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Ayuti SR, Khairullah AR, Al-Arif MA, Lamid M, Warsito SH, Moses IB, Hermawan IP, Silaen OSM, Lokapirnasari WP, Aryaloka S, Ferasyi TR, Hasib A, Delima M. Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions. Open Vet J 2024; 14:1313-1329. [PMID: 39055762 PMCID: PMC11268913 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i6.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis, caused by Salmonella species, is one of the most common foodborne illnesses worldwide with an estimated 93.8 million cases and about 155,00 fatalities. In both industrialized and developing nations, Salmonellosis has been reported to be one of the most prevalent foodborne zoonoses and is linked with arrays of illness syndromes such as acute and chronic enteritis, and septicaemia. The two major and most common Salmonella species implicated in both warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals are Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica. To date, more than 2400 S. enterica serovars which affect both humans and animals have been identified. Salmonella is further classified into serotypes based on three primary antigenic determinants: somatic (O), flagella (H), and capsular (K). The capacity of nearly all Salmonella species to infect, multiply, and survive in human host cells with the aid of their pathogenic and virulence arsenals makes them deadly and important public health pathogens. Primarily, food-producing animals such as poultry, swine, cattle, and their products have been identified as important sources of salmonellosis. Additionally, raw fruits and vegetables are among other food types that have been linked to the spread of Salmonella spp. Based on the clinical manifestation of human salmonellosis, Salmonella strains can be categorized as either non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and typhoidal Salmonella. The detection of aseptically collected Salmonella in necropsies, environmental samples, feedstuffs, rectal swabs, and food products serves as the basis for diagnosis. In developing nations, typhoid fever due to Salmonella Typhi typically results in the death of 5%-30% of those affected. The World Health Organization (WHO) calculated that there are between 16 and 17 million typhoid cases worldwide each year, with scaring 600,000 deaths as a result. The contagiousness of a Salmonella outbreak depends on the bacterial strain, serovar, growth environment, and host susceptibility. Risk factors for Salmonella infection include a variety of foods; for example, contaminated chicken, beef, and pork. Globally, there is a growing incidence and emergence of life-threatening clinical cases, especially due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp, including strains exhibiting resistance to important antimicrobials such as beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and third-generation cephalosporins. In extreme cases, especially in situations involving very difficult-to-treat strains, death usually results. The severity of the infections resulting from Salmonella pathogens is dependent on the serovar type, host susceptibility, the type of bacterial strains, and growth environment. This review therefore aims to detail the nomenclature, etiology, history, pathogenesis, reservoir, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, antimicrobial resistance, public health importance, economic impact, treatment, and control of salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Rani Ayuti
- Doctoral Program of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
- Research Center of Aceh Cattle and Local Livestock, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Anam Al-Arif
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mirni Lamid
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sunaryo Hadi Warsito
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | | | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Suhita Aryaloka
- Master Program of Veterinary Agribusiness, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Teuku Reza Ferasyi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
- Center for Tropical Veterinary Studies-One Health Collaboration Center, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Abdullah Hasib
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Mira Delima
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
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Nain Z. High Dose Dexamethasone in Complicated Typhoid Fever: What is the Evidence? Indian J Pediatr 2023; 90:1162. [PMID: 37184716 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-023-04666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zulquar Nain
- Department of Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India.
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Abstract
Several tropical or geographically confined infectious diseases may lead to organ failure requiring management in an intensive care unit (ICU), both in endemic low- and middle-income countries where ICU facilities are increasingly being developed and in (nonendemic) high-income countries through an increase in international travel and migration. The ICU physician must know which of these diseases may be encountered and how to recognize, differentiate, and treat them. The four historically most prevalent "tropical" diseases (malaria, enteric fever, dengue, and rickettsiosis) can present with single or multiple organ failure in a very similar manner, which makes differentiation based solely on clinical signs very difficult. Specific but frequently subtle symptoms should be considered and related to the travel history of the patient, the geographic distribution of these diseases, and the incubation period. In the future, ICU physicians may also be more frequently confronted with rare but frequently lethal diseases, such as Ebola and other viral hemorrhagic fevers, leptospirosis, and yellow fever. No one could have foreseen the worldwide 2019-up to now coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was initially spread by travel too. In addition, the actual pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2 reminds us of the actual and potential threat of (re)-emerging pathogens. If left untreated or when treated with a delay, many travel-related diseases remain an important cause of morbidity and even mortality, even when high-quality critical care is provided. Awareness and a high index of suspicion of these diseases is a key skill for the ICU physicians of today and tomorrow to develop.
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An evaluation of kidney dysfunction as a common symptom of typhoid infection in an endemic country: A rare case study. IDCases 2022; 29:e01580. [PMID: 35942255 PMCID: PMC9356191 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome and encephalopathy are uncommon complications that occurred in typhoid fever. The diagnosis is based on proteinuria finding with nephrotic range value, edema, and hypoalbuminemia. In this study, a 10-year-old boy was diagnosed with encephalopathy typhoid and nephrotic syndrome. The physical examination and urinalysis were conducted with methylprednisolone 60 mg/body surface area and captopril to reduce proteinuria.
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Murillo-Cerda FJ, Martínez-Reséndez MF. Typhoid encephalopathy as a neuropsychiatric manifestation of salmonellosis. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2021; 87:259-260. [PMID: 34794929 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F J Murillo-Cerda
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - M F Martínez-Reséndez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Shahid S, Mahesar M, Ghouri N, Noreen S. A review of clinical profile, complications and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella Typhi isolates in children in Karachi. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:900. [PMID: 34479478 PMCID: PMC8418039 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteric fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A, B, and C. There is an emergence of Typhoid fever caused by extensively drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi strain called XDR S.Typhi. This strain is resistant to recommended first-line antibiotics and cephalosporins. WHO estimated 5274 cases of XDR S.Typhi in Karachi from November 2016 to December 2019. This study aims to determine clinical course, complications and response to treatment of XDR S.Typhi among the pediatric population coming to Indus Hospital. Method We reviewed the records of children who had culture-proven XDR S.Typhi infection at Indus Hospital from July 2017 to December 2018. A pre-designed data abstraction form was used to record information about seasonality, demographic details, clinical features and course, treatment, complications and outcomes of the cases of XDR S.Typhi. Results The records of 680 children were reviewed. The median (IQR) age of the patients was 5 (2–8) years. More than half (n = 391, 57.5%) of the patients were males. The outcomes were recorded in 270 (40%) patients. Out of these, 234 (86.7%) children got cured within 14 days, while a delayed response to antibiotics was noted in 32 (11.9%) children. Seventy-six (29%) children recovered on a combination of meropenem and azithromycin, 72 (27%) got cured on azithromycin alone, while 15 (6%) responded to meropenem alone. Conclusion Our review indicated that children under 5 years of age were affected more with XDR S.Typhi. Azithromycin alone or in combination with meropenem were effective antibiotics for treating XDR S.Typhi in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Shahid
- Department of Pediatrics, The Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Marvi Mahesar
- Indus Hospital Research Centre, The Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nida Ghouri
- Indus Hospital Research Centre, The Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saba Noreen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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Marchello CS, Birkhold M, Crump JA. Complications and mortality of typhoid fever: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect 2020; 81:902-910. [PMID: 33144193 PMCID: PMC7754788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Complications and death are considerable among hospitalized patients with typhoid fever. Case fatality ratio of typhoid fever was higher in Africa compared to Asia. Among studies in Africa, 20% of patients with typhoid intestinal perforation died. Delays in care were correlated with increased typhoid case fatality ratio in Asia.
Objectives Updated estimates of the prevalence of complications and case fatality ratio (CFR) among typhoid fever patients are needed to understand disease burden. Methods Articles published in PubMed and Web of Science from 1 January 1980 through 29 January 2020 were systematically reviewed for hospital or community-based non-surgical studies that used cultures of normally sterile sites, and hospital surgical studies of typhoid intestinal perforation (TIP) with intra- or post-operative findings suggestive of typhoid. Prevalence of 21 pre-selected recognized complications of typhoid fever, crude and median (interquartile range) CFR, and pooled CFR estimates using a random effects meta-analysis were calculated. Results Of 113 study sites, 106 (93.8%) were located in Asia and Africa, and 84 (74.3%) were non-surgical. Among non-surgical studies, 70 (83.3%) were hospital-based. Of 10,355 confirmed typhoid patients, 2,719 (26.3%) had complications. The pooled CFR estimate among non-surgical patients was 0.9% for the Asia region and 5.4% for the Africa region. Delay in care was significantly correlated with increased CFR in Asia (r = 0.84; p<0.01). Among surgical studies, the median CFR of TIP was 15.5% (6.7–24.1%) per study. Conclusions Our findings identify considerable typhoid-associated illness and death that could be averted with prevention measures, including typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Marchello
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Megan Birkhold
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
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High-dose Dexamethasone in a Child With Enteric Encephalopathy Caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:e49-e51. [PMID: 32176188 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Increased antimicrobial resistance to Salmonella species threatens successful treatment of typhoid and other infectious diseases. Consequently, rare complications arising from incompletely treated typhoid could increase in frequency. We describe a case of enteric encephalopathy caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and the utility of adjunct treatment with corticosteroids.
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Chopra P, Bhatia RS, Chopra R. Mild Encephalopathy/Encephalitis with Reversible Splenial Lesion in a Patient with Salmonella typhi Infection: An Unusual Presentation with Excellent Prognosis. Indian J Crit Care Med 2019; 23:584-586. [PMID: 31988550 PMCID: PMC6970213 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild encephalopathy/encephalitis with reversible splenial lesion (MERS) is an uncommon clinicoradiological entity reported mainly in East Asian population. Mild encephalopathy/encephalitis with reversible splenial lesion is characterized by neuropsychiatric manifestations, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of the reversible lesions in the splenium of corpus callosum, and good clinical outcomes. These transient splenial lesions are not specific to a particular condition and have been described mainly in children in various situations including epilepsy or peri-ictal state, antiepileptic drug use, and infectious agents such as influenza virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, and O-157 Escherichia coli. Mild encephalopathy/encephalitis with reversible splenial lesion is an uncommon complication of Salmonella infection and has been described earlier in a child who made excellent clinical recovery. We report a case of Salmonella typhi encephalopathy in a young adult who presented with reversible transient splenial lesions on MRI. The patient recovered without neurological sequelae. Awareness of these lesions is important as these are uncommon findings on MRI and carry excellent prognosis. How to cite this article Chopra P, Bhatia RS, Chopra R. Mild Encephalopathy/Encephalitis with Reversible Splenial Lesion in a Patient with Salmonella typhi Infection: An Unusual Presentation with Excellent Prognosis. Indian J Crit Care Med 2019;23(12):584-586.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Chopra
- Department of Critical Care, Satguru Partap Singh Hospitals, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Rupinder S Bhatia
- Department of Neurology, Satguru Partap Singh Hospitals, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Rahul Chopra
- Department of Radiology, Satguru Partap Singh Hospitals, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Dougan G, Baker S. Salmonella entericaSerovar Typhi and the Pathogenesis of Typhoid Fever. Annu Rev Microbiol 2014; 68:317-36. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-091313-103739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Dougan
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Oxford University, Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
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Panda A, Tatarov I, Masek BJ, Hardick J, Crusan A, Wakefield T, Carroll K, Yang S, Hsieh YH, Lipsky MM, McLeod CG, Levine MM, Rothman RE, Gaydos CA, DeTolla LJ. A rabbit model of non-typhoidal Salmonella bacteremia. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 37:211-20. [PMID: 25033732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacteremia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. In this study, we focused on the development of an animal model of bacteremia induced by non-typhoidal Salmonella. New Zealand White rabbits were inoculated with a human isolate of non-typhoidal Salmonella strain CVD J73 via the intra-peritoneal route. Blood samples were collected at specific time points and at euthanasia from infected rabbits. Additionally, tissue samples from the heart, lungs, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidneys were obtained at euthanasia. All experimentally infected rabbits displayed clinical signs of disease (fever, dehydration, weight loss and lethargy). Tissues collected at necropsy from the animals exhibited histopathological changes indicative of bacteremia. Non-typhoidal Salmonella bacteria were detected in the blood and tissue samples of infected rabbits by microbiological culture and real-time PCR assays. The development of this animal model of bacteremia could prove to be a useful tool for studying how non-typhoidal Salmonella infections disseminate and spread in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Panda
- Program of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Ivan Tatarov
- Program of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Billie Jo Masek
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Justin Hardick
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Annabelle Crusan
- Program of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Teresa Wakefield
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Karen Carroll
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Samuel Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yu-Hsiang Hsieh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael M Lipsky
- Program of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Charles G McLeod
- Program of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Myron M Levine
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Center for Vaccine Development, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Pediatrics, Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Richard E Rothman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Louis J DeTolla
- Program of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Smits HL. Limitations of typhoid fever diagnostics and the need for prevention. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2013; 13:147-9. [PMID: 23477555 DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The study under review evaluated serological tests for typhoid fever against PCR as a reference test. While laboratory testing is essential for the confirmation of this severe disease, the low bacterial load and the low level of specific antibodies in the blood of typhoid patients combined with its acute character make interpretation of laboratory testing cumbersome. Validation of an index test requires good understanding of the diagnostic performance and assay characteristics of the reference test, and criteria and principles for study design and reporting outlined by the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies and the Standards for Reporting Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy should be followed. Described PCR assays for typhoid fever have not been validated against bone marrow culture, the gold standard, and their diagnostic utility remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk L Smits
- KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute/Koninklijk Instituut Voor de Tropen (KIT), Meibergdreef 39, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands.
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