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McMillan C, Dower J, Ikeda I, Marhoffer E. Chronic Pancreatitis Pain Associated With Energy Drink Consumption: A Case Report. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2024; 12:23247096241255806. [PMID: 38779965 PMCID: PMC11119372 DOI: 10.1177/23247096241255806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is commonly associated with heavy alcohol use and cigarette smoking, though many cases of chronic pancreatitis are idiopathic. Energy drink consumption has been on the rise over the last decade, with an adverse health risk profile including gastrointestinal symptoms such as dyspepsia, reflux, and gastritis. There have been several case reports linking energy drink consumption to presentations of acute pancreatitis in adult patients. To our knowledge, the association between energy drinks and episodes of chronic pancreatitis flares has not been well studied. This article explores a case of chronic pancreatitis pain related to excessive energy drink consumption in an adult male patient. This study aims to shed light on energy drinks as a potential etiology of chronic pancreatitis flares, and emphasizes the importance of counseling patients on the potential risks of excessive energy drink consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Dower
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ian Ikeda
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth Marhoffer
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, West Haven VA Medical Center, West Haven, CT, USA
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Costantino A, Maiese A, Lazzari J, Casula C, Turillazzi E, Frati P, Fineschi V. The Dark Side of Energy Drinks: A Comprehensive Review of Their Impact on the Human Body. Nutrients 2023; 15:3922. [PMID: 37764707 PMCID: PMC10535526 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the consumption of energy drinks by young adults and athletes has risen significantly, but concerns have been raised about the potential health risks associated with excessive consumption. These concerns include cardiovascular problems, nervous system disorders, and the potential for addiction. This review aims to examine the reported effects of acute or chronic abuse of energy drinks on human health. The analysis shows a significant prevalence of adverse effects, particularly on the cardiovascular and neurovegetative systems. In particular, the analysis identified nine cases of cardiac arrest, three of which were fatal. The aetiology of these adverse effects is attributed to the inherent neurostimulant properties of these beverages, of which caffeine is the predominant component. A comparison of documented effects in humans with experimental studies in animal models showed an overlap in results. This review highlights the need for greater rigour in the assessment of sudden cardiac death, particularly in young people, as legal substances such as energy drinks may be involved. We propose stricter limits on the consumption of these beverages than for caffeine, based on the evidence found and the data in the literature. This review also calls for the establishment of regulations governing the consumption of these products in view of their potential impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Costantino
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.C.); (A.M.); (J.L.); (C.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Aniello Maiese
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.C.); (A.M.); (J.L.); (C.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Julia Lazzari
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.C.); (A.M.); (J.L.); (C.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Chiara Casula
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.C.); (A.M.); (J.L.); (C.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Emanuela Turillazzi
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.C.); (A.M.); (J.L.); (C.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Paola Frati
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Fineschi
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy;
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Randhawa N, Shah M, Spyratos T. The Pain of Staying Alert: A Case Report and Literature Review on Energy Drink–Induced Acute Pancreatitis. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2022; 10:23247096221104468. [PMID: 35699242 PMCID: PMC9201311 DOI: 10.1177/23247096221104468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy drink consumption has increased over the past decade. It is associated
with several common side effects including diarrhea, heartburn, and dyspepsia.
Energy drinks have been proposed as a rare but potential cause of acute
pancreatitis. This paper investigates a unique case of energy drink–induced
pancreatitis and further explores current literature on this topic. This study
stresses the importance of asking all patients presenting with acute
pancreatitis about their daily energy drink consumption, especially if the cause
is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Misha Shah
- Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
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Uwaifo GI. Beware Energy Drinks: A Case of a Toxic Triad Syndrome in a Diabetic Patient With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Am J Med Sci 2019; 358:304-311. [PMID: 31543103 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Energy drinks are widely used and very popular. They are touted as "harmless" energy boosters for use in professional, recreational and domestic settings. They are typically high in monosaccharides, and caffeine with other assorted products like ginseng. Careful study of the potential risks of their use is nonexistent while rigorous documentation of their touted energy boosting capacity is also meagre. We present the cautionary case of a 46-year-old Caucasian man with well-controlled type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease who developed a toxic triad syndrome of gastritis, hepatitis and pancreatitis within 4 months of commencing daily consumption of 2-3 160z cans of the energy drink Monster Energy. His clinical symptoms and biochemical derangements promptly resolved with stopping the beverage. We discuss the potential risks inherent in unsupervised liberal consumption of energy drinks and the need for both caution and vigilance among clinicians and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel I Uwaifo
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Weight Management, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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Cholecystectomy Following Idiopathic Pancreatitis: How Much to Look for Stones? : Correspondence re Stevens, et al.: How Does Cholecystectomy Influence Recurrence of Idiopathic Acute Pancreatitis? J Gastrointest Surg (2016) 20:1997-2001. J Gastrointest Surg 2017; 21:1196-1197. [PMID: 28510793 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-017-3441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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The role of surgery in the treatment of endoscopic complications. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 30:841-851. [PMID: 27931640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
As the number, diversity, and complexity of endoscopic complications has increased, so too has the number, diversity, and complexity of operative interventions required to treat them. The most common complications of endoscopy in general are bleeding and perforation, but each endoscopic modality has specific nuances of these and other complications. Accordingly, this review considers the surgical complications of endoscopy by location within the gastrointestinal tract, as opposed to by complication types, since there are many complication types that are specific for only one or few locations, such as buried-bumper syndrome after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and since the management of a given complication, such as perforation, may be vastly different in one area than in another area, such as perforations of the esophagus versus the retroperitoneal duodenum versus the intraperitoneal duodenum. It is hoped that this review will provide guidance for gastroenterologists considering a particular procedure, either to assess the risks for surgical complications in preparation for patient counseling, or assist in assessing a patient who seems to be having a severe complication, or to learn what operation might be required to treat a given complication and how that operation might be performed. As with many operations, those for the treatment of endoscopic complications are typically performed only when less invasive, nonoperative strategies fail.
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