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Yang P, Liao X. High pressure processing plus technologies: Enhancing the inactivation of vegetative microorganisms. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 110:145-195. [PMID: 38906586 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
High pressure processing (HPP) is a non-thermal technology that can ensure microbial safety without compromising food quality. However, the presence of pressure-resistant sub-populations, the revival of sub-lethally injured (SLI) cells, and the resuscitation of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) cells pose challenges for its further development. The combination of HPP with other methods such as moderate temperatures, low pH, and natural antimicrobials (e.g., bacteriocins, lactate, reuterin, endolysin, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase system, chitosan, essential oils) or other non-thermal processes (e.g., CO2, UV-TiO2 photocatalysis, ultrasound, pulsed electric fields, ultrafiltration) offers feasible alternatives to enhance microbial inactivation, termed as "HPP plus" technologies. These combinations can effectively eliminate pressure-resistant sub-populations, reduce SLI or VBNC cell populations, and inhibit their revival or resuscitation. This review provides an updated overview of microbial inactivation by "HPP plus" technologies and elucidates possible inactivation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqing Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Beijing, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Fruit & Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, P.R. China; Beijing Key laboratory for Food Non-thermal processing, Beijing, P.R. China.
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2
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Hernandez-Nicols BF, Robledo-Pulido JJ, Alvarado-Navarro A. Etiopathogenesis of Psoriasis: Integration of Proposed Theories. Immunol Invest 2024; 53:348-415. [PMID: 38240030 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2302823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by squamous and erythematous plaques on the skin and the involvement of the immune system. Global prevalence for psoriasis has been reported around 1-3% with a higher incidence in adults and similar proportions between men and women. The risk factors associated with psoriasis are both extrinsic and intrinsic, out of which a polygenic predisposition is a highlight out of the latter. Psoriasis etiology is not yet fully described, but several hypothesis have been proposed: 1) the autoimmunity hypothesis is based on the over-expression of antimicrobial peptides such as LL-37, the proteins ADAMTSL5, K17, and hsp27, or lipids synthesized by the PLA2G4D enzyme, all of which may serve as autoantigens to promote the differentiation of autoreactive lymphocytes T and unleash a chronic inflammatory response; 2) dysbiosis of skin microbiota hypothesis in psoriasis has gained relevance due to the observations of a loss of diversity and the participation of pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus spp. or Staphylococcus spp. the fungi Malassezia spp. or Candida spp. and the virus HPV, HCV, or HIV in psoriatic plaques; 3) the oxidative stress hypothesis, the most recent one, describes that the cell injury and the release of proinflammatory mediators and antimicrobial peptides that leads to activate of the Th1/Th17 axis observed in psoriasis is caused by a higher release of reactive oxygen species and the imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms. This review aims to describe the mechanisms involved in the three hypotheses on the etiopathogeneses of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Fernanda Hernandez-Nicols
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Juan José Robledo-Pulido
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Anabell Alvarado-Navarro
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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Khlyustova A, Kirsch M, Ma X, Cheng Y, Yang R. Surfaces with Antifouling-Antimicrobial Dual Function via Immobilization of Lysozyme on Zwitterionic Polymer Thin Films. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:2728-2739. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02597j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the emergence of wide-spread infectious diseases, there is a heightened need for antimicrobial and/or antifouling coatings that can be used to prevent infection and transmission in a variety...
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Understanding the effects of carboxymethyl cellulose on the bioactivity of lysozyme at different mass ratios and thermal treatments. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Yang P, Rao L, Zhao L, Wu X, Wang Y, Liao X. High pressure processing combined with selected hurdles: Enhancement in the inactivation of vegetative microorganisms. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:1800-1828. [PMID: 33594773 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High pressure processing (HPP) as a nonthermal processing (NTP) technology can ensure microbial safety to some extent without compromising food quality. However, for vegetative microorganisms, the existence of pressure-resistant subpopulations, the revival of sublethal injury (SLI) state cells, and the resuscitation of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state cells may constitute potential food safety risks and pose challenges for the further development of HPP application. HPP combined with selected hurdles, such as moderately elevated or low temperature, low pH, natural antimicrobials (bacteriocin, lactate, reuterin, endolysin, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase system, chitosan, essential oils), or other NTP (CO2 , UV-TiO2 photocatalysis, ultrasound, pulsed electric field, ultrafiltration), have been highlighted as feasible alternatives to enhance microbial inactivation (synergistic or additive effect). These combinations can effectively eliminate the pressure-resistant subpopulation, reduce the population of SLI or VBNC state cells and inhibit their revival or resuscitation. This review provides an updated overview of the microbial inactivation by the combination of HPP and selected hurdles and restructures the possible inactivation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqing Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lei Rao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Non-Thermal Processing, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Li H, Sun X, Liao X, Gänzle M. Control of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria in meat and meat products by high pressure: Challenges and future perspectives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:3476-3500. [PMID: 33337070 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
High-pressure processing is among the most widely used nonthermal intervention to reduce pathogenic and spoilage bacteria in meat and meat products. However, resistance of pathogenic bacteria strains in meats at the current maximum commercial equipment of 600 MPa questions the ability of inactivation by its application in meats. Pathogens including Escherichia coli, Listeria, and Salmonelle, and spoilage microbiota including lactic acid bacteria dominate in raw meat, ready-to-eat, and packaged meat products. Improved understanding on the mechanisms of the pressure resistance is needed for optimizing the conditions of pressure treatment to effectively decontaminate harmful bacteria. Effective control of the pressure-resistant pathogens and spoilage organisms in meats can be realized by the combination of high pressure with application of mild temperature and/or other hurdles including antimicrobial agents and/or competitive microbiota. This review summarized applications, mechanisms, and challenges of high pressure on meats from the perspective of microbiology, which are important for improving the understanding and optimizing the conditions of pressure treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Ting CH, Pan CY, Chen YC, Lin YC, Chen TY, Rajanbabu V, Chen JY. Impact of Tilapia hepcidin 2-3 dietary supplementation on the gut microbiota profile and immunomodulation in the grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). Sci Rep 2019; 9:19047. [PMID: 31836758 PMCID: PMC6910925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin regulates iron homeostasis and host-defense mechanisms, while the hepcidin-like protein, Tilapia hepcidin (TH)2-3, functions as an antimicrobial peptide (AMP). Since AMP dietary supplements may be used as alternatives to antibiotics in livestock, we tested the effects of recombinant (r)TH2-3 as a dietary supplement in grouper aquaculture. rTH2-3 was produced by a Pichia pastoris expression system and exhibited thermostability and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency were determined in Epinephelus lanceolatus (grouper) fed with rTH2-3-supplemented diet for 28 days. In addition, grouper showed enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity after rTH2-3 feeding compared to regular-diet-fed fish. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that microbial diversity was enhanced by feeding grouper with 1% rTH2-3. After challenging grouper with Vibrio alginolyticus, differential regulation of immune-related genes in the liver and spleen was observed between the TH2-3 and regular-diet groups, including for genes associated with antimicrobial and pro-inflammatory functions, complement components, and major histocompatibility complex (Mhc). These findings suggest that overall immunity was improved. Thus, our results suggest long-term supplementation with rTH2-3 may be beneficial for aquacultured grouper. The beneficial effects of the supplement are likely based on changes in the commensal microbial community as well as immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hung Ting
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yu Pan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Yueh Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology & Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Venugopal Rajanbabu
- Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural university, Tiruchchirapalli, 620027, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan.
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202, Taiwan.
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Shamakhi L, Zibaee A, Karimi-Malati A, Hoda H. Effect of thermal stress on the immune responses of Chilo suppressalis walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to Beauveria bassiana. J Therm Biol 2019; 84:136-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Liu J, Wang N, Liu Y, Jin Y, Ma M. The antimicrobial spectrum of lysozyme broadened by reductive modification. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3992-3999. [PMID: 29945177 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to broaden the antimicrobial action spectrum of lysozyme against Gram-negative bacteria, different partially reduced lysozyme derivatives were obtained by reducing the R-S-S-R bonds of lysozyme using the reducing agent Na2SO3. The circular dichroism behavior analysis showed that the tertiary structure of the partially reduced lysozyme molecules became more flexible, leading to an obvious increase in the surface hydrophobicity and the tryptophan fluorescence intensity. Zeta potential analysis indicated that the introduction of SO32- led to a decrease in the surface charges of the reduced lysozyme molecules. Compared with the native lysozyme, the reduced lysozymes not only showed a 1 log increase in the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076 (P <0.05), but also maintained nearly the same antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (P >0.05). Overall, the reductive modification with the food-friendly, compatible, and safe reducing agent Na2SO3 has broadened the antimicrobial action spectrum of the modified lysozymes against Gram-negative bacteria, with the enhancement extent depending on the reduction degree and the type of bacterial strains. The integrated results suggest that the Na2SO3-reduced lysozyme can be used as a novel safe potential bactericidal additive for food-processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Liu
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, R.P. China
| | - Ning Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, R.P. China
| | - Yaping Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, R.P. China
| | - Yongguo Jin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, R.P. China
| | - Meihu Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, R.P. China
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10
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Antibacterial Activity of Hen Egg White Lysozyme Denatured by Thermal and Chemical Treatments. Sci Pharm 2018; 86:scipharm86040048. [PMID: 30380756 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm86040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to increase the antibacterial spectrum of modified hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) with thermal and chemical treatments against Gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial activity of heat-denatured HEWL and chemical denatured HEWL against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria was evaluated in 15 h of incubation tests. HEWL was denatured by heating at pH 6.0 and pH 7.0 and chemical denaturing was carried out for 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 4.0 h with DL-Dithiothreitol (DTT). HEWL modified by thermal and chemical treatments was characterized using the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) electrophoresis method. Heat-denatured HEWL lytic activity against Micrococcus lysodeikticus lessened with increasing temperature and time of incubation with the chemical agent (DTT). The loss of lytic activity in modified HEWL suggests that the mechanism of action of the antibacterial activity is not dependent on the lytic activity. Thermal and chemical treatments of HEWL enabled the production of oligoforms and increased antibacterial activity over a wider spectrum. Heat-denatured HEWL at pH 6.0 and chemically-denatured HEWL increased the HEWL antibacterial spectrum against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922). HEWL at 120 °C and pH 6.0 (1.0 mg/mL) inhibited 78.20% of the growth of E. coli. HEWL/DTT treatment for 4.0 h (1.0 mg/mL) inhibited 68.75% of the growth E. coli. Heat-denatured HEWL at pH 6.0 and pH 7.0 and chemically-denatured HEWL (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 4.0 h with DTT) were active against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus carnosus CECT 4491T). Heat-denatured and chemical-denatured HEWL caused the death of the bacteria with the destruction of the cell wall. LIVE/DEAD assays of fluorescent dye stain of the membrane cell showed membrane perturbation of bacteria after incubation with modified HEWL. The cell wall destruction was viewed using electron microscopy. The results obtained in this study suggest that heat-denatured HEWL at pH 6.0 and chemical-denatured HEWL treatments increase the HEWL antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria.
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Oh HY, Kim CH, Go HJ, Park NG. Isolation of an invertebrate-type lysozyme from the nephridia of the echiura, Urechis unicinctus, and its recombinant production and activities. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:351-362. [PMID: 29753144 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrates, unlike vertebrates which have adaptive immune system, rely heavily on the innate immune system for the defense against pathogenic bacteria. Lysozymes, along with other immune effectors, are regarded as an important group in this defense. An invertebrate-type (i-type) lysozyme, designated Urechis unicinctus invertebrate-type lysozyme, Uu-ilys, has been isolated from nephridia of Urechis unicinctus using a series of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and ultrasensitive radial diffusion assay (URDA) as a bioassay system. Analyses of the primary structure and cDNA cloning revealed that Uu-ilys was approximately 14 kDa and composed of 122 amino acids (AAs) of which the precursor had a total of 160 AAs containing a signal peptide of 18 AAs and a pro-sequence of 20 AAs encoded by the nucleotide sequence of 714 bp that comprises a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 42 bp, an open reading frame (ORF) of 483 bp, and a 3' UTR of 189 bp. Multiple sequence alignment showed Uu-ilys has high homology to i-type lysozymes from several annelids. Relatively high transcriptional expression levels of Uu-ilys was detected in nephridia, anal vesicle, and intestine. The native Uu-ilys exhibited comparable lysozyme enzymatic and antibacterial activities to hen egg white lysozyme. Collectively, these data suggest that Uu-ilys, the isolated antibacterial protein, plays a role in the immune defense mechanism of U. unicinctus. Recombinant Uu-ilys (rUu-ilys) produced in a bacterial expression system showed significantly decreased lysozyme lytic activity from that of the native while its potency on radial diffusion assay detecting antibacterial activity was retained, which may indicate the non-enzymatic antibacterial capacity of Uu-ilys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Hee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Go
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Gyu Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Carrillo W, Lucio A, Gaibor J, Morales D, Vásquez G. Isolation of Antibacterial Hydrolysates from Hen Egg White Lysozyme and Identification of Antibacterial Peptides. J Med Food 2018; 21:808-818. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wilman Carrillo
- Research Department, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences, Bolivar State University, Guaranda, Ecuador
| | - Araceli Lucio
- Research Department, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences, Bolivar State University, Guaranda, Ecuador
| | - Juan Gaibor
- Research Department, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences, Bolivar State University, Guaranda, Ecuador
| | - Dayana Morales
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Faculty of Foods Science and Engineering, Technical University of Ambato, Ambato, Ecuador
| | - Grace Vásquez
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Production Sciences, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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Carrillo W, Ramos M. Identification of Antimicrobial Peptides of Native and Heated Hydrolysates from Hen Egg White Lysozyme. J Med Food 2018; 21:915-926. [PMID: 29688795 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hen eggs are a source of bioactive compounds, of which the hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) protein. HEWL has a demonstrated antibacterial activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of native and heated HEWL hydrolysates obtained through hydrolysis with pepsin and to identify their peptides using the reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-ESI-MS-MS) analysis. Native and heat-treated HEWL was hydrolyzed with pepsin at pH 1.2, and their antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus carnosus. Two of the hydrolysates obtained presented high antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Native HEWL hydrolysate was a bactericide at 2.0 mg/mL against E. coli. Fifty-one peptide sequences were identified on the two hydrolysates. Peptides identified are cationic peptides. These peptides are rich in Lys and Arg cationic amino acids and have Trp in their sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilman Carrillo
- 1 Laboratory of Functional Foods, Faculty of Foods Science and Engineering, Technical University of Ambato , Ambato, Ecuador .,2 Research Institute of Food Science CIAL (CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ramos
- 2 Research Institute of Food Science CIAL (CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain
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14
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van Nassau TJ, Lenz CA, Scherzinger AS, Vogel RF. Combination of endolysins and high pressure to inactivate Listeria monocytogenes. Food Microbiol 2017; 68:81-88. [PMID: 28800829 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of listeriosis are often related to the consumption of low-processed ready-to-eat food products (e.g. soft cheeses or smoked fish) contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. Traditional preservation techniques, such as heat treatment, cannot eliminate Listeria from these products without strongly affecting the quality of the foods. We therefore investigated the use of endolysin (PlyP40, Ply511, or PlyP825) in combination with high hydrostatic pressure processing to kill L. monocytogenes in buffer. The results demonstrated a more than additive effect when both treatments were combined. For example, whereas 0.16 μg/mL PlyP825 or 300 MPa (1 min, 30 °C) applied individually reduced the cell count by 0.2 and 0.3 log cfu, respectively, a combined treatment resulted in a reduction of 5.5 log cfu. Similar results were obtained for the other endolysins combined with high pressure processing. We also showed that the synergistic inactivation of cells by endolysin and HHP is possible at a pressure level of only 200 MPa (2 min, 30 °C). Thus, the application of endolysins did not only substantially increase the bactericidal effect of high pressure, but it also enabled the inactivation of bacterial cells at much lower pressure levels. This shows the potential of using such combined processes for the inactivation of L. monocytogenes and food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas J van Nassau
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christian A Lenz
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | - Rudi F Vogel
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, D-85354 Freising, Germany.
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15
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Yang D, Wang Q, Chen L, Liu Y, Cao R, Wu H, Li F, Ji C, Cong M, Zhao J. Molecular characterization and antibacterial activity of a phage-type lysozyme from the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 65:17-24. [PMID: 28365385 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A phage-type lysozyme, designed as RpPLYZ, was cloned and characterized from the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. The full-length cDNA of RpPLYZ was of 699 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 534 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 177-amino acid with a calculated molecular mass of 19.6 kDa and an isoelectric point of 9.05. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis strongly suggested that RpPLYZ was a new member of the phage-type lysozyme family. The mRNA transcript of RpPLYZ was found to be constitutively expressed in a wide range of tissues and mainly in hemocytes and mantle. The relative expression of RpPLYZ mRNA in hemocytes was significantly up-regulated at 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after Vibrio anguillarum challenge. The recombinant RpPLYZ (rRpPLYZ) showed high activity against Entherobacter cloacae and Staphyloccocus aureus, and less effective towards Entherobacter aerogenes and V. anguillarum. Moreover, the optimal pH, temperature and ionic strength for rRpPLYZ activity was determined to be 5.5, 50 °C and 5 mM, respectively. These results suggested that RpPLYZ was a member of the phage-type lysozyme family and perhaps played an important role in the immune responses against bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Lizhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yongliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Ruiwen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Ming Cong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China.
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Kuda T, Nakano A, Takahashi H, Kimura B. Effect of the quantities of food residues on the desiccation resistance of spoilage lactic acid bacteria adhered to a stainless steel surface. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Guyot N, Réhault-Godbert S, Slugocki C, Harichaux G, Labas V, Helloin E, Nys Y. Characterization of egg white antibacterial properties during the first half of incubation: A comparative study between embryonated and unfertilized eggs. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2956-2970. [PMID: 27601682 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Egg white is an important contributor to the protection of eggs against bacterial contaminations during the first half of incubation (day zero to 12), prior to the egg white transfer into the amniotic fluid to be orally absorbed by the embryo. This protective system relies on an arsenal of antimicrobial proteins and on intrinsic physicochemical properties that are generally unfavorable for bacterial multiplication and dissemination. Some changes in these parameters can be observed in egg white during egg storage and incubation. The aim of this work was to characterize changes in the antibacterial potential of egg white in embryonated eggs (FE) during the first half of incubation using unfertilized eggs (UF) as controls. Egg white samples were collected at day zero, 4, 8, and 12 and analyzed for pH, protein concentration, and protein profile. Antibacterial properties of egg white proteins were evaluated against Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Enteritidis. During incubation, differential variations of egg white pH and protein concentrations were observed between UF and FE. At equal protein concentrations, similar activities against L. monocytogenes and S. uberis were observed for FE and UF egg white proteins. A progressive decline in these activities, however, was observed over incubation time, regardless of the egg group (UF or FE). SDS-PAGE analysis of egg white proteins during incubation revealed discrete changes in the profile of major proteins, whereas the stability of some less abundant antimicrobial proteins seemed more affected. To conclude, the antibacterial activity of egg white proteins progressively decreased during the first half of egg incubation, possibly resulting from the alteration of specific antimicrobial proteins. This apparent decline may be partly counterbalanced in embryonated eggs by the increase in egg white protein concentration. The antibacterial potential of egg white is very effective during early stages of embryonic development but its alteration during incubation suggests that extra-embryonic structures could then progressively ensure protective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Guyot
- URA, INRA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - C Slugocki
- ISP, INRA, University of Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - G Harichaux
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, University of Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - V Labas
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, University of Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - E Helloin
- ISP, INRA, University of Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Y Nys
- URA, INRA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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Karpiński TM, Żaba Z, Chudzicka-Strugała I, Szkaradkiewicz AK, Jaworska A, Zeidler A, Andrzejewska E, Szkaradkiewicz A. Selected Factors of Innate Immunity in Healthy Individuals with S. aureus Nasal Carriage. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:453. [PMID: 27065998 PMCID: PMC4814897 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus represents a well-defined factor of risk involving community and hospital-acquired infections. Recently a significance of several host factors has been pointed out and, in particular, of immune determinants in nasal S. aureus colonization. Therefore, this study aimed at analysis of manifestation involving manifestation in the nasal secretions of important components of the host innate immunity - human beta-defensin-2 (HBD-2), lysozyme (Ly), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in healthy individuals and in persons with persistent carriage of S. aureus. The studies were conducted in two groups of healthy volunteers, encompassing non-carriers (group 1) or persistent carriers of S. aureus (group 2). Elisa assays were employed to evaluate levels of HBD-2, Ly, and IFN-γ in nasal secretions of the examined donors. In S. aureus carriers a significant variability of HBD-2 levels was detected, corresponding to, respectively, the high (averaging at 1.46 ng/ml) and the low (averaging at 0.13 ng/ml) secretory response of the defensin. The level of Ly in S. aureus carriers averaged at 1.46 μg/ml and it manifested no significant difference as compared to that noted in non-carriers. In turn, concentrations of IFN-γ in nasal secretions in the group of carriers of S. aureus amounted on the average to 81.7 pg/ml and they were 1.3-fold higher that in the group of non-carriers. The obtained results allow to conclude that IFN-γ secretion by the nasal cavity-colonizing S. aureus remains quantitatively insufficient to eliminate the pathogen. Nevertheless, a significant increase in levels of this host factor may be important for restriction of the staphylococcal colonization and protection against development of an invasive infection. In turn, the role of HBD-2 and Ly in inactivation of the colonizing S. aureus remains doubtful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Karpiński
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznań, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Żaba
- Department of Teaching Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Anna K Szkaradkiewicz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Jaworska
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zeidler
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Andrzejewska
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Szkaradkiewicz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznań, Poland
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Trujillo AJ, Ferragut V, Juan B, Roig-Sagués AX, Guamis B. Processing of Dairy Products Utilizing High Pressure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3234-4_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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20
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Woods CM, Tan S, Ullah S, Frauenfelder C, Ooi EH, Carney AS. The effect of nasal irrigation formulation on the antimicrobial activity of nasal secretions. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2015. [PMID: 26205877 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saline-based irrigation solutions are evidence-based rhinological treatments; however, the formulation of these solutions could theoretically alter the function of innate antimicrobial peptides. The aim of this study was to determine if the antimicrobial activity of normal human nasal secretions in vivo is altered by commercially available large volume irrigation solutions. METHODS Minimally manipulated sinonasal secretions were collected from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS; n = 10) and normal healthy volunteers (n = 20). In a subset of control patients (n = 10) secretions were collected prior to, and at 1 hour, 6 hours, and 24 hours after nasal irrigation with 4 commercial irrigation solutions. Lysozyme and lactoferrin levels were analyzed and the antimicrobial activity of secretions determined using a radial diffusion assay. RESULTS The antimicrobial activity of nasal secretions was reduced in CRS patients compared to healthy volunteers (p < 0.01), but there was no significant difference in antimicrobial peptide concentrations. Isotonic nasal irrigation reduced lysozyme and lactoferrin levels, which returned to baseline levels by 6 hours; in addition to a sustained decrease in antimicrobial activity before returning to baseline at 24 hours. Low-salt solution stimulated peptide secretion by approximately 40% at 6 hours and 24 hours, but produced a transient decrease in antimicrobial activity, returning to baseline levels by 6 hours. Hypertonic solution initially decreased lysozyme and lactoferrin levels but maintained baseline levels of antimicrobial activity and increased peptide secretion by approximately 30% at 24 hours. CONCLUSION The formulation of nasal irrigation solutions significantly affects the measured levels and functionality of sinonasal antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine M Woods
- Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Department, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sophia Tan
- Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Department, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shahid Ullah
- Flinders Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Claire Frauenfelder
- Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Department, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eng H Ooi
- Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Department, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Simon Carney
- Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Department, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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Hussain M, Zahoor T, Anjum FM, Shahid M, Saeed F. Isolation and Characterization of Buffalo Milk Lysozyme. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2013.809540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Wang B, Lin Q, Jin T, Shen C, Tang J, Han Y, Chen H. Surface modification of intraocular lenses with hyaluronic acid and lysozyme for the prevention of endophthalmitis and posterior capsule opacification. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13499k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Posterior capsule opacification is one of the complications of cataract surgery caused by the adhesion and reproduction of residual human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) on the posterior capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailiang Wang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry
- Eye Hospital
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou
- China
| | - Quankui Lin
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry
- Eye Hospital
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou
- China
| | - Tingwei Jin
- Department of Basic Teaching
- City College of Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou
- China
| | - Chenghui Shen
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Wenzhou
- China
| | - Junmei Tang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry
- Eye Hospital
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou
- China
| | - Yuemei Han
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry
- Eye Hospital
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou
- China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry
- Eye Hospital
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou
- China
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23
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Huang HL, Cheng YS. A novel minisequencing single-nucleotide polymorphism marker of the lysozyme gene detects high hatchability of Tsaiya ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Theriogenology 2014; 82:1113-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Carrillo W, García-Ruiz A, Recio I, Moreno-Arribas MV. Antibacterial activity of hen egg white lysozyme modified by heat and enzymatic treatments against oenological lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1732-9. [PMID: 25285490 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of heat-denatured and hydrolyzed hen egg white lysozyme against oenological lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria was investigated. The lysozyme was denatured by heating, and native and heat-denatured lysozymes were hydrolyzed by pepsin. The lytic activity against Micrococcus lysodeikticus of heat-denatured lysozyme decreased with the temperature of the heat treatment, whereas the hydrolyzed lysozyme had no enzymatic activity. Heat-denatured and hydrolyzed lysozyme preparations showed antimicrobial activity against acetic acid bacteria. Lysozyme heated at 90°C exerted potent activity against Acetobacter aceti CIAL-106 and Gluconobacter oxydans CIAL-107 with concentrations required to obtain 50% inhibition of growth (IC50) of 0.089 and 0.013 mg/ml, respectively. This preparation also demonstrated activity against Lactobacillus casei CIAL-52 and Oenococcus oeni CIAL-91 (IC50, 1.37 and 0.45 mg/ml, respectively). The two hydrolysates from native and heat-denatured lysozyme were active against O. oeni CIAL-96 (IC50, 2.77 and 0.3 mg/ml, respectively). The results obtained suggest that thermal and enzymatic treatments increase the antibacterial spectrum of hen egg white lysozyme in relation to oenological microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Carrillo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 9, Spain; Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos, Universidad Técnica de Ambato Campus Huachi, Avenida Los Chasquis y Rio Payamino, Ambato, Ecuador
| | - A García-Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Recio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M V Moreno-Arribas
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Muriel-Galet V, Talbert JN, Hernandez-Munoz P, Gavara R, Goddard JM. Covalent immobilization of lysozyme on ethylene vinyl alcohol films for nonmigrating antimicrobial packaging applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6720-6727. [PMID: 23815412 DOI: 10.1021/jf401818u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a new antimicrobial film, in which lysozyme was covalently attached onto two different ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVOH 29 and EVOH 44). The EVOH surface was modified with UV irradiation treatment to generate carboxylic acid groups, and lysozyme was covalently attached to the functionalized polymer surface. Surface characterization of control and modified films was performed using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and dye assay. The value of protein loading after attachment on the surface was 8.49 μg protein/cm(2) and 5.74 μg protein/cm(2) for EVOH 29 and EVOH 44, respectively, after 10 min UV irradiation and bioconjugation. The efficacy of the EVOH-lysozyme films was assessed using Micrococcus lysodeikticus. The antimicrobial activity of the films was tested against Listeria monocytogenes and was similar to an equivalent amount of free enzyme. The reduction was 1.08 log for EVOH 29-lysozyme, 0.95 log for EVOH 44-lysozyme, and 1.34 log for free lysozyme. This work confirmed the successful use of lysozyme immobilization on the EVOH surface for antimicrobial packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Muriel-Galet
- Packaging Lab, Instituo de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, CSIC, Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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Derbise A, Pierre F, Merchez M, Pradel E, Laouami S, Ricard I, Sirard JC, Fritz J, Lemaître N, Akinbi H, Boneca IG, Sebbane F. Inheritance of the lysozyme inhibitor Ivy was an important evolutionary step by Yersinia pestis to avoid the host innate immune response. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:1535-43. [PMID: 23402825 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yersinia pestis (the plague bacillus) and its ancestor, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (which causes self-limited bowel disease), encode putative homologues of the periplasmic lysozyme inhibitor Ivy and the membrane-bound lysozyme inhibitor MliC. The involvement of both inhibitors in virulence remains subject to debate. METHODS Mutants lacking ivy and/or mliC were generated. We evaluated the mutants' ability to counter lysozyme, grow in serum, and/or counter leukocytes; to produce disease in wild-type, neutropenic, or lysozyme-deficient rodents; and to induce host inflammation. RESULTS MliC was not required for lysozyme resistance and the development of plague. Deletion of ivy decreased Y. pestis' ability to counter lysozyme and polymorphonuclear neutrophils, but it did not affect the bacterium's ability to grow in serum or resist macrophages. Y. pestis lacking Ivy had attenuated virulence, unless animals were neutropenic or lysozyme deficient. The Ivy mutant induced inflammation to a degree similar to that of the parental strain. Last, Y. pseudotuberculosis did not require Ivy to counter lysozyme and for virulence. CONCLUSIONS Ivy is required to counter lysozyme during infection, but its role as a virulence factor is species dependent. Our study also shows that a gene that is not necessary for the virulence of an ancestral bacterium may become essential in the emergence of a new pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Derbise
- Equipe Peste et Yersinia pestis, INSERM U1019, Paris, France
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Zecconi A, Scali F. Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors in evasion from innate immune defenses in human and animal diseases. Immunol Lett 2013; 150:12-22. [PMID: 23376548 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, Staphylococcus aureus acquired a dramatic relevance in human and veterinary medicine for different reasons, one of them represented by the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains. However, antibiotic resistance is not the only weapon in the arsenal of S. aureus. Indeed, these bacteria have plenty of virulence factors, including a vast ability to evade host immune defenses. The innate immune system represents the first line of defense against invading pathogens. This system consists of three major effector mechanisms: antimicrobial peptides and enzymes, the complement system and phagocytes. In this review, we focused on S. aureus virulence factors involved in the immune evasion in the first phases of infection: TLR recognition avoidance, adhesins affecting immune response and resistance to host defenses peptides and polypeptides. Studies of innate immune defenses and their role against S. aureus are important in human and veterinary medicine given the problems related to S. aureus antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, due to the pathogen ability to manipulate the immune response, these data are needed to develop efficacious vaccines or molecules against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Zecconi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dip. Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Woods CM, Hooper DN, Ooi EH, Tan LW, Carney AS. Fungicidal activity of lysozyme is inhibited in vitro by commercial sinus irrigation solutions. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2012; 26:298-301. [PMID: 22801018 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2012.26.3793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysozyme is an innate immune peptide with bactericidal and fungicidal activity (FA). Despite increased expression of lysozyme protein in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) sinus mucosa, CRS patients experience repeated bacterial and/or fungal infections. Commercial sinus irrigation solutions are often used to provide symptomatic relief. However, one of the mechanisms of action of lysozyme involves ionic interactions with the microbial cell wall, which may be inhibited by ionic solutions such as commercial sinus irrigation solutions. OBJECTIVE Determine if the FA of lysozyme is reduced in the presence of solutions with increasing ionic strength and inhibited in the presence of commercial sinus irrigation solutions. METHODS Using an in vitro colony-forming unit (CFU) assay, the FA of lysozyme (5 μM) was tested against a fungi commonly isolated from CRS patients, Aspergillus fumigatus, in solutions of increasing ionic strength or commercial sinus irrigation solutions. FA was presented as percent of control. RESULTS FA of lysozyme against A. fumigatus was 95% in a 21-mM ionic strength solution. However, with increasing ionic strength, FA decreased and was abolished in a 46-mM ionic strength solution. Commercial sinus irrigation solutions abolished the FA of lysozyme against A. fumigatus. CONCLUSION The in vitro FA of lysozyme is dependent on the ionic strength of the solution. The use of sinus irrigation solutions should be further evaluated with regard to maintaining functional activity of cationic antimicrobial peptides involved in sinonasal innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine M Woods
- Flinders Ear, Nose and Throat, Department of Surgery, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
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Rawdkuen S, Suthiluk P, Kamhangwong D, Benjakul S. Mechanical, physico-chemical, and antimicrobial properties of gelatin-based film incorporated with catechin-lysozyme. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:131. [PMID: 23134808 PMCID: PMC3585795 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial activity is a primary cause of deterioration in many foods and is often responsible for reduced quality and safety. Food-borne illnesses associated with E. coli O157:H7, S. aureus, S. enteritidis and L. monocytogenes are a major public health concern throughout the world. A number of methods have been employed to control or prevent the growth of these microorganisms in food. Antimicrobial packaging is one of the most promising active packaging systems for effectively retarding the growth of food spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanical, physico-chemical properties and inhibitory effects of the fish gelatin films against selected food spoilage microorganisms when incorporated with catechin-lysozyme. RESULTS The effect of the catechin-lysozyme combination addition (CLC: 0, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5%, w/v) on fish gelatin film properties was monitored. At the level of 0.5% addition, the CLC showed the greatest elongation at break (EAB) at 143.17% with 0.039 mm thickness, and the lowest water vapor permeability (WVP) at 6.5 x 10-8 g·mm·h-1·cm-2·Pa-1, whereas the control showed high tensile strength (TS) and the highest WVP. Regarding color attributes, the gelatin film without CLC addition gave the highest lightness (L* 91.95) but lowest in redness (a*-1.29) and yellowness (b* 2.25) values. The light transmission of the film did not significantly decrease and nor did film transparency (p>0.05) with increased CLC. Incorporating CLC could not affect the film microstructure. The solubility of the gelatin based film incorporated with CLC was not affected, especially at a high level of addition (p>0.05). Inhibitory activity of the fish gelatin film against E.coli, S.aureus, L. innocua and S. cerevisiae was concentration dependent. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that CLC incorporation can improve mechanical, physico-chemical, and antimicrobial properties of the resulting films, thus allowing the films to become more applicable in active food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroat Rawdkuen
- Food Technology Program, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Phunsiri Suthiluk
- Food Technology Program, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Damrongpol Kamhangwong
- Technology Management of Agricultural Produces and Packaging Program, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
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Hildebrandt C, Wagner D, Kohlmann T, Kramer A. In-vitro analysis of the microbicidal activity of 6 contact lens care solutions. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:241. [PMID: 23033880 PMCID: PMC3519705 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact lens-related infections are often associated with inadequate contact lens hygiene, and therefore, contact lens care products should be able to sufficiently minimise the amount of pathogens that are responsible for these infections. In 2001, the EN ISO 14729 was introduced to ensure adequate disinfection efficacy of contact lens care solutions, but this norm has recently been criticised. METHODS In this study, six frequently used contact lens care solutions were retested according to the Stand Alone Test of the EN ISO 14729 (2001). The Stand Alone Test is a quantitative suspension test. In addition, the products were tested in a modified setting adding an organic load. The load was a mixture of human blood serum, lysozyme, and mucine, which resembles tear fluid. RESULTS The criteria of the Stand Alone Test recommended in EN ISO 14729 were only met by Aosept Plus. This 3% hydrogen-peroxide-based contact lens care solution attained a reduction factor of > 5 log units for bacteria and > 4 for fungi in all cases. Two further contact lens care solutions, Blue Vision and Optifree Replenish, met the criteria of a reduction factor of > 3 log units for bacteria and > 1 log unit for fungi, but only in the presence of artificial tear fluid. The three remaining products did not exhibit adequate disinfecting efficacy, at least against one of the tested microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS Through the observation that the artificial tear fluid used in this study influences the disinfecting efficacy of contact lens care solutions, especially that of multi-purpose solutions, in a different way than does albumin, mucine, or even the organic load suggested in EN ISO 14729, it becomes obvious that the test conditions in the EN ISO 14729 should be revised in order to create more realistic conditions, e.g., by using a more realistic artificial tear fluid. Furthermore, we suggest adapting the EN ISO 14729 to the European test hierarchy for chemical disinfectants and antiseptics, which consists of three test phases and also requests meeting stricter criteria in order to pass the test. Unless the test conditions guarantee a sufficient reduction of potential pathogens, the risk of contact lens-related microbial keratitis and other infections will remain for the users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hildebrandt
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Li Y, Kadam S, Abee T, Slaghek TM, Timmermans JW, Cohen Stuart MA, Norde W, Kleijn MJ. Antimicrobial lysozyme-containing starch microgel to target and inhibit amylase-producing microorganisms. Food Hydrocoll 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Tabla R, Martínez B, Rebollo J, González J, Ramírez M, Roa I, Rodríguez A, García P. Bacteriophage performance against Staphylococcus aureus in milk is improved by high hydrostatic pressure treatments. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 156:209-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Modulation of physiological and pathological activities of lysozyme by biological membranes. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2012; 17:349-75. [PMID: 22544762 PMCID: PMC6275811 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-012-0015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular details of interactions between lipid membranes and lysozyme (Lz), a small polycationic protein with a wide range of biological activities, have long been the focus of numerous studies. The biological consequences of this process are considered to embrace at least two aspects: i) correlation between antimicrobial and membranotropic properties of this protein, and ii) lipid-mediated Lz amyloidogenesis. The mechanisms underlying the lipid-assisted protein fibrillogenesis and membrane disruption exerted by Lz in bacterial cells are believed to be similar. The present investigation was undertaken to gain further insight into Lz-lipid interactions and explore the routes by which Lz exerts its antimicrobial and amyloidogenic actions. Binding and Förster resonance energy transfer studies revealed that upon increasing the content of anionic lipids in lipid vesicles, Lz forms aggregates in a membrane environment. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and pyrene excimerization reaction were employed to study the effect of Lz on the structural and dynamic properties of lipid bilayers. It was found that Lz induces lipid demixing and reduction of bilayer free volume, the magnitude of this effect being much more pronounced for oligomeric protein.
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Woods CM, Hooper DN, Ooi EH, Tan LW, Carney AS. Human lysozyme has fungicidal activity against nasal fungi. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2011; 25:236-40. [PMID: 21639997 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cationic antimicrobial peptide lysozyme is the most prevalent innate immune protein in nasal secretions but there is a paucity of research regarding its role in paranasal sinus disease. Lysozyme is generally regarded as an antibacterial agent; however, some data suggest activity toward yeast. This study was designed to determine if lysozyme displays fungicidal activity toward fungi commonly identified in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) or fungal sinusitis. METHODS Using a colony-forming unit assay the fungicidal activity of lysozyme (0, 0.5, 5, and 50 micromolar; 0- to 7-hour treatment) was tested against strains of Aspergillus fumigatus, the yeast Candida albicans, and other fungi commonly identified in mucin of patients with CRS. Fungi cultured directly from the mucin of two CRS patients were also tested to determine if they were resistant to the fungicidal activity of lysozyme. RESULTS The fungicidal effect of lysozyme was both concentration and time dependent. After 7-hour treatment lysozyme (5 micromolar) had >80% fungicidal activity against A. fumigatus, Penicillium sp., Acremonium sp., C. albicans, and Candida parapsilosis. The fungicidal activity of lysozyme toward Alternaria alternata could not be determined. Lysozyme was also fungicidal toward the clinical isolates A. fumigatus and Aspergillus terreus cultured from the mucin of CRS patients. CONCLUSION Lysozyme displays fungicidal activity toward many fungi commonly identified in patients with CRS, as well as clinical fungi isolates cultured from the mucin of CRS patients. Additional studies are required to determine the regulation of lysozyme in CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine M Woods
- Flinders ENT, Department of Surgery, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
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Alabdeh M, Lechevalier V, Nau F, Gautier M, Cochet MF, Gonnet F, Jan S, Baron F. Role of incubation conditions and protein fraction on the antimicrobial activity of egg white against Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coli. J Food Prot 2011; 74:24-31. [PMID: 21219759 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of egg white antimicrobial activity involves specific molecules and environmental factors. However, it is difficult to compare the data from the literature because of the use of various bacterial strains and incubation conditions. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of temperature, pH, inoculum size, and egg white protein concentration on egg white antimicrobial activity and to investigate the putative interactions among these factors by conducting a complete factorial design analysis. The behavior of Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coli was studied after precultivation in tryptic soy broth and Luria-Bertani broth, respectively, using three different egg white protein concentrations (0, 10, and 100%), five temperatures (37, 40, 42, 45, and 48°C), two pHs (7.8 and 9.3), and six inoculum levels (3 to 8 log CFU/ml). The essential role of temperature was identified. An inverse relationship was observed between bacterial growth and an increase in temperature. The role of egg white proteins was clearly demonstrated. In the absence of egg white proteins, bacterial growth occurred under most incubation conditions, whereas the presence of 10 and 100% protein produced bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects. The interaction between temperature and protein concentration was significant. At the highest tested temperatures, proteins were less involved in the bactericidal effect. Bacterial destruction was higher at pH 9.3 than at pH 7.8. Under our experimental conditions, Salmonella Enteritidis was more resistant to inactivation by egg white than was E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alabdeh
- AGROCAMPUS Ouest, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France
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Rao XJ, Ling E, Yu XQ. The role of lysozyme in the prophenoloxidase activation system of Manduca sexta: an in vitro approach. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:264-71. [PMID: 19835909 PMCID: PMC2813938 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the prophenoloxidase (proPO) system and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides (including lysozyme) are two key defense mechanisms in arthropods. Activation of proPO involves a cascade of serine proteinases that eventually converts proPO to active phenoloxidase (PO). However, a trade-off between lysozyme/antibacterial activity and PO activity has been observed in some insects, and a mosquito lysozyme can inhibit melanization. It is not clear whether lysozyme can inhibit PO activity and/or proPO activation. In this study, we used in vitro assays to investigate the role of lysozyme in proPO activation in the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. We showed that lysozymes from M. sexta, human milk and hen egg white did not inhibit PO activity in the pre-activated naïve plasma of M. sexta larvae, but significantly inhibited proPO activation in the naïve plasma. Western blot analysis showed that direct incubation of M. sexta lysozyme with the naïve plasma prevented conversion of proPO to PO, but stimulated degradation of precursor proteins for serine proteinase homolog-2 (SPH2) and proPO-activating proteinase-1 (PAP1), two key components required for proPO activation. Far-western blot analysis showed that M. sexta lysozyme and proPO interacted with each other. Altogether, our results suggest that lysozymes may inhibit the proPO activation system by preventing conversion of proPO to PO via direct protein interaction with proPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Jun Rao
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Erjun Ling
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Send correspondence to: Xiao-Qiang Yu, Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, Telephone: (816)-235-6379, Fax: (816)-235-1503,
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Abstract
Enzymatic methods provide a convenient alternative for overcoming technical disadvantages of mechanical disruption. Protocols for protein extraction from bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using lytic enzymes are presented in this chapter. Adaptation of the yeast protocol to a microtiter plate format makes this protocol amenable for proteomic applications and high-throughput screening of libraries expressing genetic variants in yeast. This methodology can also be applied to bacteria.
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Parisien A, Allain B, Zhang J, Mandeville R, Lan CQ. Novel alternatives to antibiotics: bacteriophages, bacterial cell wall hydrolases, and antimicrobial peptides. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 104:1-13. [PMID: 18171378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted on the development of three groups of naturally occurring antimicrobials as novel alternatives to antibiotics: bacteriophages (phages), bacterial cell wall hydrolases (BCWH), and antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Phage therapies are highly efficient, highly specific, and relatively cost-effective. However, precautions have to be taken in the selection of phage candidates for therapeutic applications as some phages may encode toxins and others may, when integrated into host bacterial genome and converted to prophages in a lysogenic cycle, lead to bacterial immunity and altered virulence. BCWH are divided into three groups: lysozymes, autolysins, and virolysins. Among them, virolysins are the most promising candidates as they are highly specific and have the capability to rapidly lyse antibiotic-resistant bacteria on a generally species-specific basis. Finally, AMP are a family of natural proteins produced by eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms or encoded by phages. AMP are of vast diversity in term of size, structure, mode of action, and specificity and have a high potential for clinical therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Parisien
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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41
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Yang H, Qu L, Wimbrow A, Jiang X, Sun YP. Enhancing antimicrobial activity of lysozyme against Listeria monocytogenes using immunonanoparticles. J Food Prot 2007; 70:1844-9. [PMID: 17803140 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.8.1844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial efficacy of lysozyme may be reduced by undesirable interactions with food components and nontarget bacteria. Immunonanoparticles, i.e., nanoparticles functionalized with pathogen-specific antibodies, may serve as an antimicrobial carrier for improving the stability and activity of antimicrobials in foods. The objective of this research was to study the antimicrobial activity of lysozyme-carrying immunonanoparticles against Listeria monocytogenes. Polystyrene nanoparticles with active carboxyl groups were conjugated with anti-L. monocytogenes antibody through covalent bonding. Enhanced antimicrobial activity of lysozyme-carrying immunonanoparticles was achieved when 0.04 microg/ml anti-L. monocytogenes antibody was used for coating nanoparticles and the resulting immunonanoparticles were then coated with lysozyme for 6 h. Lysozyme-carrying immunonanoparticles with a final concentration of 35 microg/ml reduced L. monocytogenes Scott A populations from ca. 5 log CFU/ml to below the detection limit (< 1 log CFU/ml) within 3 h. However, when 500 microg/ml lysozyme was used, ca. 2 log CFU/ml concentration of L. monocytogenes cells remained culturable after 5 h of treatment. The addition of lysozyme-carrying immunonanoparticles (37 microg/ml) to an L. monocytogenes solution of ca. 7 log CFU/ml for 6 h resulted in 0.9-, 1.0-, and 2.3-log greater reductions of L. monocytogenes cells than that achieved with lysozyme-carrying nanoparticles and lysozyme solutions of 500 and 50 microg/ml, respectively. Overall, lysozyme-carrying immunonanoparticles had significantly more anti-L. monocytogenes activity (P < 0.05) than did lysozyme-carrying nanoparticles and lysozyme solutions at higher concentrations (500 and 50 microg/ml). Our study revealed that the use of lysozyme-carrying immunonanoparticles is more effective than direct addition of lysozyme for inactivating L. monocytogenes in nutrient broth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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42
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Salazar O, Asenjo JA. Enzymatic lysis of microbial cells. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:985-94. [PMID: 17464453 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell wall lytic enzymes are valuable tools for the biotechnologist, with many applications in medicine, the food industry, and agriculture, and for recovering of intracellular products from yeast or bacteria. The diversity of potential applications has conducted to the development of lytic enzyme systems with specific characteristics, suitable for satisfying the requirements of each particular application. Since the first time the lytic enzyme of excellence, lysozyme, was discovered, many investigations have contributed to the understanding of the action mechanisms and other basic aspects of these interesting enzymes. Today, recombinant production and protein engineering have improved and expanded the area of potential applications. In this review, some of the recent advances in specific enzyme systems for bacteria and yeast cells rupture and other applications are examined. Emphasis is focused in biotechnological aspects of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Salazar
- Centre for Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Chile, Beauchef 861, Santiago, Chile.
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43
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López Expósito I, Recio I. Antibacterial activity of peptides and folding variants from milk proteins. Int Dairy J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Nakimbugwe D, Masschalck B, Anim G, Michiels CW. Inactivation of gram-negative bacteria in milk and banana juice by hen egg white and lambda lysozyme under high hydrostatic pressure. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 112:19-25. [PMID: 16843561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and bacteriophage lambda lysozyme (LaL) in combination with high pressure (HP) treatment on the inactivation of four gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella flexneri, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella typhimurium), was studied in skim milk (pH 6.8; a(w) 0.997) and in banana juice (pH 3.8; a(w) 0.971). In the absence of lysozymes, S. flexneri was more sensitive to HP in milk than in banana juice, while the opposite was observed for the other three bacteria. In combination with HP treatment, LaL was more effective than HEWL on all bacteria in both milk and banana juice. Depending on the bacteria, inactivation levels in banana juice were increased from 0.4-2.7 log units by HP treatment alone to 3.6-6.5 log units in the presence of 224 U/ml LaL. Bacterial inactivation in milk was also enhanced by LaL but only by 0.5-2.1 log units. Under the experimental conditions used, LaL was more effective in banana juice than in milk, while the effectiveness of HEWL under the same conditions was not significantly affected by the food matrix. This effect could be ascribed to the low pH of the banana juice since LaL was also more effective on E. coli in buffer at pH 3.8 than at pH 6.8. Since neither LaL nor HEWL are enzymatically active at pH 3.8, we analysed bacterial lysis after HP treatment in the presence of these enzymes, and found that inactivation proceeds through a non-lytic mechanism at pH 3.8 and a lytic mechanism at pH 6.8. Based on these results, LaL may offer interesting perspectives for use as an extra hurdle in high pressure food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Nakimbugwe
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Niyonsaba F, Ogawa H. Protective roles of the skin against infection: Implication of naturally occurring human antimicrobial agents β-defensins, cathelicidin LL-37 and lysozyme. J Dermatol Sci 2005; 40:157-68. [PMID: 16150577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Beside its physical barrier against invading microorganisms, the skin has the ability to produce a number of antimicrobial peptides and proteins, including human beta-defensins, cathelicidin LL-37 and lysozyme that participate in the innate host defense. These antimicrobial agents are strongly active against a wide spectrum of various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. Thus, antimicrobial agents are proposed to be promising candidates for innovative anti-infective drugs, and some antimicrobial peptides are currently used in clinical trials for treatment of various skin infections. In addition to their direct antimicrobial functions against invading pathogenic microorganisms, antimicrobial agents have also multiple roles as mediators of inflammation with the effects on epithelial and inflammatory cells, influencing cell proliferation, wound healing, cytokine/chemokine production and chemotaxis. This review describes the biology of these antimicrobial molecules and discusses their structure, expression and functions. Understanding the actions of antimicrobial agents in skin will provide further insight into the mechanism of innate cutaneous disease control, and yield novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Niyonsaba
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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Chen X, Niyonsaba F, Ushio H, Okuda D, Nagaoka I, Ikeda S, Okumura K, Ogawa H. Synergistic effect of antibacterial agents human β-defensins, cathelicidin LL-37 and lysozyme against and. J Dermatol Sci 2005; 40:123-32. [PMID: 15963694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Revised: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antimicrobial properties of the skin are attributed to several agents including human beta-defensins (hBDs), cathelicidin LL-37 and skin lysozyme. Although these antibacterial agents reside in the skin to protect it against infection, it is not well known whether the total analysis of all combinations of these agents may result in synergistic effect to enhance their antibacterial activities against invading microorganisms. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the interactions between keratinocyte-derived antibacterial agents in the extracellular milieu, we investigated the individual and synergistic activities of hBDs, LL-37 and lysozyme against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in neutral and acidic milieus. METHODS The colorimetric method using alamarBlue was employed to assess the antibacterial activities of hBD-1, -2, -3, LL-37 and lysozyme and the viability of bacteria was read spectrophotometrically. RESULTS In both neutral and acidic pH milieus, hBD-1, -2, -3, LL-37 and lysozyme exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, the antibacterial activity of hBD-1, -2, -3 and lysozyme but not LL-37 was significantly enhanced in acidic milieu (pH 4.6). Furthermore, various combinations of above agents resulted in a synergistic or additive antibacterial effect against S. aureus and E. coli in neutral milieu. The synergistic effect of hBDs, LL-37 and lysozyme against S. aureus was further significantly enhanced in acidic milieu. In contrast, above antibacterial agents exhibited mainly additive rather than synergistic effect on antibacterial activity against E. coli in acidic milieu. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results provide a novel evidence of antimicrobial mechanism of natural human skin-derived antibacterial agents against bacterial infection, and their involvement in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Salm H, Geider K. Dual Activity of a Viral Lysozyme with High Efficiency for Growth Inhibition of Erwinia amylovora. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2004; 94:1315-1322. [PMID: 18943701 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2004.94.12.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The lysozyme from Erwinia amylovora phage PhiEa1h was investigated for its ability to inhibit growth of bacteria and compared with the lysozyme from Escherichia coli phage T4. The assays to measure lysozyme activity included cell lysis and growth inhibition of bacteria. Bacterial strains with kanamycin resistance were not affected by lysates containing the PhiEa1h-enzyme. The titer of Micrococcus luteus but not of Erwinia amylovora was diminished by cell extracts containing T4 lysozyme. In contrast, PhiEa1h lysozyme preferentially inhibited E. amylovora, exceeding the T4 lysozyme activity at least one million-fold. Spherical cells were formed after application to E. amylovora similar to lyz-gene expression in Escherichia coli. Heating of cell extracts destroyed the murami-dase activity, but retained an antibacterial activity. Other plant-associated bacteria related to Erwinia amylovora also were inhibited for growth when cell extracts with PhiEa1h lysozyme were applied to soak pear slices and potato slices. Ooze formation and soft rot caused by E. amylovora or E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica, respectively, were strongly reduced and the PhiEa1h lysozyme was more efficient compared with extracts containing T4 lysozyme.
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Naim F, Messier S, Saucier L, Piette G. Postprocessing in vitro digestion challenge to evaluate survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fermented dry sausages. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:6637-42. [PMID: 15528528 PMCID: PMC525271 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.11.6637-6642.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented dry sausages, inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 during batter preparation, were submitted to an in vitro digestion challenge to evaluate the extent to which passage through the human gastrointestinal tract could inactivate the pathogenic cells, previously stressed by the manufacturing process. The numbers of surviving E. coli O157:H7 cells remained constant after a 1-min exposure of the finely chopped sausage to synthetic saliva or during the following 120-min exposure to synthetic gastric juice at an initial pH of 2.0. However, significant (P < or = 0.05) growth of the pathogen (1.03 to 2.16 log10 CFU/g) was observed in a subsequent 250-min exposure to a synthetic pancreatic juice at pH 8.0. In a different set of experiments, fractions from the gastric suspension were transferred into the synthetic pancreatic juice at 30-min intervals to mimic the dynamics of gastric emptying. Concurrently, the pH of the remaining gastric fluid was reduced to 3.0, 2.5, and 2.0 to simulate the gradual reacidification of the stomach contents after the initial buffering effect resulting from meal ingestion. Under these new conditions, pathogen growth during pancreatic challenge was observed for the first few fractions released from the stomach (90 min of exposure [pH 2.5]), but growth was no longer possible in the fractions submitted to the most severe gastric challenge (120 min of exposure [pH < 2.2]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadia Naim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Pathology, The University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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49
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Relationships between conformational changes and antimicrobial activity of lysozyme upon reduction of its disulfide bonds. Food Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(03)00252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Reyns KMFA, Veraverbeke EA, Michiels CW. Activation and inactivation of Talaromyces macrosporus ascospores by high hydrostatic pressure. J Food Prot 2003; 66:1035-42. [PMID: 12801006 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-66.6.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of high hydrostatic pressure treatment (with pressures of up to 700 MPa) on Talaromyces macrosporus ascospores was investigated. At 20 degrees C, pressures of > or = 200 MPa induced the activation and germination of dormant ascospores, as indicated by increased colony counts for ascospore suspensions after pressure treatment and the appearance of germination vesicles and tubes. Pressures of > 400 MPa additionally sensitized the ascospores to subsequent heat treatment. At pressures of > 500 MPa, activation occurred in a few minutes but was followed by inactivation with longer exposure. However, even with the most extreme pressure treatment, a fraction of the ascospore population appeared to resist both activation and inactivation, and the maximal achievable reduction of ascospores was on the order of 3.0 log10 units. Pressure-induced ascospore activation at 400 MPa was temperature dependent, with minimum activation at 30 to 50 degrees C and > or = 10-fold higher activation levels at 10 to 20 degrees C and at 60 degrees C, but it was not particularly pH dependent over a pH range of 3.0 to 6.0. Pressure inactivation at 600 MPa, in contrast, was pH dependent, with the inactivation level being 10-fold higher at pH 6.0 than at pH 3.0. Observation of pressure-treated and subsequently dried spores with the use of light and scanning electron microscopy revealed a collapse of the spore structure, indicating a loss of the spore wall barrier properties. Finally, pressure treatment sensitized T. macrosporus ascospores to cell wall lytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien M F A Reyns
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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