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Lizée K, Dominguez S, Théolier J, La Vieille S, Godefroy SB. Simulated use of thresholds for precautionary allergen labeling: Impact on prevalence and risk. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33316. [PMID: 39035549 PMCID: PMC11259825 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity and overuse of precautionary allergen labelling (PAL) in prepackaged foods have eroded its risk communication efficacy. Experts recommend applying PAL based on allergen concentration thresholds, but adoption remains limited. The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess the potential impact of this approach using Monte Carlo risk simulations. Four allergens and 9 food categories were considered in 2 scenarios: (1) consumption of products currently carrying PAL in Canada where individuals with food allergy (FA) are assumed to consume them, and (2) consumption of products without PAL, in a hypothetical context where PAL is applied based on thresholds that would protect 99 % (ED01) and 95 % (ED05) of individuals with FA, and individuals with FA systematically avoid products with PAL. In scenario (1), although several cases studied would cause <10 reactions/10 000 eating occasions (e.o.), there were also many that would cause >20 reactions/10 000 e.o. Cross-contact milk posed the highest risk (max. 1120 reactions/10 000 e.o.), and peanut, the least (max. 10 reactions/10 000 e.o.). In scenario (2), consumption of products without PAL, when using thresholds for PAL based on ED01, could lead to a maximum of 15 reactions/10 000 e. o. for all studied cases, and based on ED05, to 57 (if excluding dark chocolate with milk PAL). In most cases, the estimated number of reactions per 10 000 e.o. attributed to products with PAL currently on the market would be higher (p < 0.05) than that attributed to products without PAL, if PAL is applied based on the simulated thresholds. Thus, a threshold driven approach to adopt PAL on prepackaged foods, while advising consumers to avoid these products, could be beneficial for individuals with FA in Canada, as products without PAL would result in very few and generally mild adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Lizée
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Silvia Dominguez
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jérémie Théolier
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sébastien La Vieille
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Health Canada, Food Directorate, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Samuel B. Godefroy
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
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2
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Huet AC, Paulus M, Henrottin J, Brossard C, Tranquet O, Bernard H, Pilolli R, Nitride C, Larré C, Adel-Patient K, Monaci L, Mills ENC, De Loose M, Gillard N, Van Poucke C. Development of incurred chocolate bars and broth powder with six fully characterised food allergens as test materials for food allergen analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2553-2570. [PMID: 35201367 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The design and production of incurred test materials are critical for the development and validation of methods for food allergen analysis. This is because production and processing conditions, together with the food matrix, can modify allergens affecting their structure, extractability and detectability. For the ThRAll project, which aims to develop a mass spectrometry-based reference method for the simultaneous accurate quantification of six allergenic ingredients in two hard to analyse matrices. Two highly processed matrices, chocolate bars and broth powder, were selected to incur with six allergenic ingredients (egg, milk, peanut, soy, hazelnut and almond) at 2, 4, 10 and 40 mg total allergenic protein/kg food matrix using a pilot-scale food manufacturing plant. The allergenic activity of the ingredients incurred was verified using food-allergic patient serum/plasma IgE, the homogeneity of the incurred matrices verified and their stability at 4 °C assessed over at least 30-month storage using appropriate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Allergens were found at all levels from the chocolate bar and were homogenously distributed, apart from peanut and soy which could only be determined above 4 mg total allergenic ingredient protein/kg. The homogeneity assessment was restricted to analysis of soy, milk and peanut for the broth powder but nevertheless demonstrated that the allergens were homogeneously distributed. All the allergens tested were found to be stable in the incurred matrices for at least 30 months demonstrating they are suitable for method development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catherine Huet
- CER Groupe, Analytical Laboratory, Rue du Point du Jour 8, 6900, Marloie, Belgium.
| | - Melody Paulus
- CER Groupe, Analytical Laboratory, Rue du Point du Jour 8, 6900, Marloie, Belgium
| | - Jean Henrottin
- CER Groupe, Analytical Laboratory, Rue du Point du Jour 8, 6900, Marloie, Belgium
| | - Chantal Brossard
- INRAE, UR1268 BIA, Rue de la Géraudière, BP71627, 44316, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Tranquet
- INRAE, UR1268 BIA, Rue de la Géraudière, BP71627, 44316, Nantes, France.,INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, Biodiversité Et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), UMR1163, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Bernard
- INRAE-CEA, Service de Pharmacologie Et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire, Bât 136-CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rosa Pilolli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR-ISPA, Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Nitride
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Colette Larré
- INRAE, UR1268 BIA, Rue de la Géraudière, BP71627, 44316, Nantes, France
| | - Karine Adel-Patient
- INRAE-CEA, Service de Pharmacologie Et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire, Bât 136-CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Linda Monaci
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR-ISPA, Bari, Italy
| | - E N Clare Mills
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marc De Loose
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 115, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Gillard
- CER Groupe, Analytical Laboratory, Rue du Point du Jour 8, 6900, Marloie, Belgium
| | - Christof Van Poucke
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090, Melle, Belgium
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3
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Lange L, Klimek L, Beyer K, Blümchen K, Novak N, Hamelmann E, Bauer A, Merk HF, Rabe U, Jung K, Schlenter WW, Ring J, Chaker AM, Wehrmann W, Becker S, Mülleneisen NK, Nemat K, Czech W, Wrede H, Brehler R, Fuchs T, Jakob T, Ankermann T, Schmidt SM, Gerstlauer M, Zuberbier T, Spindler T, Vogelberg C. White Paper Erdnussallergie - Teil 1: Epidemiologie, Burden of Disease, gesundheitsökonomische Aspekte. ALLERGO JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-021-4935-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Lange L, Klimek L, Beyer K, Blümchen K, Novak N, Hamelmann E, Bauer A, Merk H, Rabe U, Jung K, Schlenter W, Ring J, Chaker A, Wehrmann W, Becker S, Mülleneisen N, Nemat K, Czech W, Wrede H, Brehler R, Fuchs T, Jakob T, Ankermann T, Schmidt SM, Gerstlauer M, Zuberbier T, Spindler T, Vogelberg C. White paper on peanut allergy - part 1: Epidemiology, burden of disease, health economic aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:261-269. [PMID: 34603938 PMCID: PMC8477625 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-021-00189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Peanuts are Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume or pea family, and peanut allergy is among the most common food allergies and the most common cause of fatal food reactions and anaphylaxis. The prevalence of peanut allergy increased 3.5-fold over the past two decades reaching 1.4–2% in Europe and the United States. The reasons for this increase in prevalence are likely multifaceted. Sensitization via the skin appears to be associated with the development of peanut allergy and atopic eczema in infancy is associated with a high risk of developing peanut allergy. Until recently, the only possible management strategy for peanut allergy was strict allergen avoidance and emergency treatment including adrenaline auto-injector in cases of accidental exposure and reaction. This paper discusses the various factors that impact the risks of peanut allergy and the burden of self-management on peanut-allergic children and their caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lange
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Marien-Hospital, GFO Clinics Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ludger Klimek
- Center for Rhinology and Allergology Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Kirsten Beyer
- Department of Pediatrics m.S. Pneumology, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Blümchen
- Center of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Focus on Allergology, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt a. M., Germany
| | - Natalija Novak
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eckard Hamelmann
- Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Bethel Children's Center, OWL University Hospital of Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Dermatology, University AllergyCenter, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans Merk
- Department of Dermatology & Allergology, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Uta Rabe
- Clinic for Allergology, Johanniter-Krankenhaus im Fläming Treuenbrietzen GmbH, Treuenbrietzen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Jung
- Practice for Dermatology, Immunology and Allergology, Erfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Adam Chaker
- Department of Otolaryngology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Center for Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Sven Becker
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Katja Nemat
- Pediatric Pneumology/Allergology Practice, Kinderzentrum Dresden (Kid), Dresden, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Czech
- Practice and clinic for allergology/dermatology, Schwarzwald-Baar Klinikum, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Holger Wrede
- Practice and clinic for allergology/ear, nose and throat specialist, Herford, Germany
| | - Randolf Brehler
- Clinic for Skin Diseases, Outpatient Clinic for Allergology, Occupational Dermatology and Environmental Medicine, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Fuchs
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thilo Jakob
- rd Clinic for Dermatology and Allergology University Hospital Giessen, UKGM Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Ankermann
- th Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Pneumology, Allergology, Neonatology, Intensive Care Medicine, Infectiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Schmidt
- th Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Clinic and Polyclinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Greifswald University Medical Center, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Gerstlauer
- pediatric pneumologist/pediatric allergologist, II. clinic for children and adolescents, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Clinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Spindler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology, Sports Medicine, Hochgebirgsklinik Davos, Davos-Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Christian Vogelberg
- TU Dresden/UKDD, Pediatric Department, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Pneumology/Allergology, Clinic and Polyclinic for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscher Street 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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5
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Manny E, La Vieille S, Barrere V, Théolier J, Godefroy SB. Peanut and hazelnut occurrence as allergens in foodstuffs with precautionary allergen labeling in Canada. NPJ Sci Food 2021; 5:11. [PMID: 33976231 PMCID: PMC8113233 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-021-00093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Precautionary allergen labeling (PAL) is widely used by food industries. Occurrence studies revealed that few analyzed products contained the allergen(s) present in the statement, but little is known in Canada. To improve manufacturing practices and better manage allergen cross-contamination, occurrence data is needed to determine the exposure of allergic individuals eating those products. Samples were analyzed for peanuts (n = 871) and hazelnuts (n = 863) using ELISA methods. Within samples analyzed for peanuts, 72% had a PAL (n = 628), 1% had peanuts as a minor ingredient (n = 9) and 27% were claimed “peanut-free” (n = 234). Most hazelnut samples had a PAL for tree nuts/hazelnuts (94%; n = 807) with 6% claimed “nut-free” (n = 56). Peanuts and hazelnuts were found in 4% (0.6–28.1 ppm) and 9% (0.4–2167 ppm) of all samples, respectively. Chocolates were mostly impacted; they should be treated apart from other foods and used in risk assessments scenarios to improve manufacturing practices, reducing unnecessary PAL use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Manny
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
| | - Sébastien La Vieille
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Virginie Barrere
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Jérémie Théolier
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Samuel Benrejeb Godefroy
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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6
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Manny E, La Vieille S, Barrere V, Theolier J, Godefroy SB. Occurrence of milk and egg allergens in foodstuffs in Canada. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 38:15-32. [PMID: 33201786 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1834153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Food allergies are life-threatening conditions that allergic individuals can avoid by consulting the food labels before consuming. Precautionary allergen labelling (or PAL), to warn against possible allergen cross-contamination, is widely used by food industries, reducing the food choices for allergic individuals. In Canada, there is limited information on the actual occurrence of allergens in products with a PAL related to the given allergen. This study attempted to fill the data gap by evaluating the occurrence of milk and egg allergens in Canadian products with PAL. A total of 1125 samples were analysed for milk and 840 for eggs, with 23% and 7% of these samples showing positive detection of ≥2.5 mg kg-1 for milk and ≥0.245 mg kg-1 for eggs. Chocolate products gave the largest number of positive results. Although the proportion of positive results was low, the levels detected reached 6471 mg kg-1 in a chocolate sample and were indicative of possible health consequences, if PAL was ignored by allergic consumers. The occurrence data generated is destinated to be used in exposure and risk assessments, to support allergen management linked to cross-contamination, with the possible development of allergen action levels that would be used by food industries, thus improving a risk-based approach for the application of PAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Manny
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, and Food Science Department, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Université Laval , Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sébastien La Vieille
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, and Food Science Department, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Université Laval , Quebec, Quebec, Canada.,Food Directorate, Health Canada , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Virginie Barrere
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, and Food Science Department, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Université Laval , Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérémie Theolier
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, and Food Science Department, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Université Laval , Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samuel Benrejeb Godefroy
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, and Food Science Department, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Université Laval , Quebec, Quebec, Canada
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7
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Blackman AC, Staggers KA, Kronisch L, Davis CM, Anagnostou A. Quality of life improves significantly after real-world oral immunotherapy for children with peanut allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 125:196-201.e1. [PMID: 32278075 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut oral immunotherapy (POIT) is a novel and active form of treatment for patients with peanut allergy, with multiple research studies supporting its efficacy and safety. However, there are limited data available on changes in patients' quality of life (QoL) after successful desensitization. The Food and Drug Administration in the United States recently approved the first POIT drug for commercial use. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the QoL of patients with peanut allergy receiving POIT in a real-world academic setting. METHODS Twenty-one patients aged 4 to 17 years with a physician-established diagnosis of peanut allergy were offered POIT. Quality-of-life scores were assessed with the use of a validated Food Allergy Quality of Life questionnaire. Changes in quality-of-life scores were measured for each patient before and after POIT. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the distributions of scores before and after therapy. RESULTS We noted a statistically significant drop (reflecting improvement in the QoL) in the overall Food Allergy Quality of Life score (median 3.70 vs 2.97, P = .049) between baseline and successful desensitization to 300-mg peanut protein. In addition, the Social and Dietary Limitations subscale score (median 4.33 vs 2.89, P = .02) and the Food Allergy Independent Measure score (median 3.17 vs 2.22, P = .001) also improved significantly after therapy. CONCLUSION We report a significant improvement in the overall QoL before and after POIT treatment, with fewer concerns about accidental exposures and severity of allergic reactions as well as fewer limitations in dietary choices and social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Blackman
- Section of Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Section of Immunology, Allergy and Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Kristen A Staggers
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lauren Kronisch
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Carla M Davis
- Section of Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Section of Immunology, Allergy and Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Aikaterini Anagnostou
- Section of Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Section of Immunology, Allergy and Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.
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9
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Capucilli P, Wang KY, Spergel JM. Food reactions during avoidance: Focus on peanut. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 124:459-465. [PMID: 32001367 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peanut allergy has historically been difficult to manage, with most cases persisting into adulthood. Novel therapies for peanut allergy treatment are on the horizon, yet allergists must maintain a robust understanding of the risks and benefits of the current standard of therapy, avoidance diet. DATA SOURCES A comprehensive literature search using PubMed of reviews and clinical articles was performed. STUDY SELECTIONS Articles discussing peanut or other food-related allergic reactions, accidental exposures or anaphylaxis pertinent to avoidance diet or comparative to oral immunotherapy trials were selected. RESULTS Peanut remains a leading allergen associated with accidental ingestions responsible for food-related reactions, both mild and severe. Fatal reactions, however, are rare and measures such as anaphylaxis plans can significantly decrease the risk of accidental anaphylaxis. Patients may over estimate situations thought to increase risk for reactions to peanut, such as inhalation or contact through skin. In oral immunotherapy trials, the rate of anaphylaxis secondary to treatment was significantly higher than avoidance practices. CONCLUSION Clinicians should continue to discuss avoidance as a viable option for long-term peanut allergy management and empower patients to differentiate relevant situations in which accidental reactions might occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Capucilli
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Kathleen Y Wang
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan M Spergel
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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10
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Remington BC, Krone T, Kim EH, Bird JA, Green TD, Lack G, Fleischer DM, Koppelman SJ. Estimated risk reduction to packaged food reactions by epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) for peanut allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019; 123:488-493.e2. [PMID: 31442495 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut allergy is a generally persistent, sometimes life-threatening food allergy. With no treatments demonstrating the ability to cure a food allergy, the focus of drugs in development has been on providing a level of protection against accidental exposure reactions. However, no study has estimated the relative risk reduction of a food-allergic population receiving a specific immunotherapeutic treatment for their allergies. OBJECTIVE To estimate the relative risk reduction when consuming peanut-contaminated packaged food products in a double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3 study population of children treated with epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) for 12 months with either a patch containing 250 μg peanut protein (250-μg patch) or a placebo patch. METHODS The probability of an allergic reaction due to the unintended presence of peanut protein in packaged food products was modeled per study group and food category combination using Monte Carlo simulations. Risks per eating occasion of a contaminated packaged food product and the number of individuals per study population predicted to react on a yearly basis were investigated. RESULTS The population treated with the 250-μg patch demonstrated a significantly increased dose-response distribution after 12 months of treatment, which resulted in a relative risk reduction of 73.2% to 78.4% when consuming peanut-contaminated packaged food products. In contrast, no statistically significant change was observed for the placebo group at the 12-month point. CONCLUSION Our study estimates a substantial relative risk reduction for allergic reactions among peanut-allergic children after 12 months of EPIT with the 250-μg patch, supporting the potential real-world clinical relevance of this investigational immunotherapy and its possible role as a future therapy for peanut-allergic children. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02636699.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Remington
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands.
| | - Tanja Krone
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin H Kim
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - J Andrew Bird
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas
| | - Todd D Green
- DBV Technologies, Montrouge, France; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gideon Lack
- Paediatric Allergy Group, Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Children's Allergy Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Fleischer
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stef J Koppelman
- DBV Technologies, Montrouge, France; Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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11
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Lopes JP, Kattan J, Doppelt A, Nowak-Węgrzyn A, Bunyavanich S. Not so sweet: True chocolate and cocoa allergy. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2019; 7:2868-2871. [PMID: 31035001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joao Pedro Lopes
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jacob Kattan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Alison Doppelt
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Anna Nowak-Węgrzyn
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Supinda Bunyavanich
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
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Remington BC, Krone T, Koppelman SJ. Quantitative risk reduction through peanut immunotherapy: Safety benefits of an increased threshold in Europe. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2018; 29:762-772. [PMID: 30054934 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical relevance of increasing an allergic individual's peanut sensitivity threshold by immunotherapy, that is, eliciting dose (ED) to 300 or 1000 mg peanut protein, has not been previously characterized in a European population. In this study, we quantify the clinical benefits of an increased threshold of reaction following immunotherapy for the peanut-allergic individual. METHODS Quantitative risk assessments incorporated numerous inputs to predict the risk of an allergic reaction after exposure to residual peanut protein in packaged foods. The three primary inputs for the risk assessment were the peanut-allergic individual's clinical threshold value, the amount of food consumed per eating occasion of selected packaged foods, and the concentration of peanut protein in the consumed product. Individual risk reductions were calculated for both children and adolescents-adults. RESULTS Using available consumption and packaged food contamination data, children reaching an ED of 300 mg (if initial ED ≤ 100 mg) or 1000 mg (if initial ED 300 mg) achieved >99.99% risk reduction. Adolescents-adults also achieved >99.99% risk reduction in all cases but one. Adolescents-adults who reached an ED of 300 mg (if initial ED ≤ 100 mg) achieved 99.3%-99.9% risk reduction when consuming ice cream. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that an increase in threshold following immunotherapy which achieves an eliciting dose of 300 or 1000 mg peanut protein is clinically relevant for the European peanut-allergic population. Benefits of an increased threshold include a significant reduction in risk due to traces of peanut protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stef J Koppelman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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13
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Graham F, Eigenmann PA. Clinical implications of food allergen thresholds. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:632-640. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Graham
- Pediatric Allergy Unit; University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - P. A. Eigenmann
- Pediatric Allergy Unit; University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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14
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Shreffler WG, Baumert JL, Remington BC, Koppelman SJ, Dinakar C, Fleischer DM, Kim E, Tilles SA, Spergel JM. The importance of reducing risk in peanut allergy: Current and future therapies. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 120:124-127. [PMID: 29289463 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joe L Baumert
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | | | - Stef J Koppelman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | | | | | - Edwin Kim
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephen A Tilles
- ASTHMA, Inc. Clinical Research Center; Northwest Asthma and Allergy Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan M Spergel
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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15
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Baumert JL, Taylor SL, Koppelman SJ. Quantitative Assessment of the Safety Benefits Associated with Increasing Clinical Peanut Thresholds Through Immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2017; 6:457-465.e4. [PMID: 28669889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut immunotherapy studies are conducted with the aim to decrease the sensitivity of patients to peanut exposure with the outcome evaluated by testing the threshold for allergic response in a double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge. The clinical relevance of increasing this threshold is not well characterized. OBJECTIVE We aimed to quantify the clinical benefit of an increased threshold for peanut-allergic patients. METHODS Quantitative risk assessment was performed by matching modeled exposure to peanut protein with individual threshold levels. Exposure was modeled by pairing US consumption data for various food product categories with potential contamination levels of peanut that have been demonstrated to be present on occasion in such food products. Cookies, ice cream, doughnuts/snack cakes, and snack chip mixes were considered in the risk assessment. RESULTS Increasing the baseline threshold before immunotherapy from 100 mg or less peanut protein to 300 mg peanut protein postimmunotherapy reduces the risk of experiencing an allergic reaction by more than 95% for all 4 food product categories that may contain trace levels of peanut residue. Further increase in the threshold to 1000 mg of peanut protein had an additional quantitative benefit in risk reduction for all patients reacting to 300 mg or less at baseline. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that achieving thresholds of 300 mg and 1000 mg of peanut protein by peanut immunotherapy is clinically relevant, and that the risk for peanut-allergic patients who have achieved this increased threshold to experience an allergic reaction is reduced in a clinically meaningful way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Baumert
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.
| | - Steve L Taylor
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb
| | - Stef J Koppelman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb
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16
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Bedford B, Yu Y, Wang X, Garber EAE, Jackson LS. A Limited Survey of Dark Chocolate Bars Obtained in the United States for Undeclared Milk and Peanut Allergens. J Food Prot 2017; 80:692-702. [PMID: 28304196 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Undeclared allergens in chocolate products have been responsible for numerous allergen-related recalls in the United States. A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of undeclared milk and peanut in 88 and 78 dark chocolate bars, respectively. Concentrations of milk (as nonfat dry milk) or peanut in three samples of each chocolate product were determined with two milk- or peanut-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. In 75% of the chocolate bar products with a milk advisory statement, milk concentrations were above the limit of quantitation (2.5 μg/g [ppm]), with the majority having concentrations >1,000 ppm. An additional 67% of chocolate bars with a "traces of milk" statement contained 3 to 6,700 ppm of milk. Fifteen percent of chocolates labeled dairy free or lactose free and 25% labeled vegan were positive for milk, all with concentrations >1,000 ppm. Even for chocolates with no reference to milk on the label, 33% of these products contained 60 to 3,400 ppm of milk. The survey of chocolate products for peanuts revealed that 8% of products with an advisory statement contained peanut, with the highest concentration of 550 ppm. All nine chocolates bearing the peanut-free or allergen-free statement were negative for peanut, but 17% of chocolates with no label statement for peanut were positive for peanut at concentrations of 9 to 170 ppm. Evaluation of multiple lots of four chocolate products revealed that milk was consistently present or absent for the products investigated, but mixed results were obtained when multiple lots were tested for peanut. This study indicates that a large proportion of dark chocolate bars contain undeclared milk. The type of advisory statement or the absence of a milk advisory statement on products did not predict the amount or absence of milk protein. In contrast, a lower proportion of chocolates containing undeclared peanut was found. Consumers with food allergies should be cautious when purchasing dark chocolate products, particularly those that have an advisory label statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binaifer Bedford
- 1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Division of Food Processing Science & Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501
| | - Ye Yu
- 2 Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501; and
| | - Xue Wang
- 2 Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501; and
| | - Eric A E Garber
- 3 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Lauren S Jackson
- 1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Division of Food Processing Science & Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501
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Abstract
Due to the lack of causative immunotherapies, individuals with food allergies have to rely on correct labelling for even minute amounts of allergenic constituents. It is not relevant to the allergic whether the source of the culprit food is an ingredient or an allergen that entered the food unintentionally, as is the case with so-called cross-contacts or hidden allergens.Efficient allergen management is the manufacturer's prerequisite for coping with allergenic foods in the food production environment and handling them in a way that avoids cross-contact. If it is technically not feasible to eliminate cross-contacts entirely, it must be ensured that these cross-contacts do not enter the final product without being detected.This article discusses measures that should be considered in allergen management. Examples include recording all relevant allergens in the production facility, staff sensitization and training, and taking into account all areas of production from incoming raw materials to outgoing goods.For the evaluation of unavoidable cross-contacts, it is possible today to draw on data from clinical trials for many of the substances that are subject to labelling. This data can be used to assess the risk of the final product.However, the data from threshold studies is not legally binding, so it is left to the manufacturer to assess the level up to which the food is safe for the allergic. In particular the non-harmonized approach of the EU member countries' food safety authorities currently represents a major obstacle, as this can lead to food recalls even though existing levels were evaluated as being safe according to the risk assessments performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Anagnostou
- Department of Pediatric Allergy, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom;
| | - Andrew Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom;
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Anagnostou K. Recent advances in immunotherapy and vaccine development for peanut allergy. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2015; 3:55-65. [PMID: 26288733 DOI: 10.1177/2051013615591739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Peanut allergy is a common problem and can be the cause of severe, life-threatening allergic reactions. It rarely resolves, with the majority of patients carrying the disease onto adulthood. Peanut allergy poses a significant burden on the quality of life of sufferers and their families, which results mainly from the fear of accidental peanut ingestion, but is also due to dietary and social restrictions. Current standard management involves avoidance, patient education and provision of emergency medication, for use in allergic reactions, when they occur. Efforts have been made to develop a vaccine for peanut allergy. Recent developments have also highlighted the use of immunotherapy, which has shown promise as an active form of treatment and may present a disease-modifying therapy for peanut allergy. So far, results, especially from oral immunotherapy studies, have shown good efficacy in achieving desensitization to peanut with a good safety profile. However, the capacity to induce long-term tolerance has not been demonstrated conclusively yet and larger, phase III studies are required to further investigate safety and efficacy of this intervention. Peanut immunotherapy is not currently recommended for routine clinical use or outside specialist allergy units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Anagnostou
- Department of Paediatric Allergy, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London-SE1 7EH, UK
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20
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Abstract
Peanut allergy is common and can be a cause of severe, life-threatening reactions. It is rarely outgrown like other food allergies such as egg and milk. Measures aiming to reduce its prevalence via maternal avoidance during pregnancy and lactation, or delayed introduction into the diet, have failed to show any benefit. Peanut allergy has a significant effect on the quality of life of sufferers and their families due to dietary and social restrictions, but mainly stemming from fear of accidental peanut ingestion. The current management consists of strict avoidance, education and provision of emergency medication. Families find avoidance challenging as peanut is hidden in various food products. Despite the fact that food labelling has improved, with a legal obligation to declare certain food allergens (including nuts) in prepacked products, it still causes confusion and does not extend to cross-contamination. In an effort to address issues of safety at school, a lot of work has been undertaken to better care for peanut-allergic children in that environment. This includes training of school staff on how to recognise and treat allergic reactions promptly. Recent developments in the management of peanut allergy, such as immunotherapy, have shown some promise as an active form of treatment, but larger studies are required to further investigate safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Anagnostou
- Department of Paediatric Allergy, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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22
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Abstract
Peanut allergy is common and can be a cause of severe, life-threatening reactions. It is rarely outgrown like other food allergies, such as egg and milk. Peanut allergy has a significant effect on the quality of life of sufferers and their families, due to dietary and social restrictions, but mainly stemming from fear of accidental peanut ingestion. The current management consists of strict avoidance, education and provision of emergency medication, but a disease- modifying therapy is needed for peanut allergy. Recent developments involve the use of immunotherapy, which has shown promise as an active form of treatment. Various routes of administration are being investigated, including subcutaneous, oral, sublingual and epicutaneous routes. Other forms of treatment, such as the use of vaccines and anti-IgE molecules, are also under investigation. So far, results from immunotherapy studies have shown good efficacy in achieving desensitisation to peanut with a good safety profile. However, the issue of long-term tolerance has not been fully addressed yet and larger, phase III studies are required to further investigate safety and efficacy. An assessment of cost/benefit ratio is also required prior to implementing this form of treatment. The use of immunotherapy for peanut allergy is not currently recommended for routine clinical use and should not be attempted outside specialist allergy units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Anagnostou
- Department of Paediatric Allergy, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, UK
| | - Andrew Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 157, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Foods with precautionary allergen labeling in Australia rarely contain detectable allergen. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2013; 1:401-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Blumchen K, Ulbricht H, Staden U, Dobberstein K, Beschorner J, de Oliveira LCL, Shreffler WG, Sampson HA, Niggemann B, Wahn U, Beyer K. Oral peanut immunotherapy in children with peanut anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:83-91.e1. [PMID: 20542324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The only treatment option for peanut allergy is strict avoidance. OBJECTIVE To investigate efficacy and safety of oral immunotherapy (OIT) in peanut allergy. METHODS Twenty-three children (age, 3.2-14.3 years) with IgE-mediated peanut allergy confirmed by positive double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) received OIT following a rush protocol with roasted peanut for 7 days. If a protective dose of at least 0.5 g peanut was not achieved, patients continued with a long-term buildup protocol using biweekly dose increases up to at least 0.5 g peanut. A maintenance phase for 8 weeks was followed by 2 weeks of peanut avoidance and a final DBPCFC. Immunologic parameters were determined. RESULTS After OIT using the rush protocol, patients tolerated a median dose of only 0.15 g peanut. Twenty-two of 23 patients continued with the long-term protocol. After a median of 7 months, 14 patients reached the protective dose. At the final DBPCFC, patients tolerated a median of 1 g (range, 0.25-4 g) in comparison with 0.19 g peanut at the DBPCFC before OIT (range, 0.02-1 g). In 2.6% of 6137 total daily doses, mild to moderate side effects were observed; in 1.3%, symptoms of pulmonary obstruction were detected. OIT was discontinued in 4 of 22 patients because of adverse events. There was a significant increase in peanut-specific serum IgG(4) and a decrease in peanut-specific IL-5, IL-4, and IL-2 production by PBMCs after OIT. CONCLUSION Long-term OIT appears to be safe and of some benefit in many patients with peanut allergy. With an increase in threshold levels and a reduction of peanut-specific T(H)2 cytokine production, the induction of tolerance may be feasible in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Blumchen
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
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Sheth SS, Waserman S, Kagan R, Alizadehfar R, Primeau MN, Elliot S, St Pierre Y, Wickett R, Joseph L, Harada L, Dufresne C, Allen M, Allen M, Godefroy SB, Clarke AE. Role of food labels in accidental exposures in food-allergic individuals in Canada. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010; 104:60-5. [PMID: 20143647 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the impact of food labeling on the allergic consumer. OBJECTIVE To determine the proportion of food-allergic individuals attributing an accidental exposure to inappropriate labeling, failure to read a food label, or ignoring a precautionary statement and to identify factors associated with accidental exposures. METHODS Food-allergic individuals or their caregivers were recruited from a Canadian registry of individuals with a physician-confirmed diagnosis of peanut allergy and from allergy awareness organizations. Participants completed questionnaires regarding accidental exposures due to specific food labeling issues. The association between accidental exposures and characteristics of food-allergic individuals or their caregivers was estimated using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS Of 1,862 potential participants, 1,454 (78.1%) responded. Of the 47.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 45.1%-50.5%) of respondents who experienced an accidental exposure, 47.0% (95% CI, 43.1%-50.9%) attributed the event to inappropriate labeling, 28.6% (95% CI, 25.1%-32.2%) to failure to read a food label, and 8.3% (95% CI, 6.3%-10.7%) to ignoring a precautionary statement. Food-allergic individuals who were allergic to peanut, tree nut, fish, or shellfish were less likely to experience an accidental exposure due to the allergen not being identified in plain language. CONCLUSIONS A considerable proportion of accidental exposures are attributed to inappropriate labeling, failure to read labels, and ignoring precautionary statements. Clear and consistent labeling of food allergens combined with increased consumer education is necessary to improve consumer confidence and compliance and to reduce accidental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank S Sheth
- Division of Clinical Immunology/Allergy, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Boyano-Martínez T, García-Ara C, Pedrosa M, Díaz-Pena JM, Quirce S. Accidental allergic reactions in children allergic to cow's milk proteins. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:883-8. [PMID: 19232704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.12.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cow's milk is the main cause of food allergy in children. Patients allergic to food frequently experience accidental exposure. There are few studies analyzing this problem, most of them concerning peanut allergy. OBJECTIVE We sought to calculate the frequency of accidental exposure reactions in children allergic to cow's milk during a 12-month period, to analyze the clinical characteristics and circumstances surrounding the reactions, and to identify risk factors for severe reactions. METHODS Eighty-eight children allergic to cow's milk (44 boys; median age, 32.5 months) were included in the study. A systematized questionnaire about accidental exposure was used. Reactions were classified as mild, moderate, and severe. Cow's milk- and casein-specific IgE antibody titers were determined. RESULTS Thirty-five (40%) children had 53 reactions in the previous year (53% mild, 32% moderate, and 15% severe). Most reactions took place at home (47%) under daily life circumstances (85%). Specific IgE levels to cow's milk were higher in children with severe reactions than in those with moderate (median, 37.70 vs 7.71 KUA/L; P = .04) or mild (3.37 KUA/L; P = .04) reactions. The frequency of severe reactions was 10-fold higher in asthmatic children (odds ratio, 10.2; 95% CI, 1.13-91.54). CONCLUSIONS Reactions to accidental exposure are frequent in children with cow's milk allergy. The proportion of severe reactions was 15%. The risk factors for such reactions included very high levels of specific IgE to cow's milk and casein and asthma.
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Ben-Shoshan M, Kagan R, Primeau MN, Alizadehfar R, Verreault N, Yu JW, Nicolas N, Joseph L, Turnbull E, Dufresne C, St. Pierre Y, Clarke A. Availability of the epinephrine autoinjector at school in children with peanut allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 100:570-5. [DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pele M, Brohée M, Anklam E, Van Hengel AJ. Peanut and hazelnut traces in cookies and chocolates: Relationship between analytical results and declaration of food allergens on product labels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:1334-44. [PMID: 17852393 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701458113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Accidental exposure to hazelnut or peanut constitutes a real threat to the health of allergic consumers. Correct information regarding food product ingredients is of paramount importance for the consumer, thereby reducing exposure to food allergens. In this study, 569 cookies and chocolates on the European market were purchased. All products were analysed to determine peanut and hazelnut content, allowing a comparison of the analytical results with information provided on the product label. Compared to cookies, chocolates are more likely to contain undeclared allergens, while, in both food categories, hazelnut traces were detected at higher frequencies than peanut. The presence of a precautionary label was found to be related to a higher frequency of positive test results. The majority of chocolates carrying a precautionary label tested positive for hazelnut, whereas peanut traces were not be detected in 75% of the cookies carrying a precautionary label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pele
- European Commission, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium
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Mills ENC, Valovirta E, Madsen C, Taylor SL, Vieths S, Anklam E, Baumgartner S, Koch P, Crevel RWR, Frewer L. Information provision for allergic consumers--where are we going with food allergen labelling? Allergy 2004; 59:1262-8. [PMID: 15507093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As the current treatment for food allergy involves dietary exclusion of the problem food, information for food-allergic consumers provided on food labels about the nature of allergenic ingredients is important to the management of their condition. The members of an EU-funded networking project, InformAll, focusing on developing strategies for the provision of credible, reliable sources of information for food allergy sufferers, regulators and the food industry, have been considering these matters with respect to food labelling. This paper presents an overview of the genesis of the new EU directive on food labelling, its relevance to food-allergic consumers and the problems that might arise if precautionary labelling becomes more widespread in response to concerns regarding inadvertent allergen contamination in foods. International efforts to define threshold levels of allergens able to trigger a reaction coupled with validated allergen detection methods are essential if the food industry is to implement effective hazard control procedures and address the problems of cross-contact allergens without devaluing the information provided to consumers on food labels.
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