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Pogreba-Brown K, Boyd K, Schaefer K, Austhof E, Armstrong A, Owusu-Dommey A, Villa-Zapata L, Arora M, McClelland JD, Hoffman S. Complications Associated with Foodborne Listeriosis: A Scoping Review. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:725-743. [PMID: 36367547 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a relatively rare but highly pathogenic bacterium that can cause foodborne infections. In the United States there are ∼1600 cases per year, 94% of which result in hospitalizations and 20% in deaths. Per-case burden is high because the disease also causes serious complications, including sepsis, encephalitis, meningitis, miscarriage, and stillbirth. The disease burden of L. monocytogenes is underestimated because some of these acute complications can also result in long-term outcomes. In this article, we conducted a scoping review of L. monocytogenes complications and longer term outcomes from articles published between 2000 and 2018. Search terms were developed for four major databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase) as well as gray literature and hand searches of review articles. We follow standard scoping review methodology and assessment. Out of 10,618 unique articles originally identified, 115 articles were included, representing 49 unique outcomes. The majority of studies were cohort designs (n = 67) and conducted in the United States or Europe (n = 98). Four major outcome groupings were death, neurological disorders, sepsis, and congenital infection. This study identifies substantial research on the common acute complications of L. monocytogenes and few long-term consequences of L. monocytogenes. We identify the need for additional studies to determine the longer term impacts of these acute complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Pogreba-Brown
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kylie Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kenzie Schaefer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Erika Austhof
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexandra Armstrong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ama Owusu-Dommey
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Mona Arora
- Department of Community, Environment and Policy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jean D McClelland
- Arizona Health Sciences Library, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Sandra Hoffman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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2
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Siqueira de Queiroz Simões R, Rodríguez-Lázaro D. Enteric viruses in food safety: New threats for an old problem. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2022; 100:265-286. [PMID: 35659354 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne diseases are one of the most serious concerns in public health. It is estimated that around 600 million cases of gastroenteritis occur worldwide each year. At present, more than 200 food-borne diseases are known, which can cause from mild gastroenteritis to syndromes with a fatal outcome, with the added possibility of chronic complications. One of the major etiological agents in foodborne diseases are the food and waterborne viruses, which are attracting a great deal of attention to researchers, food hygienists and policy makers. Several aspects differentiate these pathogens from foodborne pathogenic bacteria: their high capacity for infection and preservation in food environments, and their difficulty for a correct and sensitive detection. In recent years, different initiatives have been carried out to prioritize research in the area of viruses in food, prioritizing different aspects of their detection, epidemiology and control. There is clear evidence that the existing data on their prevalence may be underestimated due to the lack of robust methods for their sensitive detection. It is also necessary to know exactly what the incidence is in the different stages of the food production chain, and particularly in that which is dedicated to the transformation of products of animal origin. Finally, it is also necessary to calibrate the current disinfection procedures in the food industry in order to reliably establish a quantitative evaluation of the viral risk in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Siqueira de Queiroz Simões
- Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals, Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Microbiology Division, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain; Research Centre for Emerging Pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Microbiology Division, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain; Research Centre for Emerging Pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain.
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3
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Wang H, Cui W, Guo Y, Du Y, Zhou Y. Machine Learning Prediction of Foodborne Disease Pathogens: Algorithm Development and Validation Study. JMIR Med Inform 2021; 9:e24924. [PMID: 33496675 PMCID: PMC7872834 DOI: 10.2196/24924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Foodborne diseases, as a type of disease with a high global incidence, place a heavy burden on public health and social economy. Foodborne pathogens, as the main factor of foodborne diseases, play an important role in the treatment and prevention of foodborne diseases; however, foodborne diseases caused by different pathogens lack specificity in clinical features, and there is a low proportion of clinically actual pathogen detection in real life. Objective We aimed to analyze foodborne disease case data, select appropriate features based on analysis results, and use machine learning methods to classify foodborne disease pathogens to predict foodborne disease pathogens that have not been tested. Methods We extracted features such as space, time, and exposed food from foodborne disease case data and analyzed the relationship between these features and the foodborne disease pathogens using a variety of machine learning methods to classify foodborne disease pathogens. We compared the results of 4 models to obtain the pathogen prediction model with the highest accuracy. Results The gradient boost decision tree model obtained the highest accuracy, with accuracy approaching 69% in identifying 4 pathogens including Salmonella, Norovirus, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. By evaluating the importance of features such as time of illness, geographical longitude and latitude, and diarrhea frequency, we found that they play important roles in classifying the foodborne disease pathogens. Conclusions Data analysis can reflect the distribution of some features of foodborne diseases and the relationship among the features. The classification of pathogens based on the analysis results and machine learning methods can provide beneficial support for clinical auxiliary diagnosis and treatment of foodborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxue Wang
- Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Cui
- Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunchang Guo
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Du
- Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanchun Zhou
- Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences University, Beijing, China
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4
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Hedman HD, Varga C, Duquette J, Novakofski J, Mateus-Pinilla NE. Food Safety Considerations Related to the Consumption and Handling of Game Meat in North America. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040188. [PMID: 33255599 PMCID: PMC7712377 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging foodborne pathogens present a threat to public health. It is now recognized that several foodborne pathogens originate from wildlife as demonstrated by recent global disease outbreaks. Zoonotic spillover events are closely related to the ubiquity of parasitic, bacterial, and viral pathogens present within human and animal populations and their surrounding environment. Foodborne diseases have economic and international trade impacts, incentivizing effective wildlife disease management. In North America, there are no food safety standards for handling and consumption of free-ranging game meat. Game meat consumption continues to rise in North America; however, this growing practice could place recreational hunters and game meat consumers at increased risk of foodborne diseases. Recreational hunters should follow effective game meat food hygiene practices from harvest to storage and consumption. Here, we provide a synthesis review that evaluates the ecological and epidemiological drivers of foodborne disease risk in North American hunter populations that are associated with the harvest and consumption of terrestrial mammal game meat. We anticipate this work could serve as a foundation of preventive measures that mitigate foodborne disease transmission between free-ranging mammalian and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden D. Hedman
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA; (H.D.H.); (J.N.)
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Jared Duquette
- Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife Resources; Champaign, IL 62702, USA;
| | - Jan Novakofski
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA; (H.D.H.); (J.N.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nohra E. Mateus-Pinilla
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA; (H.D.H.); (J.N.)
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:
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5
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Berry ED, Wells JE, Durso LM, Friesen KM, Bono JL, Suslow TV. Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Pest Flies Captured in Leafy Greens Plots Grown Near a Beef Cattle Feedlot. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1300-1307. [PMID: 31310171 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Leafy greens are leading vehicles for Escherichia coli O157:H7 foodborne illness. Pest flies can harbor this pathogen and may disseminate it to produce. We determined the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7-positive flies in leafy greens planted up to 180 m from a cattle feedlot and assessed their relative risk to transmit this pathogen to leafy greens. The primary fly groups captured on sticky traps at the feedlot and leafy greens plots included house flies (Musca domestica L.), face flies (Musca autumnalis L.), stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.), flesh flies (family Sarcophagidae), and blow flies (family Calliphoridae). E. coli O157:H7 carriage rates of house, face, flesh, and blow flies were similar (P > 0.05), ranging from 22.3 to 29.0 flies per 1,000 flies. In contrast, the carriage rate of stable flies was lower at 1.1 flies per 1,000 flies (P < 0.05). Differences in carriage rates are likely due to the uses of fresh bovine feces and manure by these different pest fly groups. E. coli O157:H7 carriage rates of total flies did not differ (P > 0.05) by distance (ranging from 0 to 180 m) from the feedlot. Most fly isolates were the same predominant pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types found in feedlot surface manure and leafy greens, suggesting a possible role for flies in transmitting E. coli O157:H7 to the leafy greens. However, further research is needed to clarify this role and to determine set-back distances between cattle production facilities and produce crops that will reduce the risk for pathogen contamination by challenging mechanisms like flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine D Berry
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933
| | - James E Wells
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933
| | - Lisa M Durso
- 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Agroecosystem Management Unit, 251 Filley Hall, UNL East Campus, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - Kristina M Friesen
- 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Agroecosystem Management Unit, 251 Filley Hall, UNL East Campus, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - James L Bono
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933
| | - Trevor V Suslow
- 3 Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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6
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Li Y, Fan P, Zhou S, Zhang L. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): A novel rapid detection platform for pathogens. Microb Pathog 2017; 107:54-61. [PMID: 28323152 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne bacterial infections and diseases have been considered to be a major threat for public health in the worldwide. Increased incidence of human diseases caused by foodborne pathogens have been correlated with growing world population and mobility. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has been regarded as an innovative gene amplification technology and emerged as an alternative to PCR-based methodologies in both clinical laboratory and food safety testing. Nowadays, LAMP has been applied to detection and identification on pathogens from microbial diseases, as it showed significant advantage in high sensitivity, specificity and rapidity. The high sensitivity of LAMP enables detection of the pathogens in sample materials even without time consuming sample preparation. An overview of LAMP mainly containing the development history, reaction principle and its application to four kind of foodborne pathogens detection are presented in this paper. As concluded, with the advantages of rapidity, simplicity, sensitivity, specificity and robustness, LAMP is capable of applications for clinical diagnosis as well as surveillance of infection diseases. Moreover, the main purpose of this paper is to provide theoretical basis for the clinical application of LAMP technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Li
- Department of Haematology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, PR China.
| | - Penghui Fan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Shishui Zhou
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, 382 Zhonghuan Road East, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Haematology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, PR China.
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7
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A novel visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay targeting gene62181533 for the detection of Salmonella spp. in foods. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Szabo K, Trojnar E, Anheyer-Behmenburg H, Binder A, Schotte U, Ellerbroek L, Klein G, Johne R. Detection of hepatitis E virus RNA in raw sausages and liver sausages from retail in Germany using an optimized method. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 215:149-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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9
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Williams MS, Golden NJ, Ebel ED, Crarey ET, Tate HP. Temporal patterns of Campylobacter contamination on chicken and their relationship to campylobacteriosis cases in the United States. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 208:114-21. [PMID: 26065728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The proportion of Campylobacter contaminated food and water samples collected by different surveillance systems often exhibit seasonal patterns. In addition, the incidence of foodborne campylobacteriosis also tends to exhibit strong seasonal patterns. Of the various product classes, the occurrence of Campylobacter contamination can be high on raw poultry products, and chicken is often thought to be one of the leading food vehicles for campylobacteriosis. Two different federal agencies in the United States collected samples of raw chicken products and tested them for the presence of Campylobacter. During the same time period, a consortium of federal and state agencies operated a nationwide surveillance system to monitor cases of campylobacteriosis in the United States. This study uses a common modeling approach to estimate trends and seasonal patterns in both the proportion of raw chicken product samples that test positive for Campylobacter and cases of campylobacteriosis. The results generally support the hypothesis of a weak seasonal increase in the proportion of Campylobacter positive chicken samples in the summer months, though the number of Campylobacter on test-positive samples is slightly lower during this time period. In contrast, campylobacteriosis cases exhibit a strong seasonal pattern that generally precedes increases in contaminated raw chicken. These results suggest that while contaminated chicken products may be responsible for a substantial number of campylobacteriosis cases, they are most likely not the primary driver of the seasonal pattern in human illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Williams
- Risk Assessment and Analytics Staff, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building D, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States.
| | - Neal J Golden
- Risk Assessment and Analytics Staff, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building D, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States
| | - Eric D Ebel
- Risk Assessment and Analytics Staff, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building D, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States
| | - Emily T Crarey
- National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
| | - Heather P Tate
- National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
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10
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Zhao Z, Dong H, Wang R, Zhao W, Chen G, Li S, Qi M, Zhang S, Jian F, Zhao J, Zhang L, Wang H, Liu A. Genotyping and subtyping Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis carried by flies on dairy farms in Henan, China. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:190. [PMID: 24742088 PMCID: PMC4005625 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium and Giardia are important causes of diarrhea diseases in humans and animals worldwide, and both of them are transmitted by the fecal–oral route, either by direct contact or by the ingestion of contaminated food or water. The role of flies in the mechanical transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia has been receiving increasing attention. To date, no information is available in China about the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in flies. We here investigated Cryptosporidium and Giardia in flies on dairy farms in Henan Province, China, at the genotype and subtype levels. Methods Eight hundred flies were randomly collected from two dairy farms from July 2010 to September 2010 and were divided evenly into 40 batches. The fly samples were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia with nested PCR. Cryptosporidium was genotyped and subtyped by analyzing the DNA sequences of small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) and 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes, respectively. The identity of Giardia was determined by sequence analyzing of the triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and β-giardin (bg) genes. Results Forty batches of flies had 10% of contamination with Cryptosporidium or Giardia, with a mixed infection of the two parasites in one batch of flies. The Cryptosporidium isolates were identified as C. parvum at the SSU rRNA locus, and all belonged to subtype IIdA19G1 at the gp60 locus. The Giardia isolates were all identified as assemblage E of G. duodenalis at the tpi, gdh, and bg loci. One novel subtype of assemblage E was identified based on the gdh and bg loci. Conclusions This is the first molecular study of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in flies identified at both genotype and subtype levels. SSU rRNA and gp60 sequences of C. parvum in flies was 100% homologous with those derived from humans, suggesting flies act as an epidemiological vector of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. The variable PCR efficiencies observed in the analysis of Giardia at different loci suggest that we should use the multilocus genotyping tool in future studies to increase the detection rate, and importantly, to obtain more complete genetic information on Giardia isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China.
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Pavan Kumar P, Agarwal RK, Thomas P, Sailo B, Prasannavadhana A, Kumar A, Kataria JL, Singh DK. Rapid Detection ofSalmonella entericaSubspeciesentericaserovar Typhimurium by Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Test From Field Chicken Meat Samples. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2013.870911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Williams MS, Ebel ED, Golden NJ, Schlosser WD. Temporal patterns in the occurrence of Salmonella in raw meat and poultry products and their relationship to human illnesses in the United States. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Li M, Zhao G, Liu J, Gao X, Zhang Q. Effect of Different Heat Treatments on the Degradation of S
almonella
Nucleic Acid. J Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miaoyun Li
- Henan Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control; Henan Agricultural University; Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Gaiming Zhao
- Henan Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control; Henan Agricultural University; Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Jie Liu
- Henan Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control; Henan Agricultural University; Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Xiaoping Gao
- Henan Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control; Henan Agricultural University; Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Qiuhui Zhang
- Henan Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Safety Control; Henan Agricultural University; Zhengzhou 450002 China
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14
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Ebel ED, Williams MS, Golden NJ, Marks HM. Simplified framework for predicting changes in public health from performance standards applied in slaughter establishments. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Effect of Amplicon Length in Propidium Monoazide Quantitative PCR for the Enumeration of Viable Cells of Salmonella in Cooked Ham. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Zhang Y, Shan X, Shi L, Lu X, Tang S, Wang Y, Li Y, Alam M, Yan H. Development of a fimY-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Salmonella in food. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Li X, Yang F, Gao W, Song H, Tian H, Xu B. Application of pyrosequencing for Salmonella enterica rapid identification. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 89:49-52. [PMID: 22342525 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Application of pyrosequencing of six Salmonella-specific genes as a rapid Salmonella identification method was tested. Primers for hns, hisJ and hilA had non-specific reactions with non-Salmonella strains. Primers for invA, iroB and fimY had specific PCR products and pyrosequences of Salmonella, suggesting that they were suitable for Salmonella rapid identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Li
- Microbiology Laboratory, Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3 Likang Street, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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18
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Williams MS, Ebel ED. Estimating changes in public health following implementation of hazard analysis and critical control point in the United States broiler slaughter industry. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 9:59-67. [PMID: 22091640 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.0951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A common approach to reducing microbial contamination has been the implementation of a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) program to prevent or reduce contamination during production. One example is the Pathogen Reduction HACCP program implemented by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). This program consisted of a staged implementation between 1996 and 2000 to reduce microbial contamination on meat and poultry products. Of the commodities regulated by FSIS, one of the largest observed reductions was for Salmonella contamination on broiler chicken carcasses. Nevertheless, how this reduction might have influenced the total number of salmonellosis cases in the United States has not been assessed. This study incorporates information from public health surveillance and surveys of the poultry slaughter industry into a model that estimates the number of broiler-related salmonellosis cases through time. The model estimates that-following the 56% reduction in the proportion of contaminated broiler carcasses observed between 1995 and 2000-approximately 190,000 fewer annual salmonellosis cases (attributed to broilers) occurred in 2000 compared with 1995. The uncertainty bounds for this estimate range from approximately 37,000 to 500,000 illnesses. Estimated illnesses prevented, due to the more modest reduction in contamination of 13% between 2000 and 2007, were not statistically significant. An analysis relating the necessary magnitude of change in contamination required for detection via human surveillance also is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Williams
- Risk Assessment Division, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety Inspection Service, USDA, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA.
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19
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Williams MS, Ebel ED, Vose D. Framework for microbial food-safety risk assessments amenable to Bayesian modeling. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2011; 31:548-65. [PMID: 21105883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory agencies often perform microbial risk assessments to evaluate the change in the number of human illnesses as the result of a new policy that reduces the level of contamination in the food supply. These agencies generally have regulatory authority over the production and retail sectors of the farm-to-table continuum. Any predicted change in contamination that results from new policy that regulates production practices occurs many steps prior to consumption of the product. This study proposes a framework for conducting microbial food-safety risk assessments; this framework can be used to quantitatively assess the annual effects of national regulatory policies. Advantages of the framework are that estimates of human illnesses are consistent with national disease surveillance data (which are usually summarized on an annual basis) and some of the modeling steps that occur between production and consumption can be collapsed or eliminated. The framework leads to probabilistic models that include uncertainty and variability in critical input parameters; these models can be solved using a number of different Bayesian methods. The Bayesian synthesis method performs well for this application and generates posterior distributions of parameters that are relevant to assessing the effect of implementing a new policy. An example, based on Campylobacter and chicken, estimates the annual number of illnesses avoided by a hypothetical policy; this output could be used to assess the economic benefits of a new policy. Empirical validation of the policy effect is also examined by estimating the annual change in the numbers of illnesses observed via disease surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Williams
- Risk Assessment Division, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, CO, USA.
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Zhao X, Wang L, Chu J, Li Y, Li Y, Xu Z, Li L, Shirtliff ME, He X, Liu Y, Wang J, Yang L. Development and application of a rapid and simple loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for food-borne Salmonella detection. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Williams MS, Withee JL, Ebel ED, Bauer NE, Schlosser WD, Disney WT, Smith DR, Moxley RA. Determining Relationships Between the Seasonal Occurrence ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 in Live Cattle, Ground Beef, and Humans. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:1247-54. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Williams
- Risk Assessment Division, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - James L. Withee
- Risk Assessment Division, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Eric D. Ebel
- Risk Assessment Division, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Nathan E. Bauer
- Risk Assessment Division, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Wayne D. Schlosser
- Risk Assessment Division, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - William T. Disney
- Risk Assessment Division, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - David R. Smith
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Rodney A. Moxley
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Martínez-Martínez M, Diez-Valcarce M, Cook N, Hernández M, Rodríguez-Lázaro D. Evaluation of Extraction Methods for Efficient Detection of Enteric Viruses in Pork Meat Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-010-9165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Withee J, Williams M, Disney T, Schlosser W, Bauer N, Ebel E. Streamlined analysis for evaluating the use of preharvest interventions intended to prevent Escherichia coli O157:H7 illness in humans. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:817-25. [PMID: 19737060 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety Inspection Service is responsible for ensuring the safety of meat, poultry, and egg products consumed in the United States. Here we describe a risk assessment method that provides quantitative criteria for decision makers tasked with developing food safety policies. To demonstrate the utility of this method, we apply it to a hypothetical case study on the use of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 cattle vaccine to prevent human illness caused by consuming beef. A combination of quantitative risk assessment methods and marginal economic analysis are used to describe the maximum cost per unit that would still allow the vaccine to be a cost-effective intervention as well as the minimum effectiveness it could have at a fixed cost. We create two economic production functions where the input is number of vaccinated cattle and the output is human illnesses prevented. The production functions are then used for marginal economic analysis to assess the cost/benefit ratio of using the vaccine to prevent foodborne illness. In our case study, it was determined that vaccinating the entire U.S. herd at a cost of between $2.29 and $9.14 per unit (depending on overall effectiveness of the vaccine) would be a cost-effective intervention for preventing E. coli O157:H7 illness in humans. In addition, we determined that vaccinating only a given fraction of the herd would be cost effective for vaccines that are less effective or more costly. For example, a vaccine costing $9.00 per unit that had a 100% efficacy but required 100% herd coverage for immunity would be cost effective for use in about 500,000 cattle each year-equating to an estimated 750 human illnesses prevented per annum. We believe this approach could be useful for public health policy development in a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Withee
- Risk Assessment and Residue Division, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA
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Rivoal K, Protais J, Quéguiner S, Boscher E, Chidaine B, Rose V, Gautier M, Baron F, Grosset N, Ermel G, Salvat G. Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to characterize the heterogeneity and clonality of Salmonella serotype Enteritidis, Typhimurium and Infantis isolates obtained from whole liquid eggs. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 129:180-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fernández D, Rodríguez EM, Arroyo GH, Padola NL, Parma AE. Seasonal variation of Shiga toxin-encoding genes (stx) and detection of E. coli O157 in dairy cattle from Argentina. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:1260-7. [PMID: 19187162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the seasonal variation of Shiga toxin-encoding genes (stx) and to investigate the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 in cattle belonging to five dairy farms from Argentina. METHODS AND RESULTS Rectal swab samples were collected from 360 dairy cows in each season and 115 and 137 calves in autumn and in spring, respectively. The stx were investigated by multiplex PCR and it was used as the indicator for STEC. Samples positives for stx were tested by PCR for eae-gamma1 of E. coli O157 and then subjected to IMS (immunomagnetic separation). In positive animals significant differences in the prevalence of stx between warm and cold seasons were detected. In warm seasons, stx1 + stx2 increased and stx1 decreased, independently of the animal category. The prevalence of STEC O157 in cows and calves were 0.2% and 0.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This work provides new data about the occurrence of stx and STEC O157 in dairy herds from Argentina and suggests a relationship between the type of stx and season of year. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY The detection of STEC O157 and the seasonality of stx and its types provide an opportunity to improve control strategies designed to prevent contamination of food products and transmission animal-person.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Tandil, Argentina
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Lu Y, Yang W, Shi L, Li L, Alam MJ, Guo S, Miyoshi SI. Specific Detection of Viable Salmonella Cells by an Ethidium Monoazide-Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (EMA-LAMP) Method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.55.820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Lu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology
| | - Weiqing Yang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Guangdong Medical College
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology
| | - Lin Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology
| | | | - Siyuan Guo
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology
| | - Shin-ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
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Wang L, Shi L, Alam M, Geng Y, Li L. Specific and rapid detection of foodborne Salmonella by loop-mediated isothermal amplification method. Food Res Int 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Lombard B, Smith H, Rzezutka A, D'Agostino M, Helmuth R, Schroeter A, Malorny B, Miko A, Guerra B, Davison J, Kobilinsky A, Hernández M, Bertheau Y, Cook N. Trends in analytical methodology in food safety and quality: monitoring microorganisms and genetically modified organisms. Trends Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Renter DG, Sargeant JM. EnterohemorrhagicEscherichia coliO157: epidemiology and ecology in bovine production environments. Anim Health Res Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEnterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli, particularly the O157(:H7) serogroup, has become a worldwide public health concern. Since cattle feces are often implicated as the source ofE. coliO157 in human infections, considerable resources have been devoted to defining the epidemiology and ecology ofE. coliO157 in cattle environments so that control might begin at the farm level. Diagnostic limitations and the complexity of often interrelated microbial, animal, herd, environmental and production factors have hindered the determination of the epidemiology, ecology and subsequent farm-level control ofE. coliO157. The widespread distribution ofE. coliO157, the transitory nature of fecal shedding, multiple potential environmental sources, lack of species specificity, and age-, feed- and time-related differences in cattle prevalence are documented. However, the significance and/or role of these factors in the epidemiology and ecology ofE. coliO157 is still unclear. Cattle are a major source ofE. coliO157, but it may be simplistic to believe that most herds are relatively closed systems with small percentages of cattle serving as true reservoirs. Practical on-farm control may require explicit definitions of the seemingly complex system(s) and the microbial, animal, herd, environmental and production factors involved in the multiplication, maintenance and transmission ofE. coliO157.
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RODRÍGUEZ-LÁZARO DAVID, HERNÁNDEZ MARTA. ISOLATION OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES DNA FROM MEAT PRODUCTS FOR QUANTITATIVE DETECTION BY REAL-TIME PCR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2006.00058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Cattle are an asymptomatic reservoir of Escherichia coli O157:H7, but the bacterial colonization and shedding patterns are poorly understood. The prevalence and shedding of this human pathogen have been reported to be seasonal with rates typically increasing during warm months. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in feces of feedlot cattle in Kansas during summer, fall, and winter months, and (ii) to characterize E. coli O157:H7 by screening for virulence factors. Of 891 fecal samples collected, 82 (9.2%) were positive for E. coli O157:H7. No significant differences in prevalence were detected among summer, fall, and winter months. The highest monthly prevalence (18.1%) was detected in February. All tested isolates were positive for stx2 (Shiga toxin 2) and eaeA (intimin) genes; 14 isolates (12.8%) also carried stx1. Our results indicate the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in beef cattle feces is not necessarily season dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Alam
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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Koehler KM, Lasky T, Fein SB, Delong SM, Hawkins MA, Rabatsky-Ehr T, Ray SM, Shiferaw B, Swanson E, Vugia DJ. Population-based incidence of infection with selected bacterial enteric pathogens in children younger than five years of age, 1996-1998. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25:129-34. [PMID: 16462289 DOI: 10.1097/01.inf.0000199289.62733.d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies of bacterial enteric infections have suggested a disproportionate disease burden for children younger than 5 years of age. OBJECTIVES This study describes population-based incidence of culture-confirmed infections with 6 bacterial enteric pathogens in children younger than 5 years of age in the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 1996-1998. METHODS Cases were ascertained through active laboratory-based surveillance in Minnesota, Oregon and selected counties in California, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland and New York. RESULTS Twenty-one percent (5218 of 24,358) of infections were in children younger than 5 years of age, but this age group made up only 7% of the total person-years of observation. Among those younger than 5 years of age, the incidence (cases per 100,000 person-years) for each pathogen was: Salmonella, 55.3; Campylobacter, 43.4; Shigella, 32.7; E. coli O157, 10.3; Yersinia enterocolitica, 7.1; Listeria monocytogenes, 0.7. Incidence varied widely among the 7 FoodNet sites. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed a disproportionate disease burden in young children. Investigation of risk factors specific to this age group and review and enhancement of current prevention and control strategies for children younger than 5 years of age may reduce illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Koehler
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA.
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Sauders BD, Durak MZ, Fortes E, Windham K, Schukken Y, Lembo AJ, Akey B, Nightingale KK, Wiedmann M. Molecular characterization of Listeria monocytogenes from natural and urban environments. J Food Prot 2006; 69:93-105. [PMID: 16416906 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of 80 Listeria monocytogenes isolates from urban and natural environments differentiated 7 and 26 EcoRI ribotypes, respectively. Whereas the majority of isolates from the natural environment represented L. monocytogenes lineage II (12 of 13 isolates), urban isolates grouped evenly into lineages I and II (32 and 33 isolates, respectively) and included two lineage III isolates. Multilocus sequence typing of all natural isolates and a randomly selected subset of 30 urban isolates showed a higher overall diversity (Simpson index of discrimination [D] of 0.987 and 0.920, respectively) than did EcoRI ribotyping (D = 0.872 and 0.911, respectively). Combined analysis with ribotype and lineage data for 414 isolates from farm sources, 165 isolates from foods and food-processing environments, and 342 human clinical isolates revealed that lineage I was significantly more common among human (P < 0.0001) isolates, whereas lineage II was more common among isolates from the natural environment, farms, and foods (P < or = 0.05). Among a total of 92 ribotypes, 31 showed significant associations with specific isolate sources. One ribotype (DUP-1039C) was significantly associated with both natural environments and farms. A spatial analysis showed a marginal association between locations in the natural environment positive for L. monocytogenes and a proximity to farms. Our data indicate that (i) L. monocytogenes strains from different sources show a high level of diversity; (ii) L. monocytogenes subtypes differ significantly in their associations with different environments, even though populations overlap; and (iii) a higher proportion of isolates from environmental sources than from human clinical cases can be classified into L. monocytogenes lineage II, which supports the classification of this lineage as an environmentally adapted subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Sauders
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Ghafir Y, China B, Korsak N, Dierick K, Collard JM, Godard C, De Zutter L, Daube G. Belgian surveillance plans to assess changes in Salmonella prevalence in meat at different production stages. J Food Prot 2005; 68:2269-77. [PMID: 16300062 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-68.11.2269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
From 1997 to 1999, the prevalence of Salmonella was assessed at different stages through the pork, poultry, and beef meat production chains. Different dilutions of the initial sample suspension were analyzed to provide a semiquantitative evaluation of Salmonella contamination and to determine the most representative dilution necessary to detect a reduction in prevalence. An average of 300 samples for each type of meat were analyzed. According to Fisher's exact test, the dilution to be used to detect a reduction in prevalence was chosen based on an initial prevalence of 20 to 26%. Based on this introductory study, a new sampling plan representative of the nationwide Belgian meat production process was used from 2000 through to 2003. This study confirmed the consistently high rate and level of contamination of poultry meat: broiler and layer carcasses were the most contaminated samples followed by broiler fillets and poultry meat preparations. A constant and significant decrease in Salmonella prevalence was observed for pork carcasses, trimmings, and minced meat and for beef minced meat. Less than 3% of beef carcasses and trimming samples were positive for Salmonella. The Belgian plan, as utilized from 2000 to 2003, was suitable for monitoring of zoonoses because the sampling plan was representative of nationwide production processes, covered all periods of the year, and was executed by trained samplers and the analyses were carried out by recognized laboratories using an identical analytical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Ghafir
- Belgian National Reference Laboratory in Food Microbiology for the Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, University of Liege, Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Microbiology, Bat. B43b, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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Wolffs P, Norling B, Rådström P. Risk assessment of false-positive quantitative real-time PCR results in food, due to detection of DNA originating from dead cells. J Microbiol Methods 2005; 60:315-23. [PMID: 15649533 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2004.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Revised: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Real-time PCR technology is increasingly used for detection and quantification of pathogens in food samples. A main disadvantage of nucleic acid detection is the inability to distinguish between signals originating from viable cells and DNA released from dead cells. In order to gain knowledge concerning risks of false-positive results due to detection of DNA originating from dead cells, quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to investigate the degradation kinetics of free DNA in four types of meat samples. Results showed that the fastest degradation rate was observed (1 log unit per 0.5 h) in chicken homogenate, whereas the slowest rate was observed in pork rinse (1 log unit per 120.5 h). Overall results indicated that degradation occurred faster in chicken samples than in pork samples and faster at higher temperatures. Based on these results, it was concluded that, especially in pork samples, there is a risk of false-positive PCR results. This was confirmed in a quantitative study on cell death and signal persistence over a period of 28 days, employing three different methods, i.e. viable counts, direct qPCR, and finally floatation, a recently developed discontinuous density centrifugation method, followed by qPCR. Results showed that direct qPCR resulted in an overestimation of up to 10 times of the amount of cells in the samples compared to viable counts, due to detection of DNA from dead cells. However, after using floatation prior to qPCR, results resembled the viable count data. This indicates that by using of floatation as a sample treatment step prior to qPCR, the risk of false-positive PCR results due to detection of dead cells, can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Wolffs
- Applied Microbiology, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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Sauders BD, Pettit D, Currie B, Suits P, Evans A, Stellrecht K, Dryja DM, Slate D, Wiedmann M. Low prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in human stool. J Food Prot 2005; 68:178-81. [PMID: 15690823 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-68.1.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that is found widely in the environment and in a variety of ready-to-eat foods, yet human invasive infection is relatively rare (five cases per million people annually in the United States). Despite wide exposure to this organism, little is known about the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in human stool, and it is not known whether human fecal dispersal contributes to human foodborne transmission. We cultured 827 stool specimens (well formed and loose-watery) from individuals from four large metropolitan areas of New York state for L. monocytogenes and found only 1 (0.12%) positive specimen. L. monocytogenes was also isolated from the blood of the person with the single positive specimen, and the two isolates were indistinguishable by molecular subtyping (both were ribotype DUP-1042B). This provides further evidence that human L. monocytogenes fecal carriage among persons with and without diarrheal disease is remarkably low. Unlike the case for other foodborne pathogens (e.g., Salmonella), human shedders probably do not contribute significantly to L. monocytogenes contamination of foods. However, we observed a single individual with invasive listeriosis that shed the pathogen in feces, indicating the potential for fecal dispersal of L. monocytogenes from persons with listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Sauders
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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McCabe-Sellers BJ, Beattie SE. Food safety: emerging trends in foodborne illness surveillance and prevention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 104:1708-17. [PMID: 15499359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2004.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Between 250 and 350 million Americans are estimated to suffer acute gastroenteritis annually, with 25% to 30% thought to be caused by foodborne illnesses. Most vulnerable to foodborne diseases are elderly people, pregnant women, immune-compromised people, and children. While bacterial causes such as Salmonella are widely recognized and monitored as foodborne infections, other important bacterial causes such as Clostridium perfringens , Bacillus cereus , and Staphylococcus aureus are less well known. While the majority of cases of foodborne diseases are of unknown cause, bacteria and viruses are the most likely causative agents. Caliciviridae (Norwalk-like) virus cases are more difficult to identify, but represent the most common cause of known and probably unknown cases. Fresh produce has to be added to the traditional list of foods requiring careful selection and handling to prevent foodborne disease. To assess the disease burden in the United States, morbidity and mortality surveillance activities are done by several networks and systems with collaboration among federal agencies and health departments. Not all important causes are being equally monitored. Critical behaviors by food processors, food retailers, foodservice personnel, and consumers can reduce the risk of foodborne illness episodes. Dietetics professionals can more readily monitor new developments and update knowledge and practice through online resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly J McCabe-Sellers
- USDA, ARS, Lower Mississippi Delta Nutrition Intervention Research Initiative, 900 S Shackleford Rd, Suite 509, Little Rock, AR 72211, USA
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Abstract
The diversity of infectious disease threats currently facing humanity is unprecedented because of the remarkable emergence and reemergence of pathogens worldwide. Because of population mobility, globalization of commerce and the food supply, and the effects of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, infections in the developing world must be addressed to prevent infections in industrialized countries. Because pathogens do not recognize national boundaries, the rapidity with which individuals can circumnavigate the globe incubating infections makes the control of communicable diseases an enormous challenge for governments as well as for the public and primary health care systems. A global strategy for dealing with infectious disease threats must be developed and implemented as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre L Church
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Perelle S, Dilasser F, Malorny B, Grout J, Hoorfar J, Fach P. Comparison of PCR-ELISA and LightCycler real-time PCR assays for detecting Salmonella spp. in milk and meat samples. Mol Cell Probes 2004; 18:409-20. [PMID: 15488381 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we reported the performance of a PCR assay amplifying 285-bp of the invA gene of Salmonella spp. through an international ring-trial involving four participating laboratories [Int. J. Food Microbiol. 89 (2003) 241]. Based on the validated set of primers and recent advancements in PCR technology, we have designed two specific PCR assays for detecting Salmonella spp. We have compared PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PCR-ELISA) and LightCycler real-time PCR assay (LC-PCR) with the standard ISO 6579 bacteriological reference method. The two PCR tests incorporated an internal amplification control (IAC) co-amplified with the invA gene of Salmonella to monitor potential PCR inhibitors and ensure successful amplification. The selectivity study involved 84 Salmonella and 44 non-Salmonella strains and the samples tested were represented by 60 artificially-contaminated samples of fish, minced beef and raw milk, and 92 naturally-contaminated milk and meat samples. When using either PCR-ELISA or LC-PCR assays, only Salmonella strains were detected. PCR-ELISA and LC-PCR assays gave with pure Salmonella cultures the same detection limit level of 10(3)CFU/ml, which corresponds respectively to 50 and 10 cells per PCR tube. Data on artificially contaminated samples indicated that both PCR methods were able to detect after enrichment less than five Salmonella cells in 25 g of food, giving 100% concordance with the ISO 6579 reference method. The results on naturally contaminated samples demonstrated that despite certain inhibition problems, LC-PCR and PCR-ELISA assays were highly specific and sensitive, and provide a powerful tool for detection of Salmonella in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Perelle
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches sur la Qualité des Aliments et sur les Procédés Agroalimentaires (LERQAP), 1-5 rue de Belfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Hong BX, Jiang LF, Hu YS, Fang DY, Guo HY. Application of oligonucleotide array technology for the rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria of foodborne infections. J Microbiol Methods 2004; 58:403-11. [PMID: 15279944 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Revised: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and accurate method for detection for common pathogenic bacteria in foodborne infections was established by using oligonucleotide array technology. Nylon membrane was used as the array support. A mutation region of the 23S rRNA gene was selected as the discrimination target from 14 species (genera) of bacteria causing foodborne infections and two unrelated bacterial species. A pair of universal primers was designed for PCR amplification of the 23S rRNA gene. Twenty-one species (genera)-specific oligonucleotide detection probes were synthesized and spotted onto the nylon membranes. The 23S rRNA gene amplification products of 14 species of pathogenic bacteria were hybridized to the oligonucleotide array. Hybridization results were analyzed with digoxigenin-linked enzyme reaction. Results indicated that nine species of pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum) showed high sensitivity and specificity for the oligonucleotide array. Two other species (Salmonella enterica and Yersinia enterocolitica) gave weak cross-reaction with E. coli, but the reaction did not affect their detection. After redesigning the probes, positive hybridization results were obtained with Staphylococcus aureus, but not with Clostridium perfringens and Streptococcus pyogenes. The oligonucleotide array can also be applied to samples collected in clinical settings of foodborne infections. The superiority of oligonucleotide array over other tests lies on its rapidity, accuracy and efficiency in the diagnosis, treatment and control of foodborne infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Xing Hong
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Sun Yatsen University, Zhongshan Road(II)74, Guangzhou 510089, China
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Sauders BD, Mangione K, Vincent C, Schermerhorn J, Farchione CM, Dumas NB, Bopp D, Kornstein L, Fortes ED, Windham K, Wiedmann M. Distribution of Listeria monocytogenes molecular subtypes among human and food isolates from New York State shows persistence of human disease--associated Listeria monocytogenes strains in retail environments. J Food Prot 2004; 67:1417-28. [PMID: 15270495 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-67.7.1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
While there is considerable information available regarding Listeria monocytogenes contamination patterns in food processing plants, our understanding of L. monocytogenes contamination and transmission in retail operations is limited. We characterized 125 food, 40 environmental, and 342 human clinical L. monocytogenes isolates collected in New York State from 1997 to 2002 using automated ribotyping and hly allelic variation. All environmental isolates were obtained from retail establishments and the majority of food isolates (98 isolates) were obtained from foods that were prepared or handled at retail. Overall, food and/or environmental isolates from 50 different retail establishments were characterized. The 125 food and 40 environmental isolates were differentiated into 29 and 10 ribotypes, respectively. For 16 retail establishments, we found evidence for persistence of one or more specific L. monocytogenes strains as indicated by isolation of the same EcoRI ribotype from food or environmental samples collected in a given establishment on different days. The human isolates were differentiated into 48 ribotypes. Statistical analyses showed that two ribotypes were significantly (P < 0.0001) more common among food isolates as compared with human isolates. However, a total of 17 ribotypes found among the human clinical isolates were also found among the food and environmental isolates. We conclude that L. monocytogenes, including subtypes that have been linked to human disease, can persist in retail environments. Implementation of Listeria control procedures in retail operations, which process and handle products that permit the growth of L. monocytogenes, are thus a critical component of a farm-to-table L. monocytogenes control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Sauders
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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42
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Szostakowska B, Kruminis-Lozowska W, Racewicz M, Knight R, Tamang L, Myjak P, Graczyk TK. Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia recovered from flies on a cattle farm and in a landfill. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:3742-4. [PMID: 15184182 PMCID: PMC427780 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.6.3742-3744.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Filth flies associated with a cattle barn and a municipal landfill were tested positive by combined immunofluorescent antibody and fluorescent in situ hybridization for Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia on their exoskeletons and in their guts. More pathogens were carried by flies from the cattle barn than from the landfill; 81% of C. parvum and 84% of G. lamblia pathogens were presumptively viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Szostakowska
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Interfaculty Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland
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43
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Ogden ID, MacRae M, Strachan NJ. Is the prevalence and shedding concentrations ofE. coliO157 in beef cattle in Scotland seasonal? FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Foodborne illness is a significant public health issue in most countries, including Australia. We examined the association between temperature and salmonellosis notifications, and compared these associations for 5 Australian cities. METHODS Log-linear models describing monthly salmonellosis notifications in terms of calendar time and monthly average temperatures were fitted over the period 1991 to 2001 for each city. We used a negative binomial chance model to accommodate overdispersion in the counts. RESULTS The long-term trend showed an increase in salmonellosis notifications in each of the 5 cities. There was a positive association between monthly salmonellosis notifications and mean monthly temperature of the previous month in every city. Seasonal patterns in salmonellosis notifications were fully explained by changes in temperature. DISCUSSION The strength of the association, the consistency across 5 cities, and a plausible biologic pathway suggest that higher ambient temperatures are a cause of higher salmonellosis notifications. The lag of 1 month suggests that temperature might be more influential earlier in the production process rather than at the food preparation stage. This knowledge can help to guide policy on food preparation and distribution. It also suggests a basis for an early warning system for increased risk from salmonellosis, and raises yet another possible health problem with global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rennie M D'Souza
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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45
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LeJeune JT, Besser TE, Rice DH, Berg JL, Stilborn RP, Hancock DD. Longitudinal study of fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle: predominance and persistence of specific clonal types despite massive cattle population turnover. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:377-84. [PMID: 14711666 PMCID: PMC321300 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.1.377-384.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2003] [Accepted: 10/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of the sources and methods of transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle may facilitate the development of on-farm control measures for this important food-borne pathogen. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in fecal samples of commercial feedlot cattle in 20 feedlot pens between April and September 2000 was determined throughout the finishing feeding period prior to slaughter. Using immunomagnetic separation, E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from 636 of 4,790 (13%) fecal samples in this study, with highest prevalence earliest in the feeding period. No differences were observed in the fecal or water trough sediment prevalence values of E. coli O157:H7 in 10 pens supplied with chlorinated drinking water supplies compared with nonchlorinated water pens. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of XbaI-digested bacterial DNA of the 230 isolates obtained from eight of the pens revealed 56 unique restriction endonuclease digestion patterns (REDPs), although nearly 60% of the isolates belonged to a group of four closely related genetic subtypes that were present in each of the pens and throughout the sampling period. The other REDPs were typically transiently detected, often in single pens and on single sample dates, and in many cases were also closely related to the four predominant REDPs. The persistence and predominance of a few REDPs observed over the entire feeding period on this livestock operation highlight the importance of the farm environment, and not necessarily the incoming cattle, as a potential source or reservoir of E. coli O157:H7 on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T LeJeune
- Depertment of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA.
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46
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Survival of Salmonella senftenberg 775W to current liquid whole egg pasteurization treatments. Food Microbiol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0740-0020(02)00088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Gerald BL, Perkin JE. Position of the American Dietetic Association: food and water safety. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 2003; 103:1203-18. [PMID: 12963954 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(03)01063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that the public has the right to a safe food and water supply. The Association supports collaboration among dietetics professionals, academics, representatives of the agriculture and food industries, and appropriate government agencies to ensure the safety of the food and water supply by providing education to the public and industry, promoting technologic innovation and applications, and supporting further research. Numerous bacterial, viral, and chemical food and water threats exist with certain populations such as the elderly, children, pregnant women, those in institutionalized settings, and the immune compromised being at high risk. Recent outbreaks of food and waterborne disease and threats of bioterrorism have focused attention on the safety of US food and water systems. The US government and other entities have developed programs to address challenges associated with maintaining food and water safety. Safety initiatives such as the Pathogen Reduction/Hazard Analysis Critical Point (HACCP), revisions to the Food Code, and the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations provide a framework to evaluate current and future challenges to the safety of food and water systems. Dietetics professionals should take a proactive role in ensuring that appropriate food and water safety practices are followed and can also assume major roles in food and water safety education and research.
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48
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Sauders BD, Fortes ED, Morse DL, Dumas N, Kiehlbauch JA, Schukken Y, Hibbs JR, Wiedmann M. Molecular subtyping to detect human listeriosis clusters. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9:672-80. [PMID: 12781006 PMCID: PMC3000145 DOI: 10.3201/eid0906.020702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the diversity (Simpson's Index, D) and distribution of Listeria monocytogenes in human listeriosis cases in New York State (excluding New York City) from November 1996 to June 2000 by using automated ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). We applied a scan statistic (p<or=0.05) to detect listeriosis clusters caused by a specific Listeria monocytogenes subtype. Among 131 human isolates, 34 (D=0.923) ribotypes and 74 (D=0.975) PFGE types were found. Nine (31% of cases) clusters were identified by ribotype or PFGE; five (18% of cases) clusters were identified by using both methods. Two of the nine clusters (13% of cases) corresponded with investigated multistate listeriosis outbreaks. While most human listeriosis cases are considered sporadic, highly discriminatory molecular subtyping approaches thus indicated that 13% to 31% of cases reported in New York State may represent single-source clusters. Listeriosis control and reduction efforts should include broad-based subtyping of human isolates and consider that a large number of cases may represent outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Sauders
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of
Health, Albany, New York, USA
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Dale L. Morse
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of
Health, Albany, New York, USA
- University at Albany, Albany, New York,
USA
| | - Nellie Dumas
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of
Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Julia A. Kiehlbauch
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of
Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Jonathan R. Hibbs
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of
Health, Albany, New York, USA
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Malorny B, Tassios PT, Rådström P, Cook N, Wagner M, Hoorfar J. Standardization of diagnostic PCR for the detection of foodborne pathogens. Int J Food Microbiol 2003; 83:39-48. [PMID: 12672591 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In vitro amplification of nucleic acids using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become, since its discovery in the 1980s, a powerful diagnostic tool for the analysis of microbial infections as well as for the analysis of microorganisms in food samples. However, despite its potential, PCR has neither gained wide acceptance in routine diagnostics nor been widely incorporated in standardized methods. Lack of validation and standard protocols, as well as variable quality of reagents and equipment, influence the efficient dissemination of PCR methodology from expert research laboratories to end-user laboratories. Moreover, the food industry understandably requires and expects officially approved standards. Recognizing this, in 1999, the European Commission approved the research project, FOOD-PCR (http://www.PCR.dk), which aims to validate and standardize the use of diagnostic PCR for the detection of pathogenic bacteria in foods. The present review focuses on the harmonization procedure and standardization criteria for detection of foodborne pathogens by PCR. The progress of standardization so far and future perspectives of diagnostic PCR are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Malorny
- Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany.
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50
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Malorny B, Hoorfar J, Bunge C, Helmuth R. Multicenter validation of the analytical accuracy of Salmonella PCR: towards an international standard. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:290-6. [PMID: 12514007 PMCID: PMC152403 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.1.290-296.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of a major international project for the validation and standardization of PCR for detection of five major food-borne pathogens, four primer sets specific for Salmonella species were evaluated in-house for their analytical accuracy (selectivity and detection limit) in identifying 43 Salmonella spp. and 47 non-Salmonella strains. The most selective primer set was found to be 139-141 (K. Rahn, S. A. De Grandis, R. C. Clarke, S. A. McEwen, J. E. Galán, C. Ginocchio, R. Curtiss III, and C. L. Gyles, Mol. Cell. Probes 6:271-279, 1992), which targets the invA gene. An extended determination of selectivity by using 364 strains showed that the inclusivity was 99.6% and the exclusivity was 100% for the invA primer set. To indicate possible PCR inhibitors derived from the sample DNA, an internal amplification control (IAC), which was coamplified with the invA target gene, was constructed. In the presence of 300 DNA copies of the IAC, the detection probability for primer set 139-141 was found to be 100% when a cell suspension containing 10(4) CFU/ml was used as the template in the PCR (50 CFU per reaction). The primer set was further validated in an international collaborative study that included 16 participating laboratories. Analysis with 28 coded ("blind") DNA samples revealed an analytical accuracy of 98%. Thus, a simple PCR assay that is specific for Salmonella spp. and amplifies a chromosomal DNA fragment detected by gel electrophoresis was established through extensive validation and is proposed as an international standard. This study addresses the increasing demand of quality assurance laboratories for standard diagnostic methods and presents findings that can facilitate the international comparison and exchange of epidemiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Malorny
- Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, D-12277 Berlin, Germany
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