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Latent potential of current plant diagnostics for detection of sugarcane diseases. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Survival of outbreak, food, and environmental strains of Listeria monocytogenes on whole apples as affected by cultivar and wax coating. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12170. [PMID: 31434982 PMCID: PMC6704171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2014–2015 U.S. nationwide outbreak of listeriosis linked to apples used in commercially produced, prepackaged caramel apples was the first implication of whole apples in outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. Two case patients of this outbreak didn’t consume caramel apples but did eat whole apples, suggesting that contaminated whole apple may serve as a vehicle for foodborne listeriosis. The current study evaluated the effect of conventional fruit coating with wax and that of apple cultivar on the survival of outbreak-associated and non-outbreak Listeria monocytogenes strains on Red Delicious, Granny Smith and Fuji apples during 160 days under simulated commercial storage. L. monocytogenes survived in calyxes and stem ends of apples of all 3 cultivars through the duration of the experiment. After 2 months of storage, significantly (p < 0.05) larger L. monocytogenes populations were recovered from apples coated with wax than those un-waxed, regardless of the cultivar. No differences in survival amongst L. monocytogenes strains (serotypes 1/2a and 4b) from clinical, food, and environmental sources were observed. The observation that coating with wax facilitates prolonged survival of L. monocytogenes on whole apples is novel and reveals gaps in understanding of microbiological risks associated with postharvest practices of tree fruit production.
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Establishment of incubation conditions to optimize the in vitro formation of mature Listeria monocytogenes biofilms on food-contact surfaces. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Listeria innocua and Listeria monocytogenes strains from dairy plants behave similarly in biofilm sanitizer testing. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Segura-Ponce LA, Reyes JE, Troncoso-Contreras G, Valenzuela-Tapia G. Effect of Low-pressure Cold Plasma (LPCP) on the Wettability and the Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua on Fresh-Cut Apple (Granny Smith) Skin. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-018-2079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Koo OK, Ndahetuye JB, O'Bryan CA, Ricke SC, Crandall PG. Influence of Listeria innocua on the attachment of Listeria monocytogenes to stainless steel and aluminum surfaces. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Silva-Angulo A, Zanini S, Rodrigo D, Rosenthal A, Martinez A. Growth kinetics of Listeria innocua and Listeria monocytogenes under exposure to carvacrol and the occurrence of sublethal damage. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gordesli FP, Abu-Lail NI. Impact of ionic strength of growth on the physiochemical properties, structure, and adhesion of Listeria monocytogenes polyelectrolyte brushes to a silicon nitride surface in water. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 388:257-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Milillo SR, Friedly EC, Saldivar JC, Muthaiyan A, O'bryan C, Crandall PG, Johnson MG, Ricke SC. A Review of the Ecology, Genomics, and Stress Response ofListeria innocuaandListeria monocytogenes. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:712-25. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.507909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gordesli FP, Abu-Lail NI. The role of growth temperature in the adhesion and mechanics of pathogenic L. monocytogenes: an AFM study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:1360-1373. [PMID: 22133148 DOI: 10.1021/la203639k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion strengths of pathogenic L. monocytogenes EGDe to a model surface of silicon nitride were quantified using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in water for cells grown under five different temperatures (10, 20, 30, 37, and 40 °C). The temperature range investigated was chosen to bracket the thermal conditions in which L. monocytogenes survive in the environment. Our results indicated that adhesion force and energy quantified were at their maximum when the bacteria were grown at 30 °C. The higher adhesion observed at 30 °C compared to the adhesion quantified for bacterial cells grown at 37, 40, 20, and 10 °C was associated with longer and denser bacterial surface biopolymer brushes as predicted from fitting a model of steric repulsion to the approach distance-force data as well from the results of protein colorimetric assays. Theoretically predicted adhesion energies based on soft-particle DLVO theory agreed well with the adhesion energies computed from AFM force-distance retraction data (r(2) = 0.94); showing a minimum energy barrier to adhesion at 30 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Pinar Gordesli
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2710, USA
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11
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Koo O, Aroonnual A, Bhunia A. Human heat-shock protein 60 receptor-coated paramagnetic beads show improved capture of Listeria monocytogenes in the presence of other Listeria in food. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:93-104. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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12
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Park BJ, Abu-Lail NI. Atomic force microscopy investigations of heterogeneities in the adhesion energies measured between pathogenic and non-pathogenic Listeria species and silicon nitride as they correlate to virulence and adherence. BIOFOULING 2011; 27:543-59. [PMID: 21623482 PMCID: PMC3172993 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2011.584129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to probe heterogeneities in adhesion energies measured between pathogenic and non-pathogenic species of Listeria and silicon nitride in water at four levels. Adhesion energies were quantified on individual bacterial cells (cell level), bacterial cells that belonged to an individual Listeria strain but varied in their cultures (strain level), bacterial cells that belonged to an individual Listeria species but varied in their strain type (species level) and on bacterial cells that belonged to the Listeria genus but varied in their species type (genus level). To quantify heterogeneities in the adhesion energies, a heterogeneity index (HI) was defined based on quantified standard errors of mean. At the cell level, spatial variations in the adhesion energies were not observed. For the strain, species, and genus levels, the HI increased with increased adhesion energies. At the species level, the HI increased with strain virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Jae Park
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2710, USA
| | - Nehal I. Abu-Lail
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2710, USA
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13
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The role of the pH conditions of growth on the bioadhesion of individual and lawns of pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 358:611-20. [PMID: 21459385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The work of adhesion that governs the interactions between pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes and silicon nitride in water was probed for individual cells using atomic force microscopy and for lawns of cells using contact angle measurements combined with a thermodynamic-based harmonic mean model. The work of adhesion was probed for cells cultured under variable pH conditions of growth that ranged from pH 5 to pH 9. Our results indicated that L. monocytogenes cells survived and adapted well to the chemical stresses applied. For all pH conditions investigated, a transition was observed in the generation time, physiochemical properties, biopolymer grafting density and bioadhesion for cells cultured in media adjusted to pH 7 of growth. In media with pH 7, the generation time for the bacterial cells was lowest, the specific growth rate constant was highest, the cells were the most polar, cells displayed the highest grafting density of surface biopolymers and the highest bioadhesion to silicon nitride in water represented in terms of the work of adhesion. When compared, the work of adhesion values quantified between silicon nitride and lawns of L. monocytogenes cells were linearly correlated with the work of adhesion values quantified between silicon nitride and individual L. monocytogenes cells.
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Rajkovic A, Tomasevic I, Smigic N, Uyttendaele M, Radovanovic R, Devlieghere F. Pulsed UV light as an intervention strategy against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on the surface of a meat slicing knife. J FOOD ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Boyer R, Matak K, Sumner S, Meadows B, Williams R, Eifert J, Birbari W. Survival ofListeria monocytogenes,Listeria innocua,and Lactic Acid Bacteria in Chill Brines. J Food Sci 2009; 74:M219-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Koo OK, Liu Y, Shuaib S, Bhattacharya S, Ladisch MR, Bashir R, Bhunia AK. Targeted Capture of Pathogenic Bacteria Using a Mammalian Cell Receptor Coupled with Dielectrophoresis on a Biochip. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3094-101. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9000833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ok Kyung Koo
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, and School of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, and Weldon School of
| | - YiShao Liu
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, and School of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, and Weldon School of
| | - Salamat Shuaib
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, and School of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, and Weldon School of
| | - Shantanu Bhattacharya
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, and School of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, and Weldon School of
| | - Michael R. Ladisch
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, and School of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, and Weldon School of
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, and School of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, and Weldon School of
| | - Arun K. Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, and School of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, and Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, and Weldon School of
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Prokopovich P, Perni S. An investigation of microbial adhesion to natural and synthetic polysaccharide-based films and its relationship with the surface energy components. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2009; 20:195-202. [PMID: 18712504 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-008-3555-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, polysaccharide-based films have been developed for many applications. Some of these are in the pharmaceutical industry, where the adhesion of microorganisms to surfaces is a concern. After adhesion of a microorganism to a solid surface has taken place, the subsequent biofilm formed can act as a vehicle for spreading infections. The aim of this study is to compare the bacterial adhesion of E. coli and S. aureus from a contaminated solid model (Tryptone Soya Agar) to a range of polysaccharide-based films. These polysaccharide-based films consist of different natural starches (potato, cassava, wheat, pea and rice) and synthetic polymers hydroxyl-propyl cellulose (HPC) and carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC)). The surface energy parameters of the films were calculated from the contact angle measurements by the sessile drop method. Apolar and polar liquids (water, formamide and hexadecane) and the Lifshitz-Van der Waals/acid-base (LW/AB) approach were used according to the method of Van Oss, Chaundhury and Good. The surface properties of the films were also correlated to the microbial adhesion. This indicated that, for both E. coli and S. aureus, the surface roughness did not affect the microbial adhesion. Only gamma(sAB) had any correlation with the microbial adhesion and gamma(sLW) was almost constant for all the various polysaccharide films tested. In addition, the electron-donor properties of the materials, exhibited via gamma(s+), were positively correlated with the adhesion of S. aureus but not with E. coli. This was in agreement with the results of the MATS (Microbial Adhesion To Solvents) test performed on the two bacteria. This revealed that only S. aureus presented an electron-acceptor characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Prokopovich
- The School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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Stevens KA, Jaykus LA. Bacterial Separation and Concentration from Complex Sample Matrices: A Review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2008; 30:7-24. [PMID: 15116760 DOI: 10.1080/10408410490266410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of many rapid detection technologies could be expanded if the bacteria were separated, concentrated, and purified from the sample matrix before detection. Specific advantages of bacterial concentration might include facilitating the detection of multiple bacterial strains; removal of matrix-associated assay inhibitors; and provision of adequate sample size reduction to allow for the use of representative food sample sizes and/or small media volumes. Furthermore, bacterial concentration could aid in improving sampling techniques needed to detect low levels of pathogens or sporadic contamination, which may perhaps reduce or even eliminate the need for cultural enrichment prior to detection. Although bacterial concentration methods such as centrifugation, filtration, and immunomagnetic separation have been reported for food systems, none of these is ideal and in many cases a technique optimized for one food system or microorganism is not readily adaptable to others. Indeed, the separation and subsequent concentration of bacterial cells from a food sample during sample preparation continues to be a stumbling block in the advancement of molecular methods for the detection of foodborne pathogens. The purpose of this review is to provide a detailed understanding of the science, possibilities, and limitations of separating and concentrating bacterial cells from the food matrix in an effort to further improve our ability to harness molecular methods for the rapid detection of foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Stevens
- Department of Food Science, College of Life Science and Agriculture, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7624, USA
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Palmer J, Flint S, Brooks J. Bacterial cell attachment, the beginning of a biofilm. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 34:577-88. [PMID: 17619090 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-007-0234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to attach to surfaces and develop into a biofilm has been of considerable interest to many groups in numerous industries, including the medical and food industry. However, little is understood in the critical initial step seen in all biofilm development, the initial bacterial cell attachment to a surface. This initial attachment is critical for the formation of a bacterial biofilm, as all other cells within a biofilm structure rely on the interaction between surface and bacterial cell for their survival. This review examines what are believed to be some of the most important aspects involved in bacterial attachment to a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Palmer
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Perni S, Jordan SJ, Andrew PW, Shama G. Biofilm development by Listeria innocua in turbulent flow regimes. Food Control 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Woodling SE, Moraru CI. Influence of Surface Topography on the Effectiveness of Pulsed Light Treatment for the Inactivation of Listeria innocua on Stainless-steel Surfaces. J Food Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb11478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dykes GA, Vegar M, Vanderlinde PB. Quantification of Listeria spp. contamination on shell and flesh of cooked black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon). Lett Appl Microbiol 2003; 37:309-13. [PMID: 12969494 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To quantify Listeria levels on the shell and flesh of artificially contaminated cooked prawns after peeling, and determine the efficacy of Listeria innocua as a model for L. monocytogenes in this system. METHODS AND RESULTS A L. monocytogenes and L. innocua strain were inoculated separately onto cooked black tiger prawns using two protocols (immersion or swabbing with incubation). Prawns were peeled by two methods (gloved hand or scalpel and forceps) and numbers of Listeria on shells, flesh and whole prawn controls were determined. Prawns were exposed to crystal violet dye to assess the penetration of liquids. Regardless of preparation method or bacterial strain there were ca 1log10 CFU more Listeria per shell than per peeled prawn. Dye was able to penetrate to the flesh in all cases. CONCLUSIONS Shell-on prawns may be only slightly safer than shell-off prawns. Listeria innocua is an acceptable model for L. monocytogenes in this system. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Reduced risk from L. monocytogenes on prawns can only be assured by adequate hygiene or heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Dykes
- Food Science Australia, Tingalpa DC, Queensland, Australia.
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Niemira BA, Fan X, Sokorai KJB, Sommers CH. Ionizing radiation sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 49594 and Listeria innocua ATCC 51742 inoculated on endive (Cichorium endiva). J Food Prot 2003; 66:993-8. [PMID: 12800999 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-66.6.993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation inactivates the pathogenic bacteria that can contaminate leafy green vegetables. Leaf pieces and leaf homogenate of endive (Cichorium endiva) were inoculated with the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 49594) or Listeria innocua (ATCC 51742), a nonpathogenic surrogate bacterium. The radiation sensitivity of the two strains was similar, although L. innocua was more sensitive to the type of suspending leaf preparation. During refrigerated storage after irradiation, the population of L. monocytogenes on inoculated endive was briefly suppressed by 0.42 kilogray (kGy), a dose calibrated to achieve a 99% reduction. However, the pathogen regrew after 5 days until it exceeded the bacterial levels on the control after 19 days in storage. Treatment with 0.84 kGy, equivalent to a 99.99% reduction, suppressed L. monocytogenes throughout refrigerated storage. Doses up to 1.0 kGy had no significant effect on the color of endive leaf material, regardless of whether taken from the leaf edge or the leaf midrib. The texture of leaf edge material was unaffected by doses up to 1.0 kGy, whereas the maximum dose tolerated by leaf midrib material was 0.8 kGy. These results show that endive leaves may be treated with doses sufficient to achieve at least a 99.99% reduction of L. monocytogenes with little or no impact on the product's texture or color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan A Niemira
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA.
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Abstract
Foodborne infections are estimated to affect one in four Americans each year. Most these (67%) are caused by the Norwalk-like viruses, but Campylobacter and nontyphoidal Salmonellae together account for about one fourth of cases of illness in which a pathogen can be detected. Less common bacterial infections, such as with Listeria monocytogenes and the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, cause fewer infections but are important because of their severe complications or high mortality rate, or both. This review describes the recent development of a national surveillance system for foodborne illness, newer methods for molecular characterization of organisms for epidemiologic studies, and individual etiologic agents in the order of frequency of occurrence. Methods for decreasing the disease burden are discussed, including education of health care professionals and the public, modification of food-handling behaviors, the use of food irradiation, and the application of probiotics to foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Mao
- Center for Vaccine Development, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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