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Alshahrani NZ. Predictors of physical activity and public safety perception regarding technology adoption for promoting physical activity in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Prev Med Rep 2024; 43:102753. [PMID: 38798910 PMCID: PMC11127561 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to identify the predictors of levels of physical activity among the residents of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Additionally, it seeks to understand the public's safety perception regarding the adoption of technology for promoting physical activity. Method This is an analytical cross-sectional study using self-administered web-based survey. A stratified sampling technique was used to select participants from adult population in Jeddah and data collection took place from May 2023 to December 2023. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to identify predictors of low-intensity (walking steps) and high-intensity physical activities. Result A total of 462 participated in the study. Gender significantly influenced walking habits, with males more likely to walk than females (AOR = 2.37; 95 % CI: 1.55-3.62; P < 0.001). Smoking status was also a predictor, with smokers more inclined to walk compared to non-smokers (AOR = 2.15; 95 % CI: 1.20-3.82; P = 0.010). High-intensity physical activity strongly correlated with increased walking, especially among those active 3-7 days per week (AOR = 3.03; 95 % CI: 1.91-4.78; P < 0.001). Chronic diseases negatively impacted walking frequency (AOR = 0.57; 95 % CI: 0.34-0.95; P = 0.031). Furthermore, males were likelier to engage in high-intensity activities compared to females (AOR = 1.61; 95 % CI: 1.04-2.50; P = 0.033). Those walking ≥ 10,000 steps weekly were more likely to participate in high-intensity activities (AOR = 3.07; 95 % CI: 1.95-4.82; P < 0.001). Excellent self-rated health was associated with higher participation in such activities (AOR = 2.00; 95 % CI: 1.30-3.06; P = 0.002). Most respondents (84.9 %) felt safe on public walkways, and 78.1 % indicated safety perceptions influenced their walkway use. Technology use was divided, with about half (49.1 %) using apps for tracking physical activity. The majority (90.9 %) supported adding motivational features to the 'Sehhaty' app, and 73.6 % favored financial rewards for walking. However, only 45.5 % believed that public walkways are designed to encourage walking. Conclusion The study highlights significant predictors of physical activity among general population in Jeddah. The study also revealed the impact of safety perceptions and technology use on physical activity, with strong support for motivational features in health apps. However, there is a need for improved design of public walkways to encourage walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najim Z. Alshahrani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Patel J, Ibrahim S, Bhawra J, Khadilkar A, Katapally TR. Association between yoga and related contextual factors with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among children and youth aged 5 to 17 years across five Indian states. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17369. [PMID: 38832045 PMCID: PMC11146328 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity is one of the four key preventable risk factors, along with unhealthy diet, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption, underlying most noncommunicable diseases. Promoting physical activity is particularly important among children and youth, whose active living behaviours often track into adulthood. Incorporating yoga, an ancient practice that originated in India, can be a culturally-appropriate strategy to promote physical activity in India. However, there is little evidence on whether yoga practice is associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) accumulation. Thus, this study aims to understand how yoga practice is associated with MVPA among children and youth in India. Data for this study were obtained during the coronavirus disease lockdown in 2021. Online surveys capturing MVPA, yoga practice, contextual factors, and sociodemographic characteristics, were completed by 5 to 17-year-old children and youth in partnership with 41 schools across 28 urban and rural locations in five states. Linear regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between yoga practice and MVPA. After controlling for age, gender, and location, yoga practice was significantly associated with MVPA among children and youth (β = 0.634, p < 0.000). These findings highlight the value of culturally-appropriate activities such as yoga, to promote physical activity among children and youth. Yoga practice might have a particularly positive impact on physical activity among children and youth across the world, owing to its growing global prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamin Patel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, DEPtH Lab, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheriff Ibrahim
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, DEPtH Lab, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jasmin Bhawra
- Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anuradha Khadilkar
- Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tarun Reddy Katapally
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, DEPtH Lab, London, Ontario, Canada
- Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Children’s Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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Shiferaw KB, Yalew ES, Zemed A, Yitayal MM, Belay GJ, Alie M, Kibret AK, Takele MD, Abich Y, Gashaw M. Prevalence of physical inactivity and associated factors among older adults in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:106. [PMID: 38287268 PMCID: PMC10826078 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-04701-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Older adults are increasing in number in both developed and developing countries. However, as the world's aging population grows, the burden of diseases among older people also increases. Despite this, co-occurring health problems due to physical inactivity in older adults have become a concern, and physical inactivity can be caused by different conditions. As a result, for older adults to have better health outcomes, early diagnosis of physical activity status and prevention of non-communicable diseases are crucial. There is a lack of data on the prevalence and associated factors of physical inactivity among older adults that is scarce in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in the study area, Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of physical inactivity among older adults in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia, in 2022. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1st to June 30th, 2022, in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. The data was collected by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, Volume 2 through face-to-face interviews among 838 participants. Data were entered into Epinfo version 7.1, then exported and analysed using the Statistical Package of Social Science version 25. A binary logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with physical inactivity. The result was considered statistically significant based on an adjusted odds ratio of 95% and a p-value less than 0.05. RESULT The prevalence of physical inactivity was 65.6% (95% CI: 62.1-68.9). Being female (AOR: 3.053, 95% CI:1.487-6.267), age group > = 80 (AOR: 4.082, 95% CI:1.234-13.497), primary school level (AOR: 3.020, 95% CI:1.433-6.367), no formal education (AOR: 8.573, 95% CI:2.843-25.847), unemployed (AOR: 10.273, 95% CI:5.628-18.753), and symptoms of depression (AOR: 7.152, 95% CI: 4.786-17.965) were significantly associated with physical inactivity. CONCLUSION Physical inactivity was relatively high among older adults in Gondar town. Being female, older age, having low levels of education, being unemployed, and having depression symptoms were associated with physical inactivity. We suggest promoting the health benefits of physical activity among females by reducing their burden, older age groups, and unemployed older adults, and avoiding depression among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassaw Belay Shiferaw
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Ermias Solomon Yalew
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Zemed
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melisew Mekie Yitayal
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Jember Belay
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melkamu Alie
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Alemu Kassaw Kibret
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mihret Dejen Takele
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Abich
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Moges Gashaw
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Mendoza-Muñoz M, Castillo-Paredes A, Muñoz-Bermejo L, Pérez-Gómez J, Adsuar JC, Brazo-Sayavera J, Pastor-Cisneros R. A regional Report Card on physical activity in children and adolescents: The case of Extremadura (Spain) in the Global Matrix 4.0. J Exerc Sci Fit 2024; 22:23-30. [PMID: 38021205 PMCID: PMC10679889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objective This study presents the first Report Card from Extremadura (Spain), concerning the 4th edition of Global Matrix (GM), which aimed to provide an assessment of Physical Activity (PA) in children and adolescents based on 10 common indicators defined by GM. Methods This Report Card was developed by 34 experts from 8 public institutions and 5 research groups from Extremadura and audited by the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance (AHKGA). All documents, up to July 2021, were analyzed to grade the 10 indicators according to the benchmarks set out by the AHKGA (scale ranging from A to F). Results Information was reported in 8 of the 10 indicators, only Active Play and Active Transportation were not reported due to a lack of local information. The other 8 indicators were graded as follows: Overall Physical Activity: F; Organized Sport and Physical Activity: D+, Sedentary Behavior: D, Physical Fitness: C+, Family and Peers: A, School: C+, Community and Environment: B, and Government: C-. In addition, some of the indicators were evaluated according to gender; boys scored higher than girls in Overall Physical Activity (D-vs. F); Organized Sport and Physical Activity (C vs. D) and Physical Fitness (C- vs. D+). Conclusion The first Report Card from Extremadura in the GM initiative revealed low compliance with international guidelines on PA and sedentary behavior. Despite high grades for sources of influence, the implemented actions have not been effective yet, and there is no information on Active Play and Active Transportation. These results will allow regional authorities to act at a more local level, as Extremadura's administrative framework allows public administrations and political institutions to act in terms of legislative and budgetary powers among others, which is important for resource allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Mendoza-Muñoz
- Research Group on Physical and Health Literacy and Health-Related Quality of Life (PHYQOL), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Caceres, Spain
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Largo dos Colegiais 2, 7000-645, Évora, Portugal
| | - Antonio Castillo-Paredes
- Grupo Investigación en Actividad Física y Salud Escolar, Escuela de Pedagogía en Educación Física (AFySE), Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, 8370040, Chile
| | - Laura Muñoz-Bermejo
- Social Impact and Innovation in Health (InHEALTH), University Centre of Mérida, University of Extremadura, 06800Merida, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- Health, Economy, Motricity and Education (HEME) Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - José C. Adsuar
- Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group (PheSo), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Caceres, Spain
| | - Javier Brazo-Sayavera
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Raquel Pastor-Cisneros
- Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group (PheSo), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Caceres, Spain
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Zhang T, Liu H, Lu Y, Wang Q. The Nexus of Sports-Based Development and Education of Mental Health and Physical Fitness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3737. [PMID: 36834432 PMCID: PMC9967856 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Physical inactivity has increased globally, particularly in developed nations. A high proportion of the human population is unable to meet the physical activity recommendation of the World Health Organisation due to hypertension, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and other medical conditions. Non-communicable diseases and mental health problems are becoming more prevalent, particularly in low and middle-income nations. This study aimed to determine the effectivenessof a mentorship programmeon university students' mental health and physical fitness. The intervention comprised the effects of sports-based development and education on physical fitness and mental health. A total of 196 and 234 students from two universities were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups, respectively. The primary outcomes were engagement in physical activities (number of push-ups for 1 min, the strength of hand grip (kg), and the Jump test while standing (cm)), body fat proportion and psychological resilience, self-efficacy, and relationship with family and schoolmates. Participants in the control group had access to a web-based health education game, whereas the intervention group wassubjected to intensive interventional activities for one month based on the eight principles of the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to compare the physical and mental components between the intervention and control groups. Relative to baseline, all the physical health components (push-ups, sit-ups, and jump tests), psychological resilience, relationship with family members, and self-efficacy increased significantly in the intervention compared to the control group. Body fat composition was significantly reduced in the intervention when compared tothe control group. In conclusion, the mentorship programme effectively improved the participants' physical and psychological health and could be developed further for application in a larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Zhang
- Sports Ministry, Henan University of Economics and Law, Zhengzhou 450011, China
| | - Huarong Liu
- School of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Sports Teaching and Research Section, Wuhan University of Communications, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Qinglei Wang
- Faculty of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Zhao X, Hu F. Effect of telling older adults their predictive physical fitness age on physical activity: A quasi-experimental study. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e2940-e2949. [PMID: 35083807 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity plays an essential role in preventing diseases and improving overall health. Promoting physical activity has become an important intervention against low physical fitness and chronic diseases in older adults. This study aimed to determine whether telling older people their predictive physical fitness age prompts physical activity. Two hundred and fifty-three older Chinese people were assigned single-blindly to either an intervention group (n = 140) or control group (n = 113) in this quasi-experimental study. Participants in the intervention group were informed of the predictive physical fitness age and taught the difference from their chronological age while participants in the control group were not. Participants in both groups were encouraged to get more physical activities each day. The primary outcome was physical activity, and the secondary outcome was the change in physical fitness age. Results showed that for older adults with low physical fitness, all physical activity parameters (vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity, walking, total physical activity and sitting) showed a significant difference between intervention and control groups after 2 and 12 weeks (p < 0.05). Moreover, physical fitness age was improved remarkably after 12 weeks compared to the control group (73.57 ± 5.75 vs. 66.85 ± 6.33 years, p < 0.05). For older adults with normal physical fitness, a remarkable difference was observed in moderate physical activity, total physical activity, and sitting between intervention and control groups after 2 weeks (p < 0.05), but the difference disappeared after 12 weeks. For older adults with high physical fitness, no significant changes were found between groups (p > 0.05). The findings suggest that telling older people their predictive physical fitness age can become a viable motivational tool to promote physical activity especially for those with low physical fitness, thereby improving their physical fitness age and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Zhao
- Department of Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Hu
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
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BMI, Body Image, and Quality of Life—Moderating Role of Physical Activity. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12147061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Body mass index (BMI) and body image (BI) are constructs worth examining in the context of physical activity (PA), and they are both related to quality of life (QoL). PA, BMI, and BI should all be considered as associated parameters, and their effect on QoL should be examined and understood. This study aimed to determine the moderating role of PA in the relationship of BMI and BI with QoL. The sample of examinees consisted of 500 respondents (307 women; aged 39 ± 6 years). A physical activity self-evaluation questionnaire (IPAQ-SF) was used to estimate PA; BI was evaluated by using the Body Image Dimensional Assessment (BIDA) questionnaire, while QoL was determined with the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. The results showed that vigorous PA moderates the relationship between BMI and social relationships in adults (Sig. = 0.000). Walking and vigorous PA affect the relationship between BMI and environmental health (Sig. = 0.017 and Sig. = 0.049, respectively). Both walking (Sig. = 0.035) and moderate PA (Sig. = 0.032) alternate the relationships between BI and social relationships. Walking (Sig. = 0.000) and vigorous PA (Sig. = 0.016) moderate the relationship between BI and environmental health. The influence of PA on the moderation of the relationship of BMI and BI with physical and psychological health in the working population was not statistically significant.
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Why Do We Harm the Environment or Our Personal Health despite Better Knowledge? The Knowledge Action Gap in Healthy and Climate-Friendly Behavior. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132313361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, or depression, result from an interplay of physiological, genetic, behavioral, and environmental aspects. Together with climate change, they are arguably among the most significant challenges mankind faces in the 21st century. Additionally, the bidirectional influences of climate change and health on each other are undisputed. Behavioral changes could curb both climate change and the spread of non-communicable diseases. Much effort has been put into information campaigns in both fields, but success has been limited. In the following, the knowledge action gap is compared and analyzed in healthy and climate-friendly behavior from a practical point of view and the supporting theoretical models are highlighted. The analysis shows that self-efficacy plays an essential role in both areas of research for effecting behavioral changes. The models of ‘Planned Behavior’ and ‘Stages of Change’ seems helpful and can be applied and adapted to explain behavioral changes in health and climate changes settings. We compared two previously unrelated research fields to uncover new avenues for further study and stimulate fruitful transdisciplinary discussion. Future directions on how behavioral medicine and climate change research can learn from each other are discussed.
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Palma-Leal X, Rodríguez-Rodríguez F, Campos-Garzón P, Castillo-Paredes A, Chillón P. New Self-Report Measures of Commuting Behaviors to University and Their Association with Sociodemographic Characteristics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312557. [PMID: 34886286 PMCID: PMC8657066 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Active commuting provides an opportunity for increased physical activity levels by a simple, inexpensive, and easy way to be incorporated in daily routines and could be considered a steppingstone for achieving a sustainable society since it provides physical, psychological, environmental, and economic benefits. Objective: (a) to describe the commuting patterns to and from university in students regarding gender, (b) to provide new self-report variables to measure the active commuting behavior, and (c) to examine the sociodemographic characteristics associated with commuting behaviors. Material and Methods: A total of 1257 university students (52.4% females) participated (22.4 ± 5.6 years old) from three Chilean universities located in different cities. Results: 56.1% of women and 42.0% men use public bus to and from university. The commuting energy expenditure was higher in active commuting followed by public and private modes of commuting (p < 0.001). The most active commuters were those older (men: OR = 3.637; 95% CI = 1.63, 8.10; women: OR = 8.841; 95% CI = 3.94, 13.78), those who lived in university residence (men: OR = 12.432; 95% CI = 4.39, 35.19; women: OR = 3.952; 95% CI = 1.31, 11.85), belonged to low socioeconomic level (men: OR = 3.820; 95% CI = 1.43, 10.18; women: OR = 4.936; 95% CI = 1.63, 14.90), and to public universities (men: OR = 26.757; 95% CI = 10.63, 67.34; women: OR = 8.029; 95% CI = 3.00, 21.48). Conclusion: The sociodemographic characteristics may influence in the mode of commuting to university. New variables of commuting behaviors may be efficient to quantify the physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Palma-Leal
- PROFITH Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (X.P.-L.); (P.C.-G.)
- IRyS Group, School of Physical Education, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar 2340000, Chile;
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- IRyS Group, School of Physical Education, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar 2340000, Chile;
| | - Pablo Campos-Garzón
- PROFITH Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (X.P.-L.); (P.C.-G.)
| | - Antonio Castillo-Paredes
- Grupo AFySE, Investigación en Actividad Física y Salud Escolar, Escuela de Pedagogía en Educación Física, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago 8370035, Chile;
| | - Palma Chillón
- PROFITH Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (X.P.-L.); (P.C.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-600-706-999
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