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Dunn GA, Nigg JT, Sullivan EL. Neuroinflammation as a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 182:22-34. [PMID: 31103523 PMCID: PMC6855401 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a persistent, and impairing pediatric-onset neurodevelopmental condition. Its high prevalence, and recurrent controversy over its widespread identification and treatment, drive strong interest in its etiology and mechanisms. Emerging evidence for a role for neuroinflammation in ADHD pathophysiology is of great interest. This evidence includes 1) the above-chance comorbidity of ADHD with inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, 2) initial studies indicating an association with ADHD and increased serum cytokines, 3) preliminary evidence from genetic studies demonstrating associations between polymorphisms in genes associated with inflammatory pathways and ADHD, 4) emerging evidence that early life exposure to environmental factors may increase risk for ADHD via an inflammatory mechanism, and 5) mechanistic evidence from animal models of maternal immune activation documenting behavioral and neural outcomes consistent with ADHD. Prenatal exposure to inflammation is associated with changes in offspring brain development including reductions in cortical gray matter volume and the volume of certain cortical areas -parallel to observations associated with ADHD. Alterations in neurotransmitter systems, including the dopaminergic, serotonergic and glutamatergic systems, are observed in ADHD populations. Animal models provide strong evidence that development and function of these neurotransmitters systems are sensitive to exposure to in utero inflammation. In summary, accumulating evidence from human studies and animal models, while still incomplete, support a potential role for neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Confirmation of this association and the underlying mechanisms have become valuable targets for research. If confirmed, such a picture may be important in opening new intervention routes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel T Nigg
- Oregon Health and Science University, United States of America
| | - Elinor L Sullivan
- University of Oregon, United States of America; Oregon Health and Science University, United States of America; Oregon National Primate Research Center, United States of America.
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Butovskaya ML, Butovskaya PR, Vasilyev VA, Sukhodolskaya JM, Fekhredtinova DI, Karelin DV, Fedenok JN, Mabulla AZP, Ryskov AP, Lazebny OE. Serotonergic gene polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR, 5HTR1A, 5HTR2A), and population differences in aggression: traditional (Hadza and Datoga) and industrial (Russians) populations compared. J Physiol Anthropol 2018; 37:10. [PMID: 29661255 PMCID: PMC5902989 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-018-0171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current knowledge on genetic basis of aggressive behavior is still contradictory. This may be due to the fact that the majority of studies targeting associations between candidate genes and aggression are conducted on industrial societies and mainly dealing with various types of psychopathology and disorders. Because of that, our study was carried on healthy adult individuals of both sex (n = 853). Methods Three populations were examined: two traditional (Hadza and Datoga) and one industrial (Russians), and the association of aggression with the following polymorphisms 5-HTTLPR, rs6295 (5HTR1A gene), and rs6311 (5HTR2A gene) were tested. Aggression was measured as total self-ratings on Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Results Distributions of allelic frequencies of 5-HTTLPR and 5HTR1A polymorphisms were significantly different among the three populations. Consequently, the association analyses for these two candidate genes were carried out separately for each population, while for the 5HTR2A polymorphism, it was conducted on the pooled data that made possible to introduce ethnic factor in the ANOVA model. The traditional biometrical approach revealed no sex differences in total aggression in all three samples. The three-way ANOVA (μ + 5-HTTLPR + 5HTR1A + 5HTR2A +ε) with measures of self-reported total aggression as dependent variable revealed significant effect of the second serotonin receptor gene polymorphism for the Hadza sample. For the Datoga, the interaction effect between 5-HTTLPR and 5HTR1A was significant. No significant effects of the used polymorphisms were obtained for Russians. The results of two-way ANOVA with ethnicity and the 5HTR2A polymorphism as main effects and their interactions revealed the highly significant effect of ethnicity, 5HTR2A polymorphism, and their interaction on total aggression. Conclusions Our data provided obvious confirmation for the necessity to consider the population origin, as well as cultural background of tested individuals, while searching for associations between genes and behavior, and demonstrated the role of cultural attitudes towards the use of in-group aggression. Our data partly explained the reasons for disagreement in results of different teams, searching for candidate-gene associations with behavior without considerations of culturally desirable norms. Previous studies suggested that the 5HTR2A gene polymorphism associates with aggression and criminality. Our data extended these findings, demonstrating the role of rs6311 (5HTR2A gene) in aggression in adult healthy men and women from our samples. We found that G-allele carriers were rated higher on total aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L Butovskaya
- Department of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Human Ethology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 32a, Moscow, Russia, 119334. .,Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky Ave. 27-4, Moscow, Russia, 119192. .,Russian State University for the Humanities, Miusskaya Sq. 6, GSP-3, Moscow, Russia, 125993.
| | - Polina R Butovskaya
- Group for Population Immunogenetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina St. 3, Moscow, Russia, 119333
| | - Vasiliy A Vasilyev
- Department of Genome Organization, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 34/5, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Jane M Sukhodolskaya
- Department of Genome Organization, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 34/5, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Dania I Fekhredtinova
- Department of Genome Organization, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 34/5, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Dmitri V Karelin
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Julia N Fedenok
- Department of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Human Ethology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 32a, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Audax Z P Mabulla
- Department of Archaeology and Heritage, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35091, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Alexey P Ryskov
- Department of Genome Organization, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 34/5, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Oleg E Lazebny
- Department of Evolutionary and Developmental Genetics, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 26, Moscow, Russia, 119334
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