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Serrano Heredia SM, Sánchez-Martín J, Romero Gil V, Arroyo-López FN, Benítez-Cabello A, Carrasco Jiménez E, Valero Díaz A. Tracking Microbial Diversity and Hygienic-Sanitary Status during Processing of Farmed Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Foods 2023; 12:3718. [PMID: 37893611 PMCID: PMC10606590 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is becoming a strategic sector for many national economies to supply the increasing demand for fish from consumers. Fish culture conditions and processing operations can lead to an increase in microbial contamination of farmed fish that may shorten the shelf-life of fish products and byproducts, and ready-to-eat fishery products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary status of water, environment, and processing of fresh-farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets produced in a local fish farm in Andalusia, Spain. To achieve this, a longitudinal study was carried out by collecting environmental (air and food-contact surfaces), water from fish ponds, and rainbow trout samples. Thereby, seven sampling visits were performed between February 2021 and July 2022, where foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms, together with physicochemical parameters, were analysed in the collected samples. Further, microbial identification of microbiota was achieved through a culture-dependent technique using blast analysis of 16S RNA gene sequencing. The results showed that Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella were not detected in the analysed samples. Regarding the hygienic-sanitary status of the fish farm, the slaughtering bath, the eviscerating machine and the outlet water from fish ponds presented the highest counts of coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae, and Aerobic Mesophilic Bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus and sulphite-reducing Clostridium were identified in the conveyor belts, fish flesh, and viscera. The 16S RNA identification confirmed the presence of viable spoilage bacteria such as Citrobacter gillenii, Macrococcus caseolyticus, Hafnia paralvei, Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus cremoris, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Morganella morganii, and Shewanella. Three of these genera (Citrobacter, Hafnia, and Pseudomonas) were present in all types of samples analysed. The results evidenced potential transmission of microbial contamination from contaminated packaging belts and boxes, evisceration and filleting machines to flesh and viscera samples, thus the establishment of control measures should be implemented in fish farm facilities to extend the shelf-life of farmed fishery products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salud María Serrano Heredia
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.M.S.H.); (J.S.-M.); (V.R.G.); (A.V.D.)
| | - Javier Sánchez-Martín
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.M.S.H.); (J.S.-M.); (V.R.G.); (A.V.D.)
| | - Verónica Romero Gil
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.M.S.H.); (J.S.-M.); (V.R.G.); (A.V.D.)
| | - Francisco Noé Arroyo-López
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), C\Utrera Km 1, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, 41013 Seville, Spain; (F.N.A.-L.); (A.B.-C.)
| | - Antonio Benítez-Cabello
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), C\Utrera Km 1, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, 41013 Seville, Spain; (F.N.A.-L.); (A.B.-C.)
| | - Elena Carrasco Jiménez
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.M.S.H.); (J.S.-M.); (V.R.G.); (A.V.D.)
| | - Antonio Valero Díaz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.M.S.H.); (J.S.-M.); (V.R.G.); (A.V.D.)
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Oberlé K, Bouju-Albert A, Helsens N, Pangga G, Prevost H, Magras C, Calvez S. No evidence for a relationship between farm or transformation process locations and antibiotic resistance patterns of Pseudomonas population associated with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1738-1750. [PMID: 34719087 PMCID: PMC9299046 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Study the relationship between antibiotic resistance patterns of Pseudomonas isolated from farmed rainbow trout fillets and farm or transformation process locations. METHODS AND RESULTS Pseudomonas strains were isolated from rainbow trout sampled in two differently located farms and filleted in laboratory or in a processing factory. One hundred and twenty-five isolates were confirmed as belonging to Pseudomonas using CFC selective media, Gram staining, oxidase test and quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods. Fifty-one isolates from separate fish fillets were further identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 11 antibiotics were also determined by microdilution method. Most of the isolates belonged to the Pseudomonas fluorescens group (94.1%), and no relationship was established between antibiotic resistance patterns and sampling locations (farms or filleting areas). Multiple resistance isolates with high MIC values (from 64 µg ml-1 to more than 1024 µg ml-1 ) were identified. CONCLUSIONS Antibiotic resistance patterns found in Pseudomonas isolates were not influenced by farms or transformation process locations. Seven isolates were found highly resistant to four different antibiotic classes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study does not provide evidence of a relationship between farm or transformation process locations on antibiotic resistance patterns of Pseudomonas population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicolas Helsens
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes, France.,INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, Nantes, France
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Córdoba M, Jordano R, Córdoba J. Microbial hazards analysis in commercial processing of prepared and frozen hake fish fingers Análisis de los riesgos microbiológicos durante el proceso de elaboración de varitas de merluza. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/108201320000600405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbiological hazards were evaluated during processing of prepared and frozen hake fish fingers. Microbiological analyses of the pre-elaborated product, surfaces of equipment, and food handlers in the different steps of the process were performed. Both raw materials, hake and flour, were the main sources of microbial contamination. During the manufacturing process Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus were detected. The frying step followed in the commercial processing, with a duration of 1-2 min at an oil temperature of 180 °C, appeared to be ineffective for removing the microbiological hazards. Increases in oil temperature and time of frying to 200°C and 3 min, respec tively, provoked an effective reduction of previous microbial hazards. This should be considered in the implementation of HACCP programs in the commercial processing of fish fingers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.G. Córdoba
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - R. Jordano
- Departamento de Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimento, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - J.J. Córdoba
- Higiene y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria de Cáceres, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
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Tatiana PR, Eliane TM, Robson MF, Pereira Mello Silvia CCAOR, Ivone CS, Natalia OCZ, Monica QDF. Quality index method (QIM) and quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) quality indices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/ajar2015.9565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Terentjeva M, Eizenberga I, Valciņa O, Novoslavskij A, Strazdiņa V, Bērziņš A. Prevalence of Foodborne Pathogens in Freshwater Fish in Latvia. J Food Prot 2015; 78:2093-8. [PMID: 26555535 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Yersinia enterocolitica in freshwater fish in Latvia. In total, 235 samples, including freshly caught fish from fives lakes (n = 129) and fish from retail markets (n = 106), were collected from April 2014 to December 2014 in Latvia. Samples were tested according to International Organization for Standardization methods. No Salmonella spp. were found in fresh fish from lakes or in commercially available fish. In contrast, the overall prevalence of L. monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica in freshwater fish was 13% (30 of 235) and 14% (34 of 235), respectively, and no significant difference between the prevalence of L. monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica was observed (P > 0.05). All Y. enterocolitica isolates belonged to the nonpathogenic 1A biotype. Molecular serotyping of L. monocytogenes revealed that the most distributed serogroup was 1/2a-3a (65%), followed by 1/2c-3c (25%), 1/2b-3b (5%), and 4b, 4d, 4e (5%). The prevalence of L. monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica in freshwater lake fish was 2% (2 of 129) and 3% (4 of 129), respectively. In contrast, the prevalence of L. monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica in fish at retail markets was 26% (28 of 106) and 28% (30 of 106), respectively. In retail samples, 9 of 58 positive fish contained both L. monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica. In general, differences in the prevalences of L. monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica in retail samples were significantly higher than those in freshly caught fish (P < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that freshwater fish could be an important source of Y. enterocolitica and L. monocytogenes for consumers in Latvia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Terentjeva
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Agriculture, K. Helmaņa iela 8, LV-3004, Jelgava, Latvia.
| | - Inga Eizenberga
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Agriculture, K. Helmaņa iela 8, LV-3004, Jelgava, Latvia; Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, BIOR, Lejupes iela 3, Rīga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Olga Valciņa
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, BIOR, Lejupes iela 3, Rīga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Aleksandr Novoslavskij
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Veterinary Academy, TilŽės Street 18, 47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vita Strazdiņa
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, BIOR, Lejupes iela 3, Rīga, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Aivars Bērziņš
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Agriculture, K. Helmaņa iela 8, LV-3004, Jelgava, Latvia. Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, BIOR, Lejupes iela 3, Rīga, LV-1076, Latvia
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Scientific Opinion on the minimum hygiene criteria to be applied to clean seawater and on the public health risks and hygiene criteria for bottled seawater intended for domestic use. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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McCoy E, Morrison J, Cook V, Johnston J, Eblen D, Guo C. Foodborne agents associated with the consumption of aquaculture catfish. J Food Prot 2011; 74:500-16. [PMID: 21375890 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act (Farm Bill) of 2008, Congress amended the Federal Meat Inspection Act to provide that catfish be inspected by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). As part of the development of its inspection program, the FSIS conducted an assessment of the food safety risk associated with consuming farm-raised catfish. To thoroughly identify hazards for consideration in the risk assessment, the scientific literature was surveyed for all potential agents that have been linked to illness associated with farm-raised catfish consumption. A review of microbial hazards suggested that Salmonella is the foodborne pathogen most likely to be associated with catfish, but the impact of other pathogens remains unclear. This review also summarizes the current data available on chemical residues in catfish, including pesticides and heavy metals, and any regulatory levels that have been established for these compounds. The current usage of veterinary drugs in aquaculture also is outlined, including information on unapproved usage of drugs in catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica McCoy
- Risk Assessment Division, Office of Public Health Science, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, 1400 Independence Avenue S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-3700, USA
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Food Safety considerations of animal welfare aspects of husbandry systems for farmed fish - Scientific opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Gaertner J, Wheeler PE, Obafemi S, Valdez J, Forstner MRJ, Bonner TH, Hahn D. Detection of salmonellae from fish in a natural river system. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2008; 20:150-157. [PMID: 18942591 DOI: 10.1577/h07-045.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sediment, water, and fish gut samples taken at three sites near the headwaters of the San Marcos River, Texas, were analyzed for salmonellae Salmonella spp. by culture and molecular techniques. While enrichment cultures from sediment and water samples from the two uppermost sites were negative for salmonellae in polymerase chain reaction analyses, both sediment and water samples were positive at the downstream site. At all sites, salmonellae were present in the guts of different fishes (e.g., largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, common carp Cyprinus carpio, and suckermouth catfish Hypostomus plecostomus). The highest percentage of detection (33% of analyzed fish) occurred at the downstream site, whereas detection percentages at the upper two sites were 18% and 17%. Detection of salmonellae was usually limited to one segment of the gut (i.e., upper or lower part). Serovars were highly variable among individuals and differed between the upper and lower gut in the only individual (a common carp) that had salmonellae in both gut segments. In situ hybridization demonstrated that salmonellae were normally associated with particulate material in the gut and occurred in highly variable numbers ranging from an occasional organism to a majority of the gut microbe population. These results demonstrate the presence of different serovars of potentially human pathogenic salmonellae among four ecologically distinct fishes within natural environments. They also suggest that salmonellae are not components of the indigenous microbial community in fish intestines but rather are ingested with particulate material.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gaertner
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, Texas 78666, USA
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González-Rodríguez MN, Sanz JJ, Santos JA, Otero A, García-López ML. Foodborne pathogenic bacteria in prepackaged fresh retail portions of farmed rainbow trout and salmon stored at 3 degrees C. Int J Food Microbiol 2002; 76:135-41. [PMID: 12038570 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Twelve lots of fresh unskinned fillets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and 10 lots of fresh sliced salmon (Salmo salar) prepacked in trays wrapped with an oxygen-permeable film were obtained immediately after packing from two supermarkets having in-plant facilities for packaging wet fish. During storage at 3 degrees C, Listeria innocua was detected in eight lots of trout fillets after 4 days storage. L. monocytogenes was recovered from a single lot also contaminated with L. innocua. Initial numbers of aeromonads were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in trout fillets (3.35 +/- 0.62 log cfu g(-1)) than in salmon slices (4.20 +/- 0.89 log cfu g(-1)). In both fish products, these bacteria significantly (p < 0.05) increased up until spoilage. Most Aeromonas spp. isolates from trout fillets were assigned to A. veronii biovar sobria HG8 (hybridisation group 8), A. caviae HG4, A. eucrenophila HG6, A. hydrophila HG1 and A. veronii biovar veronii HG10. Strains of HG12 (A. schubertii), HG4 and HG8 formed the majority of aeromonads recovered from salmon slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N González-Rodríguez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, Spain
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Savvaidis IN, Skandamis P, Riganakos KA, Panagiotakis N, Kontominas MG. Control of natural microbial flora and Listeria monocytogenes in vacuum-packaged trout at 4 and 10 degrees C using irradiation. J Food Prot 2002; 65:515-22. [PMID: 11899050 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-65.3.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of gamma irradiation on the natural microflora of whole salted vacuum-packaged trout at 4 and 10 degrees C was studied. In addition, the effectiveness of gamma irradiation in controlling Listeria monocytogenes inoculated into trout was investigated. Irradiation at doses of 0.5 and 2 kGy affected populations of bacteria, namely, Pseudomonas spp., Brochothrix thermosfacta, lactic acid bacteria, H2S-producing bacteria typical of Shewanella putrefaciens, and Enterobacteriaceae, at both 4 and 10 degrees C. This effect was more pronounced at the higher dose (2 kGy) and the lower temperature (4 degrees C). Pseudomonads, H2S-producing bacteria typical of S. putrefaciens, and Enterobacteriaceae showed higher sensitivity to gamma irradiation than did the rest of the microbial species. Sensory evaluation did not show a good correlation with bacterial populations. On the basis of sensory odor scores, a shelf life of 28 days (2 kGy, 4 degrees C) was obtained for salted vacuum-packaged freshwater trout, compared with a shelf life of 7 days for the unirradiated sample. Under the same conditions, the growth of L. monocytogenes inoculated into the samples was suppressed by 2 log cycles after irradiation (2 kGy) and storage for up to 18 days at 4 degrees C.
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Nedoluha PC, Owens S, Russek-Cohen E, Westhoff DC. Effect of sampling method on the representative recovery of microorganisms from the surfaces of aquacultured finfish. J Food Prot 2001; 64:1515-20. [PMID: 11601699 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.10.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if a gentle rinse procedure was equivalent to the combination of excision and homogenization with a stomacher for the relative removal of various microorganisms from finfish fillets. Fillets of hybrid striped bass and rainbow trout were obtained from local markets and sampled using three methods: rinse (R), excision followed by homogenization in a stomacher (S), and homogenization of fillets following a rinse (RS). Microorganisms were enumerated on selective and nonselective media, and randomly selected colonies from aerobic plate counts were identified using MIDI Sherlock and BIOLOG microbial identification systems. Enrichments and selective media were used for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Yersinia enterocolitica. This study confirms previous reports that stomaching is superior to rinsing for enumerating total microbial populations from fish fillets. Rinsing was more effective for rainbow trout than for striped bass. Sampling method did not affect the relative magnitude of plate counts on media selective for aeromonads, pseudomonads, Shewanella, lactic acid bacteria, enterics, and gram-positive cocci. In the compositional analysis of random isolates, R recovered significantly lower fractions of aeromonads than did S or RS, but sampling method did not affect the percent recovery of lactic acid bacteria, pseudomonads, Shewanella, Moraxellaceae, or Cytophaga/Flavobacterium. However, observations suggest that with increased replication, differences among Moraxellaceae, Pseudomonas, and gram positives might be significant. Only one L. monocytogenes colony was isolated, and no Salmonella or Y. enterocolitica, so the effect of sampling method could not be determined for these organisms. Differences in predominant bacterial populations were seen between fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Nedoluha
- University of Maryland, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, College Park 20770, USA
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Quality Comparison of Aquacultured Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) Fillets with Other Aquacultured Fish Fillets Using Subjective and Objective Sensorial Traits. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2000. [DOI: 10.1300/j030v09n01_06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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