Victor Asua
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sam Gudoi
- USAID's Malaria Action Program for Districts, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ruth Kigozi
- USAID's Malaria Action Program for Districts, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Agaba Bosco
- National Malaria Control Division, Ministry of Health Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Denis Rubahika
- National Malaria Control Division, Ministry of Health Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daniel Kyabayinze
- National Malaria Control Division, Ministry of Health Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jimmy Opigo
- National Malaria Control Division, Ministry of Health Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Damian Rutazana
- National Malaria Control Division, Ministry of Health Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Mame Niang
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eric S Halsey
- Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention & President's Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Leah F Moriarty
- Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention & President's Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Naomi W Lucchi
- Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention & President's Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Samaly S Svigel Souza
- Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention & President's Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sam L Nsobya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses R Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Adoke Yeka
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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3
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Assefa DG, Yismaw G, Makonnen E. Efficacy of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine versus artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria among children in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Malar J 2021; 20:340. [PMID: 34384431 PMCID: PMC8359548 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergence of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin and its derivatives poses a threat to the global effort to control malaria. The emergence of anti-malarial resistance has become a great public health challenge and continues to be a leading threat to ongoing malaria control efforts. The aim of this review was to synthesize available evidence on the efficacy of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA-PQ) compared to artemether-lumefantrine (AL) for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria among children in Africa. METHODS A systematic literature search was done to identify relevant articles from online databases PubMed/ MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials' database (CENTRAL) for retrieving randomized control trials comparing efficacy of DHA-PQ and AL for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in African children. The search was performed from August 2020 to April 2021. Using Rev-Man software (V5.4.1), R-studio and Comprehensive Meta-analysis software version 3, the extracted data from eligible studies were pooled as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS In this review, 25 studies which involved a total of 13,198 participants were included. PCR-unadjusted treatment failure in children aged between 6 months and 15 years was significantly lower in the DHA-PQ treatment arm on day 28 than that of AL (RR 0.14, 95% CI 0.08-0.26; participants = 1302; studies = 4; I2 = 0%, high quality of evidence). Consistently, the PCR-adjusted treatment failure was significantly lower with DHA-PQ treatment group on day 28 (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.29-0.68; participants = 8508; studies = 16; I2 = 51%, high quality of evidence) and on day 42 (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.47-0.78; participants = 5959; studies = 17; I2 = 0%, high quality of evidence). However, the efficacy was ≥ 95% in both treatment groups on day 28. CONCLUSION From this review, it can be concluded that DHA-PQ reduces new infection and recrudescence on days 28 and 42 more than AL. This may trigger DHA-PQ to become a first-line treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Getachew Assefa
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Department of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia.
| | - Gizachew Yismaw
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eyasu Makonnen
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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4
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Han KT, Han ZY, Aye KH, Wai KT, Thi A, Cui L, Sattabongkot J. G6PD deficiency among malaria-infected national groups at the western part of Myanmar with implications for primaquine use in malaria elimination. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:47. [PMID: 34108049 PMCID: PMC8191138 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd) plays a central role in readiness assessment for malaria elimination in Myanmar by 2030 that includes primaquine (PQ) use. The risk of hemolysis in G6PDd individuals hampers the widespread use of primaquine safely in malaria-infected patients. In the pre-elimination era, it is important to screen initially for asymptomatic malaria in combination with G6PD deficiency by applying more sensitive diagnostic tools. Therefore, this study examined the proportion of G6PDd and the distribution of G6PD genotypes among malaria-infected national groups in Myanmar before initiation of malaria elimination strategies. METHODS A cross-sectional study in one township each with high malaria burden from two states in the western part of Myanmar, was conducted during 2016-2018, and 320 participants (164 Rakhine and 156 Chin National groups) were recruited. We used RDT and ultrasensitive polymerase chain reaction (us PCR) method to confirm malaria infection, and a G6PD RDT(CareStart) to detect G6PDd and PCR/restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method to confirm the variant of G6PDd for genotyping. G6PD enzyme activity was measured by G6PD Biosensor (CareStart). RESULTS Malaria positivity rates detected by RDT were lower than those detected by us PCR in the combined samples [13% (42/320) vs. 21% (67/320)] as well as in the Rakhine samples [17% (28/164) vs. 25% (41/164)] and in Chin samples [9% (14/156) vs. 17% (26/156)]. G6PD deficiency rates were approximately 10% in both the combined samples and specific national groups. For G6PD enzyme activity in the combined samples, G6PDd (defined as < 30% of adjusted male median) was 10% (31/320) and severe G6PDd (< 10% of AMM) was 3% (9/320). Among malaria-infected patients with positive by both RDT and usPCR, G6PDd was less than 20% in each national group. G6PD genotyping showed that the G6PD Mahidol (G487A) was the major variant. CONCLUSIONS The varying degree of G6PDd detected among malaria-infected national groups by advanced diagnostic tools, strongly support the recommend G6PD testing by the National Malaria Control Program and the subsequent safe treatment of P. vivax by primaquine for radical cure. Establishing a field monitoring system to achieve timely malaria elimination is mandatory to observe the safety of patients after PQ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Thwe Han
- grid.415741.2Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (DMR), No. 5 Ziwaka Road, Yangon, 11191 Myanmar
| | - Zay Yar Han
- DMR, No. 5 Ziwaka Road, Yangon, 11191 Myanmar
| | - Kyin Hla Aye
- grid.415741.2Parasitology Research Division, Department of Medical Research (DMR), No. 5 Ziwaka Road, Yangon, 11191 Myanmar
| | | | - Aung Thi
- National Malaria Control Program, Department of Public Health (DoPH), Naypyitaw, Myanmar
| | - Liwang Cui
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Mahidol Vivax Research Unit (MVRU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Han KT, Lin K, Han ZY, Myint MK, Aye KH, Thi A, Thapa B, Bustos MD, Borghini-Fuhrer I, Ringwald P, Duparc S. Efficacy and Safety of Pyronaridine-Artesunate for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Myanmar. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1088-1093. [PMID: 32524960 PMCID: PMC7470518 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Four single-arm, prospective, clinical studies of pyronaridine–artesunate efficacy in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax malaria were conducted in Myanmar between 2017 and 2019. Eligible subjects were aged at least 6 years, with microscopically confirmed P. falciparum (n = 196) or P. vivax mono-infection (n = 206). Patients received pyronaridine–artesunate once daily for 3 days with follow-up until day 42 for P. falciparum or day 28 for P. vivax. For the primary efficacy analysis, adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) in the per-protocol population at day 42 for P. falciparum malaria was 100% (88/88; 95% CI: 95.9, 100) in northern Myanmar (Kachin State and northern Shan State), and 100% (101/101; 95% CI: 96.4, 100) in southern Myanmar (Tanintharyi Region and Kayin State). Plasmodium falciparum day-3 parasite clearance was observed for 96.9% (190/196) of patients. Mutations in the P. falciparum Kelch propeller domain (K13) were detected in 39.0% (69/177) of isolates: F446I (14.7% [26/177]), R561H (13.0% [23/177]), C580Y (10.2% [18/177]), and P574L (1.1% [2/177]). For P. vivax, the day-28 ACPR was 100% (104/104; 95% CI: 96.5, 100) in northern Myanmar and 100% (97/97; 95% CI: 96.3, 100) in southern Myanmar. Across both P. vivax studies, 100% (206/206) of patients had day-3 parasite clearance. There were no adverse events. Pyronaridine–artesunate had excellent efficacy in Myanmar against P. falciparum and P. vivax and was well tolerated. This study supports the inclusion of pyronaridine–artesunate in national malaria treatment guidelines for Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Thwe Han
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Khin Lin
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Pyin Oo Lwin Township, Myanmar
| | - Zay Yar Han
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Moe Kyaw Myint
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin Oo Lwin Branch), Ministry of Health and Sports, Pyin Oo Lwin Township, Myanmar
| | - Kyin Hla Aye
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Aung Thi
- National Malaria Control Programme, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
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Mathieu LC, Cox H, Early AM, Mok S, Lazrek Y, Paquet JC, Ade MP, Lucchi NW, Grant Q, Udhayakumar V, Alexandre JS, Demar M, Ringwald P, Neafsey DE, Fidock DA, Musset L. Local emergence in Amazonia of Plasmodium falciparum k13 C580Y mutants associated with in vitro artemisinin resistance. eLife 2020; 9:51015. [PMID: 32394893 PMCID: PMC7217694 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimalarial drug resistance has historically arisen through convergent de novo mutations in Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations in Southeast Asia and South America. For the past decade in Southeast Asia, artemisinins, the core component of first-line antimalarial therapies, have experienced delayed parasite clearance associated with several pfk13 mutations, primarily C580Y. We report that mutant pfk13 has emerged independently in Guyana, with genome analysis indicating an evolutionary origin distinct from Southeast Asia. Pfk13 C580Y parasites were observed in 1.6% (14/854) of samples collected in Guyana in 2016-2017. Introducing pfk13 C580Y or R539T mutations by gene editing into local parasites conferred high levels of in vitro artemisinin resistance. In vitro growth competition assays revealed a fitness cost associated with these pfk13 variants, potentially explaining why these resistance alleles have not increased in frequency more quickly in South America. These data place local malaria control efforts at risk in the Guiana Shield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana C Mathieu
- Laboratoire de parasitologie, Centre Nationale de Référence du Paludisme, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for surveillance of antimalarial drug resistance, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.,Ecole Doctorale n°587, Diversités, Santé, et Développement en Amazonie, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Horace Cox
- Ministry of Public Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Angela M Early
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Sachel Mok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Yassamine Lazrek
- Laboratoire de parasitologie, Centre Nationale de Référence du Paludisme, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for surveillance of antimalarial drug resistance, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Jeanne-Celeste Paquet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Maria-Paz Ade
- Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, United States
| | - Naomi W Lucchi
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - Quacy Grant
- Ministry of Public Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Venkatachalam Udhayakumar
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | | | - Magalie Demar
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana.,Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPAT), EA3593, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Pascal Ringwald
- Global Malaria Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Neafsey
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Lise Musset
- Laboratoire de parasitologie, Centre Nationale de Référence du Paludisme, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for surveillance of antimalarial drug resistance, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
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